SAINT JOSEPH ACADEMY
OF SAN JOSE, BATANGAS INCORPORATED
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
MODULE: 5 SECOND SEMESTER
Date: Feb. 01 – Feb.05, 2021 S.Y. 2020 – 2021
CLASS NUMBER: _____________________ SUBJECT:
PHIL. POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE
NAME: _______________________________________________ TEACHER:
MR.PAOMBONG/MRS. CUENCA
GRADE AND SECTION: HUMSS 11- BONIFACIO/AGONCILLO
Philippine Politics and Governance
First Quarter – Module 5: History of
Democratic Politics in the PhilippinesD
In this module, you will be able to:
• relate the evolution of Philippine politics and governance;
• describe the different stages in the evolution of Philippine politics and governance;
• analyze the evolution of Philippine politics and governance;
• assess the effects of the colonial experience on Philippine politics and governance; and
• appraise the influence of prior stages of Philippine political developments on contemporary
Philippine politics.
Day 1-2 Online Learning
PRETEST:
Topic: Can you connect your country’s present with its past?
On the second column, please write YES if you think that the statement is true, and write NO if it is false.
1. The Philippines is a democratic country.
2. It was the Spaniards who introduced democracy in the Philippines.
3. Philippine democracy is patterned from American democracy.
4.The Japanese occupation in the Philippines institutionalized the “rule of law” in the Philippines.
5. Elections in the Philippines are introduced by the Spaniards.
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6. Both men and women exercised the right to vote in 1907 when national-level elections were
first held in the Philippines.
7. The peasant rebellion in Central Luzon, Philippines was due to American colonial rule.
8. Patron-client relationships were developed during the Spanish period.
9. Ferdinand Marcos served the longest time as the President of the Philippines.
10. Marcos declared Martial Law when he got reelected a president in 1969.
11. Martial Law in the Philippines led to the suppression of civil and political rights in the
Philippines.
12. People Power Revolution in 1986 ended Marcos’ authoritarian rule.
13. Corazon “Cory” Aquino was the first female President of the Philippines.
14. Cory Aquino can be credited for the re- democratization of the country.
15. Fidel V. Ramos succeeded Cory Aquino as president of the Philippines.
16. Fidel Ramos administration was known for its vision of making the Philippines the next Asian
tiger economy.
17. Joseph E. Estrada was the only president of the Philippines who was impeached from the
office.
18. Joseph Estrada was the only president of the Philippines after Marcos who was not able to
finish a complete six-year term of the presidency.
19. Next to Marcos, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo was the second longest sitting president of the
Philippines.
20. President Benigno Simeon C. Aquino who was elected president in 2010 is the son of former
President Cory Aquino.
For the purpose of the quiz, the higher your score, the more conservative you are; the lower your
score, the more liberal you are.
In the previous modules, you have learned about the basic concepts in political science. This and
the succeeding modules will elaborate on the history and structure of the Philippine government. The
1987 Philippine Constitution forms the basis for the current governmental structure of the country.
Article II, Section 1 provides that “the Philippines is a democratic and republican state. Sovereignty
resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.” But how did our government
structure evolve into what it is today? Take a look at a general overview of the historical background of
Philippine politics and governance in this module.
The Development of Philippine Government
The evolution of Philippine politics may be presented through the various historical periods
that the country has undergone. The discussion will be divided as follows:
1. Precolonial period (before 1565)
2. Spanish period (1565–1898)
3. Revolutionary period (1868–1898)
4. American period (1898–1941)
5. Japanese occupation (1941–1945)
6. Postwar era or the Third Philippine Republic (1946–1971)
7. Martial Law era (1972–1981) and the Fourth Republic (1981–1986)
8. Post-EDSA or the Fifth Republic (1986–present)
Precolonial Period
Even before the Spaniards arrived in the Philippines in 1521, there already existed a system of governance in
precolonial Philippines. Back then, the Philippines was an archipelago organized into several independent
and self-sufficient political units known as the barangay.
This unit is headed by a chief known as the datu. In other parts of the archipelago, the rulers were called
rajah, sultan, or hadji. The datu held vast legislative, executive, and judicial powers. You will learn more
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about these three powers in the succeeding modules. But for now, suffice it to say that the chieftain had
powers to create rules, implement these regulations, and decide on cases. The datu also served as the
military head.
