University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

Assignment

 Name: Mong Phanna

1. What is the equation of the streamline that passes through the point ( 2,-1 ) when t = 2 s if the
velocity field is given by
(a) 𝑽 = 2𝑦 𝟐 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑦𝑡𝒋 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
The equation of the streamline is
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
= = ;
𝑣 𝑢 𝑤
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
=> 𝟐
=
2𝑦 𝑥𝑦𝑡
𝑥𝑡𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
∫ 𝑥𝑡𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝑥2
𝑡 + 𝑘 = 𝑦2
2
At t = 2s; (2,-1)
22
=> 2 + 𝑘 = (−1)2
2
𝑘 = -2
𝑥2
𝑺𝒐 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = √ 𝑡 − 2
2
2. Determine the acceleration (vector and magnitude) of the fluid particle occupying the point
(-2, 1, 1) m when t = 2s if the velocity field is given by
(a) 𝑽 = 2𝑥𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌 𝑚/𝑠
(b) 𝑽 = 2𝑦 2 𝒊 + (𝑥 − 2𝑡)𝒋 + 𝑧 2 𝒌 𝑚/𝑠
Answer
Determine the acceleration (vector and magnitude)
(a) Method 1
The acceleration vector is 𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛
𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝒂𝒙 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝒂𝒚 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝒂𝒛 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=> 𝒂𝒙 = 0 + 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + 0
=> 𝒂𝒚 = 0 + 2 𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 0 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧
=> 𝒂𝒛 = 0 + 0 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧
4𝑥𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝑧 + 0
𝒂 = ( 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )
𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 2𝑠 (−2,1,1)
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

4(−2)(1)2 + 2(−2)2 1 + 0 0
𝒂 = (2(−2)(1)(1) + (−2)(1)(1)) = (−6)
(−2)(1)2 + (1)2 (1) −1
𝑆𝑜 𝒂 = 0𝒊 − 6𝒋 − 𝒌
Method 2
𝑽 = 2𝑥𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌 𝑚/𝑠
𝜕𝒗
𝒂= + (𝒗. ∇)𝒗
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝒗 0
=> = (0)
𝜕𝑡
0
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=> (𝒗. ∇) = (2𝑥𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌 ). ( 𝒊 + 𝒋+ 𝒌)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
= 2𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=> (𝒗. ∇)𝒗 = (2𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 𝒌) (2𝑥𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧𝒌)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕2𝑥𝑦 𝜕2𝑥𝑦 𝜕2𝑥𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝑧 𝜕𝑥𝑧
= 2𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝑧 𝜕𝑦𝑧
2𝑥𝑦 𝒊 + 𝑥𝑧 𝒋 + 𝑦𝑧 𝒌
( 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 )
2 2
4𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 𝑧 + 0
= ( 2𝑥𝑦𝑧 + 0 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧 )
0 + 𝑥𝑧 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑧
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑠 (−2,1,1)
4(−2)(1)2 + 2(−2)2 1 + 0
=> (𝒗. ∇)𝒗 = (2(−2)(1)(1) + 0 + (−2)(1)(1))
0 + (−2)(1)2 + (1)2 (1)
0
= (−6)
−1
𝑺𝒐 𝒂 = 0𝒊 − 6𝒋 − 𝒌
(b) Method 1
𝑽 = 2𝑦 2 𝒊 + (𝑥 − 2𝑡)𝒋 + 𝑧 2 𝒌 𝑚/𝑠
𝒂𝒙 = 0 + 0 + (𝑥 − 2𝑡)4𝑦 + 0
𝒂𝒚 = −2 + 2𝑦 2 + 0
𝒂𝒛 = 0 + 0 + 0 + 2𝑧 3
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 𝟐𝑠 (−2,1,1)
𝒂𝒙 = −24
𝒂𝒚 = 0
𝒂𝒛 = 2
𝑺𝒐 𝒂 = −24𝒊 + 0𝒋 + 2𝒌
3. The velocity field in a fluid flow is given by ;𝑽 = 2𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝒋 + 𝑡𝒌 : Determine the magnitudes of
the acceleration, the angular velocity, and the vorticity at the point (2, 1, -1) at t = 4s.
Answer
Determine the magnitudes of the acceleration
𝑽 = 2𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝒋 + 𝑡𝒌
𝒂 = 𝒂𝒙 + 𝒂𝒚 + 𝒂𝒛
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