During this period, the barangays already had a legal system, too. Most of the laws, which evolved based on
native customs and traditions, were unwritten and were passed on from one generation to the next by oral
tradition. In terms of justice, a system of trial in the form of trial by ordeal was administered. A system of
punishment also existed during that time. The barangay administered laws, and cases were settled as well
through mediation and compromise
Present also during the pre-colonial times was the system of stratification, which was deemed politically
significant. The stratification was based on class, which included the nobility (maharlika), the freemen
(timawa), the serfs (aliping namamahay) and the slaves (aliping sagigilid). The datu belonged to the
maharlika class. Women also played a pivotal role during this period as they held important positions in
pre-colonial Philippine society. The pre-colonial system was already complex and sophisticated, such that
foreign relations were already established as early as this period.
What Have I Learned So Far?
What were the characteristics of our pre-colonial system of government? How did
these reflect the current political system? Give some examples.
Reflect Upon
Observe the structure of your barangay. How does your barangay settle disputes? Do
you feel the government is at work when disputes are settled? Explain your answer.
Spanish Period
Ferdinand Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines in
1521 became the Spanish Crown’s basis for the The Spanish colonization of the
occupation of the archipelago. Thereafter, a number of Philippines necessitated the introduction
expeditions were sent to formally colonize the of government structures that changed
archipelago. However, it was only during Miguel Lopez the way of life of the early Filipino
people.
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de Legazpi’s conquest of the islands in 1565 did the
formal establishment of a colonial government take place.
The Spanish takeover brought changes in the archipelago’s governmental structure. The
Philippines was indirectly governed by the king of Spain through Mexico through the Council of
Indies in Spain. When Mexico gained independence in 1821, the Philippines was directly ruled by
Spain until 1898, when the country was ceded to the United States of America under the Treaty of
Paris.
If the pre-colonial government was characterized by independent barangays, the Spaniards
consolidated power under a centralized government, which was led by the governor-general. With his
authority based in Manila (Intramuros), the governor-general was likewise an all-powerful individual. He
had executive, legislative, judicial, administrative, and military powers. The centralization of power and
the creation of a basic unitary government is thus a Spanish influence.
The barangays were consolidated for the purpose of administrative efficiency. When the Spaniards were
about to implement their imperial design, they noticed that the sparse indigenous population were scattered
in forest lands and coastal areas. With this, the friars enticed the natives to live in towns. Recognizing the
influence of the datus for the easier pacification of natives, the Spaniards appointed the chieftains as the
cabeza de barangay. The datu’s traditional powers, however, were lost and were limited to collecting taxes.
The unified barangays composed the pueblos or towns, which were led by the gobernadorcillo (“little
governor”). The consolidated towns then formed into provinces, which could be categorized into two.
Provinces that were fully subjugated were called alcaldia, headed by the alcalde mayor; while provinces that
were not entirely pacified under Spanish authority were called corregimiento, led by the corregidor.
If during the pre-colonial period the datu and the council of elders created laws, laws during the Spanish
period emanated from Spain. On the other hand, there was a Royal Audiencia which was an independent
body created to hear and solve cases. Initially, the governor-general headed the judicial body, but the chief
justice replaced him permanently. Audiencias were established in Manila, Cebu, and Vigan. While the
Audiencia was not an exact model of the present-day Supreme Court (Santos, n.d.), it nonetheless had
influence on its structure.
How did the government structure change during the Spanish period? What were some of the
influences of the Spaniards in the political system of the country?
Revolutionary Period
During the second half of the 19th century, the nationalist sentiments of the Filipinos were awakened. The
Propaganda Movement, led by key figures such as Jose Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar, and Graciano Lopez
Jaena, advocated reforms—such that the same rights and freedoms being enjoyed in Spain would also be
granted to the Filipinos. They wrote novels, manifestos, and articles that called for reforms. However, the
failure of the Propaganda to initiate changes in the society gave birth to a secret association, the Kataas-
taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (Katipunan). Founded in 1892 by Andres
Bonifacio and a group of patriots, the Katipunan sought independence from Spain and set the 1896
Revolution in motion.
As an organization, the Katipunan adopted its own form of government, which had national and local levels.
The Katipunan was governed by the Kataastaasang Sanggunian (Supreme Council), which was composed of
the president, secretary/secretaries, treasurer, and fiscal. The Sangguniang Balangay (Provincial Council)
and the Sangguniang Bayan (Popular Council) was also organized in each province and town, respectively.
A Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial Council) was also created to adjudicate on cases involving members of
the organization.
Events, however, led to the division of the Katipunan into two factions: the Magdalo and Magdiwang. The
Spaniards were about to make an offensive in Cavite and a unified leadership was deemed necessary. On 22
March 1897, the Tejeros Convention was called, where Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was elected as president. On
1 November 1897, Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic. Its constitution declared the creation of
an independent Philippine state. The republic, however, lasted for only a month after the Pact of Biak-na-
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Bato was signed. It provided for the amnesty and monetary indemnity of Aguinaldo and other
revolutionaries, including the exile of the revolutionary government to Hong Kong. The pact was supposed
to signal the end of the revolution, but Aguinaldo and his men purchased more arms and ammunition to
prepare themselves for another siege. By April 1898, the Spanish-American war broke out. Aguinaldo sailed
for Cavite from Hong Kong and by 24 May, he established a dictatorial government. It was under this
dictatorial government that the Philippine independence from Spain was declared on 12 June in Kawit,
Cavite.
Soon after, the dictatorial government was replaced by a revolutionary government. On 15 September 1898,
months after the declaration of independence, the Malolos Congress convened, which produced the Malolos
Constitution. On 23 January 1899, the First Philippine Republic was established with Emilio Aguinaldo as
its president. A Supreme Court of Justice was likewise created, which addressed cases. However, the
outbreak of the Filipino-American War suspended the activities of these institutions. In 1901, Emilio
Aguinaldo was captured by American forces, leading to the dissolution of the First Philippine Republic.
American Period
The signing of the Treaty of Paris signalled the end of the Spanish-American War. The treaty involved
United States’ payment of $20 million to Spain after the latter ceded all its imperial possessions, including
Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. The American occupation of the Philippines definitely precipitated
the Philippine-American War. Following the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo and the defeat of revolutionary
forces, the official end of hostilities was declared in 1902. Regardless of this, individual uprisings all over
the archipelago still persisted, making the Philippine-American War one of the longest wars the United
States has ever been to.
In 1898, after America’s capture of Manila, the United States forces established a military government in the
Philippines. It was led by a military governor, who exercised all powers of the government. The military
governor administered the Philippines through the authority of the US President, who was also the
Commander in Chief of the US Armed Forces. The military governors were Gen. Wesley Merritt (1898),
Gen. Elwell Otis (1898–1900), and Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (1900–1901).
The Spooner Amendment eventually ended the military regime. A civilian governor replaced the military
governor. The Americans established the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands under the authority of
the Bureau of Insular Affairs, a division which oversaw the civil affairs of some US foreign territories. What
ensued thereafter was the establishment of governmental structures that would later on affect or shape the
course of Philippine politics. William H. Taft (in office 1901–1904) became the first civil governor of the
Philippines. The civil governor acted as the head of the executive branch and also exercised legislative
powers as the head of the Philippine Commission, a law making body, whose members were all appointed.
In 1902, the Philippine Organic Act (Cooper Act) was enacted, which provided for the creation of a
Philippine legislature. The legislature would be bicameral, with the all-appointed Philippine Commission as
the upper house; and the Philippine Assembly, whose members were to be elected, as the lower house. In
1907, the first nationwide election was held and the Philippine legislature held its first session. By 1916, the
Philippine
Autonomy Act (Jones Law) provided for the reorganization of the Philippine legislature into a fully elected
and Filipino-controlled bicameral body. The Philippine Commission became the Senate, while the Philippine
Assembly became the House of Representatives.
Meanwhile, Filipino statesmen were already working toward total Philippine independence from the United
States. Until in 1934, the Tydings-McDuffie Act (Philippine Independence Act) was ratified by the US
Congress. It established the Philippine Commonwealth, which provided for a 10-year transition period that
would prepare the Filipinos for self-governance. The 1935Constitution was promulgated, which paved the
way for a presidential and unicameral legislative system called the National Assembly of the Philippines. The
legislature was later restored to bicameral after an amendment in the Commonwealth Constitution. An
independent judiciary was also established, with judicial power vested in a supreme court and such other
inferior courts as provided by law. President Manuel Quezon and Vice President Sergio Osmeña headed the
first Commonwealth government. The Commonwealth government went in exile when the Japanese
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occupied the Philippines from 1942–1945.
The influence of the American occupation on the structure of government of the country is very evident. The
democratic political institutions established, including electoral and party politics, constitutional law, the
secret ballot, and the legislature, are manifestations of the strong influence the Americans had on our current
political system. Similarly, our belief in the democratic ideals that guide governance of the country is by
itself an American influence. As Teehankee (2002) noted, colonialism became the defining force in the
emergence of democracy in the Philippine nation-state.
What Have I Learned So Far?