𝐷𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝒂𝒙 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑣
𝒂𝒚 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐷𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤
𝒂𝒛 = = + 𝑢 +𝑣 +𝑤
𝐷𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
=> 𝒂𝒙 = 0 + 0 + 2𝑥 + 0
=> 𝒂𝒚 = 0 + 2𝑦 + 0 + 0
=> 𝒂𝒛 = 1 + 0 + 0 + 0
=> 𝒂 = 2𝑥𝒊 + 2𝑦𝒋 + 1𝒌
𝑨𝒕 𝒕 = 4𝑠 (2,1 − 1)
=> 𝒂 = 4𝒊 + 2𝒋 + 1𝒌
=> 𝒂 = √42 + 22 + 12 = √21
𝑺𝒐 𝒂 = √21
Determine the angular velocity, and the vorticity
𝑽 = 2𝑦𝒊 + 𝑥𝒋 + 𝑡𝒌
𝝑=∇×𝐕
𝒊 𝒋 𝒌
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
=> 𝝑 = | | = 0𝒊 + 0𝒋 + (1 − 2)𝒌
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
2𝑦 𝑥 𝑡
=> 𝝑 = −𝒌
But 𝝑 = 2𝝎
𝜹
=> 𝝎 =
2
1
=> 𝝎 = − 𝒌
2
𝑺𝒐 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝝑 = −𝒌
1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝝎 = − 𝒌
2
4. A pitot-static tube measures the total pressure 𝑃𝑇 and the local pressure p in a uniform flow in a
4-cm diameter water pipe. Calculate the flow rate if:
(a) 𝑃𝑇 =1500 mm of mercury and p = 150 kPa
(b) 𝑃𝑇 = 250 kPa and p =800 mm of mercury
(c) 𝑃𝑇 = 900 mm of mercury and p = 110 kPa
Answer
Calculate the flow rate
(a) 𝑃𝑇 =1500 mm of mercury and p = 150 kPa
Bernoulli’s equation
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2 𝑣22
+ + 𝑍1 = + + 𝑍2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑍1 = 𝑍2 , 𝑣2 = 0
𝑃1 𝑣12 𝑃2
+ =
𝜌 2 𝜌
𝑃2 − 𝑃1
𝑣1 = √2
𝜌

𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠
𝑣 = √2
𝜌
𝑃𝑇 = 1500 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔, 𝑃𝑠 = 150 𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 15 × 104 𝑝𝑎
𝑏𝑢𝑡 760 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔 = 105 𝑝𝑎
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

1500 × 105
𝑃𝑇 = = 1.97 × 105 𝑝𝑎
760
1.97 × 105 − 1.5 × 105
𝑣 = √2 = 9.69𝑚/𝑠
103
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝑣 = 9.69𝑚/𝑠 𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑚 = 0.04𝑚
=> 𝑄 = 9.69 × 0.04 = 0.38𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
(𝑏) 𝑃𝑇 = 250 kPa and P=800 mm of mercury
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠
𝑣 = √2
𝜌
𝑃𝑇 = 250 𝐾𝑝𝑎 = 2.5 × 105 𝑝𝑎, 𝑃𝑠 = 800 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔,
800 × 105
𝑃𝑠 = = 1.05 × 105 𝑝𝑎
760
2.5 × 105 − 1.05 × 105
=> 𝑣 = √2 = 17.02𝑚/𝑠
103
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝑣 = 17.02𝑚/𝑠 𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑚 = 0.04𝑚
=> 𝑄 = 17.02 × 0.04 = 0.38𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔
(d) 𝑃𝑇 = 900 mm of mercury and p = 110 kPa
𝑃𝑇 − 𝑃𝑠
𝑣 = √2
𝜌
𝑃𝑇 = 900 𝑚𝑚𝐻𝑔, 𝑃𝑠 = 110𝑘𝑝𝑎 = 1.1 × 105 𝑝𝑎,
900 × 105
𝑃𝑇 = = 1.18 × 105 𝑝𝑎
760
1.18 × 105 − 1.1 × 105
=> 𝑣 = √2 = 4𝑚/𝑠
103
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑄 = 𝑣𝐴
𝑣 = 4𝑚/𝑠 𝐴 = 4𝑐𝑚 = 0.04𝑚
=> 𝑄 = 4 × 0.04 = 0.38𝑚2 /𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑸 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒎𝟐 /𝒔

5. Determine the velocity V in the pipe if the fluid in the pipe of Fig. 1 is:
(a) Atmospheric air and h = 10 cm of water
(b) Water and h = 10 cm of mercury
1
(c) Gasoline and h = 40 cm of water

2
Answer
Determine the velocity V
(a) Atmospheric air and h = 10 cm of water
Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and 2
𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑔𝑧1 = + + 𝑔𝑧2
𝜌 2 𝜌 2
𝑏𝑢𝑡 𝑧1 = 𝑧2 , 𝑉2 = 0
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2
=> + =
𝜌 2 𝜌
𝑉12 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
= (1)
2 𝜌
Hydrostatic equation for two point
𝑃1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ = 𝑃2 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )𝑔ℎ (2)
Combining equations (1) and (2), 𝜌 = 𝜌1 ;
𝑉12 (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )𝑔ℎ
=> =
2 𝜌
𝜌2
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 1.2 3
, 𝜌2 = 1000 3 , 𝑔 = 10 2 , ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
1000 𝑚
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.1 = 40.8
1.2 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖 𝒎/𝒔
(b) Water and h = 10 cm of mercury
𝜌2
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 1000 3
, 𝜌2 = 13600 3 , 𝑔 = 10 2 , ℎ = 10 𝑐𝑚 = 0.1 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
13600 𝑚
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.1 = 5.01
1000 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟏 𝒎/𝒔
(c) Gasoline and h = 40 cm of water
𝜌2
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 725 3
, 𝜌2 = 1000 3 , 𝑔 = 10 2 , ℎ = 40 𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
1000 𝑚
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.4 = 1.7
725 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
6. Determine the velocity V in the pipe if the fluid in
the pipe of Fig is:
(a) Atmospheric air and h = 40 cm of water
(b) Water and h = 20 cm of mercury
(c) Gasoline and h = 80 cm of water
Answer
(a) Atmospheric air and h = 40 cm of water

Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and 2

𝑃1 𝑉12 𝑃2
=> + =
𝜌 2 𝜌
𝑉12 𝑃2 − 𝑃1
= (1)
2 𝜌
Hydrostatic equation for two point
𝑃1 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ = 𝑃2 + 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ − 𝜌1 𝑔ℎ
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 = (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )𝑔ℎ (2)
Combining equations (1) and (2), 𝜌 = 𝜌1 ;
𝑉12 (𝜌2 − 𝜌1 )𝑔ℎ
=> =
2 𝜌
𝜌2
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
But 𝑉1 = 4𝑉2
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 1.2 3 , 𝜌2 = 3 , 𝑔 = 10 2 , ℎ = 40 𝑐𝑚 = 0.4 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
1 1000 𝑚
𝑉2 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.4 = 20.4
4 1.2 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟒 𝒎/𝒔
(b) Water and h = 20 cm of mercury

𝜌2
𝑉2 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 1000 3
, 𝜌2 = 13600 3 , 𝑔 = 10 2 , ℎ = 20 𝑐𝑚 = 0.2 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚 𝑠
1 13600 𝑚
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.2 = 1.7
4 1000 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟕 𝒎/𝒔
(c) Gasoline and h = 80 cm of water

𝜌2
𝑉2 = √2 ( − 1) 𝑔ℎ
𝜌1
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝜌1 = 1000 , 𝜌2 = 13600 , 𝑔 = 10 , ℎ = 80 𝑐𝑚 = 0.8 𝑚
𝑚3 𝑚3 𝑠2
1 1000 𝑚
𝑉1 = √2 ( − 1) 10 × 0.8 = 0.61
4 725 𝑠
𝑺𝒐 𝑽𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟏 𝒎/𝒔

7. In Fig., calculate the pressure in the water pipe if:

(a) h = 10 cm and H = 20 cm
(b) h = 20 cm and H = 30 cm
(c) h = 15 cm and H = 25 cm
(d) h = 17 cm and H = 32 cm
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

Answer
Calculate the pressure in the water pipe
(a) h = 10 cm and H = 20 cm
𝑃𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 + 𝑃0
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃0 = 0,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑤 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.2 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.1
𝑃𝑤 = 264600 𝑝𝑎
(b) h = 20 cm and H = 30 cm
𝑃𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 + 𝑃0
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃0 = 0,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑤 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.3 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.2
𝑃𝑤 = 38024 𝑝𝑎
(c) h = 15 cm and H = 25 cm
𝑃𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 + 𝑃0
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃0 = 0,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑤 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.25 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.15
𝑃𝑤 = 31850 𝑝𝑎
(d) h = 17 cm and H = 32 cm
𝑃𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 + 𝑃0
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑃0 = 0,
𝑃𝑤 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔ℎ
𝑃𝑤 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.32 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.17
𝑃𝑤 = 40983.6 𝑝𝑎

8. Calculate the pressure difference between the air pipe and the water pipe in Fig. 2.16 if H is:
(a) 5 cm
(b) 8 cm
(c) 10 cm

Answer
Calculate the pressure difference between the air pipes.
(a) 5 cm
Hydrostatic equation for two point
𝑃1 + 𝜌𝐴 𝑔0.03 − 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 = 𝑃6 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔0.05
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔0.05 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔0.03
We have = 9.8𝑚/𝑠 2 , 𝜌𝑚 = 13600𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜌𝑤 = 1000𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 , 𝜌𝐴 = 1.2𝑘ℎ/𝑚3
=> 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.05 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.05 − 1.2 × 9.8 × 0.03
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 6173.64 𝑝𝑎
University of Battambang Fluid Mechanics

𝑺𝒐 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 6173.64 𝑝𝑎
(d) 8 cm
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔0.05 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔0.03
=> 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.08 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.05 − 1.2 × 9.8 × 0.03
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 10172.75𝑝𝑎
𝑺𝒐 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 10172.75 𝑝𝑎
(e) 10 cm
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 𝜌𝑚 𝑔𝐻 − 𝜌𝑤 𝑔0.05 − 𝜌𝐴 𝑔0.03
=> 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 13600 × 9.8 × 0.1 − 1000 × 9.8 × 0.05 − 1.2 × 9.8 × 0.03
𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 132790.35𝑝𝑎
𝑺𝒐 𝑃1 − 𝑃6 = 132790.35 𝑝𝑎