What were the changes in the government structure that took place during the American period?
Reflect Upon
The Americans introduced reforms to the political structure of the government. Their colonial venture in
the country necessitated changes on social, cultural, and other aspects as well. What aspects of you,
your family, and your community are reflective of American influence?
Japanese Occupation
The Japanese occupation of Manila signalled the establishment of the Japanese Military Administration on 3
January 1942. It consequently led to the interruption of American rule in the Philippines. As an initial move,
the Japanese military forces established the Philippine Executive Commission (PEC), a civil government that
would temporary rule the country. It was composed of Filipinos, with Jorge B. Vargas as its chairman. While
this commission exercised executive and legislative powers, everything was subject to approval by the
commander in chief of the Japanese forces. In 1943, a new constitution was promulgated and the Japanese-
sponsored Philippine Republic was established. Jose P. Laurel served as its president. Also called the Second
Republic, its executive, legislative, and judiciary structures were similar to those of the PEC. While Filipinos
assumed government positions, the Japanese apparently influenced how the country would be administered.
Thus, the Second Republic is commonly referred to as a “puppet” government.
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Soon after the return of Gen. Douglas MacArthur to the Philippines in 1944 and the eventual defeat of the
Japanese forces, the Commonwealth government was re-established. The 1935 Constitution again became
the highest law of the land. Meanwhile, Manila suffered as the second most devastated city after the Second
World War, next to the city of Warsaw in Poland. By 5 July 1945, MacArthur announced the liberation of
the Philippines. The reestablishment of the government under Osmeña saw enormous problems: devastation
by war, destruction of the economy, political warfare, and guerrilla violence. Thus, the primary problem
during this period was the reconstruction of the country and of the government.
What Have I Learned So Far?
1. How did the Japanese interruption of the American rule influence the political system of the country?
2. How did the war affect the structure not only of the political system but of the entire system of
governance during that period?
Day 3 Online Learning
Postwar Era
As what has been mentioned earlier, the Tydings-McDuffie Act granted independence to the Philippines
after the 10-year transitional period. This happened on 4 July 1946, despite the fact that the Philippines was
still rising up from the ashes brought by the war. The Third Republic was also inaugurated on this day.
The structure of post-war Philippine politics and government was founded on the 1935 Constitution. The
said constitution provided for a presidential and unitary system, wherein the president will be directly elected
by the people and will serve for four years with a maximum of two terms. There was also a bicameral
legislature composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives, whose members are also directly
elected by the people. An independent judicial body—composed of the Supreme Court and the lower courts
—was also created. Philippine politics and government were democratic in a sense that they provided for the
separation of powers and a system of checks and balances among the three branches of the government.
Electoral and party politics (see unit II, module 10) also characterized pre- and post-war periods. The first
president of the Third Republic was Manuel Roxas (in office 1946–1948), followed by Elpidio Quirino
(1948–1953), Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957), Carlos P. Garcia (1957–1961), Diosdado Macapagal (1961–
1965), and the first term of Ferdinand Marcos (1965– 1969). Marcos’s second term saw changes in the
governmental structure and the ratification of a new constitution in 1973.
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BIG IDEA: The declaration of Martial Law saw the suspension of the democratic principles that
guided the pre- and postwar periods.
Martial Law Era and the Fourth Republic
In 1965, Ferdinand Marcos was elected to the presidency and his administration was characterized by an
increased agricultural productivity, massive infrastructure development, and a defining diplomatic policy. In
1969, he ran for re-election and succeeded, making him the only president under the 1935 Constitution to be
elected for a second term. That time, however, the country was undergoing worsening economic condition,
deteriorating peace and order, social discontent, and a growing Communist insurgency.
To “save” the Republic from this turmoil and to reform the society, Marcos, on 23 September 1972,
announced on nationwide radio and television that he was placing the entire country under martial law. The
declaration was made through the virtue of Proclamation 1081 which was signed on 21 September. Marcos
rationalized that martial law was the only option that would solve the rebellion which posed a threat to the
peace and order of the country. He then instituted the Bagong Lipunan (New Society), which envisioned a
thriving and self-reliant society that is based on new social and political values. Under Marcos’s
administration, a new constitution was adopted in 1973. The 1973 Constitution provided that the Philippines
will have a modified parliamentary form of government. The president will serve as a ceremonial head of
state, with the following functions: address the National Assembly at the opening of its regular section;
proclaim the election of prime minister; dissolve the National Assembly and call for a general election;
appoint all officers and employees in accordance with the Civil Service Law, among others (Article VII,
Section 6). On the other hand, the prime minister will be the head of the cabinet (Article IX, Section 1), be
responsible to the National Assembly for the program of government approved by the president and
determine the guidelines of national policy (Section 2), and be the commander in chief of all armed forces
in the Philippines (Section 12), among others. The president and the prime minister were to be elected by the
National Assembly, a unicameral legislative body composed of assemblymen elected by the people.
By 1976, the 1973 Constitution was amended. Instead of having an election for the National Assembly, an
interim Batasang Pambansa would be established, composed of the incumbent president, the current regional
and sectoral representatives, and the members of the cabinet. The interim Batasang Pambansa would have
the same power as that of the National Assembly. The third item in the 1976 amendments allowed Marcos to
be the president and the prime minister at the same time. He shall “continue to exercise all his powers even
after the interim Batasang Pambansa is organized and ready to discharge its functions. Likewise, he shall
continue to exercise his powers and prerogatives under the 1935 Constitution and the powers vested on the
President and the Prime Minister under this Constitution.” Ultimately, Marcos’s legislative powers were
solidified as the sixth item allowed him to “issue the necessary decrees, orders, or letters of instructions,
which shall form part of the law of the land” if the interim Batasang Pambansa or the regular National
Assembly fails to address matters deemed requiring immediate action by the president–prime minister. In
1981, the constitution was again amended. With these changes in the government structure, Marcos was able
to stay in the presidency longer and exercise greater powers.
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BIG IDEA: During Martial Law, the dictator held all governmental powers,
relying on the military, force, coercion, and violence to exercise authority.
During martial law, the political rights and civil liberties of the people as well as their human rights were
suppressed and violated. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus led to the arrest and detention of any
person without proper court proceeding. There were also cases of human rights abuses among those who
were vocal against the regime. Press freedom was suppressed as Marcos established control of mass media.
Through Letter of Instruction No. 1, Marcos ordered the closure of media establishments in the country. He
also used his power to seize companies and industries and to place them under the control of his trusted
supporters and relatives, instituting what came to be known as crony capitalism. While Marcos already lifted
martial law by 1981, he continued to exercise dictatorial powers. Calls to end his dictatorial regime brought
Filipinos to take to the streets to participate in a popular and nonviolent uprising called the EDSA People
Power, which ousted Marcos and ended his dictatorial rule.
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BIG IDEA: The ideals of the current 1987 Philippine Constitution reflect those
established during the American period.
The period from 1986 onward is the restoration of democracy. The fall of the dictatorship marked
the shift toward re-democratization and return to constitutionalism. A revolutionary government was created
following Corazon Aquino’s ascent to presidency. A Freedom Constitution was also framed, which served as
the foundation of the transitory government. When a new Philippine Constitution was ratified in 1987, a
democratic and republican government was established. The 1987 Constitution featured aspects that reflected
those of the 1935 Constitution, albeit several changes. The post-EDSA era, also known as the Fifth Republic,
saw the revival of democracy, wherein governmental powers emanate from the people. Elections, political
parties, and civil societies were thus reinstituted. Civilian authority (through the president) was recognized
supreme over the military. An independent judiciary was also re -established. The Philippine legislature also
returned to a bicameral form, with the rebirth of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
BIG IDEA: Much of the present structure of Philippine government and politics
mirror those of the US political system.
Corazon Aquino (in office 1986–1992) served as the first president of the Fifth Republic. She was followed
by Fidel Ramos (1992–1998) and Joseph Estrada, who only served half of his term (1998–2001) after being
deposed by the EDSA People Power II. Estrada was succeeded by his vice president, Gloria Macapagal-
Arroyo, who eventually won the 2004 presidential election and thus served as executive for almost a decade
(2001–2010). She was followed by Benigno Simeon Aquino III (2010–2016), son of former president
Corazon Aquino. Today, the Philippines is headed by Rodrigo Duterte, the first president to have hailed from
Mindanao.
What Have I Learned So Far?
To what extent does the present system of politics and government in the Philippines reflect those of
the Americans?
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ESSENTIAL LEARNING
You have read in this module a brief overview on how Philippine politics and
government transformed through time. Nonetheless, what this module points out is that
the current developments in the country’s political landscape are heavily influenced by
what took place in the past. There are several institutions and political processes that
trace their roots from the pre-colonial up to the colonial periods. The structure of
Philippine politics to date is not only a reflection of the country’s struggle with
colonialism but also with dictatorship. After all, the return to democracy and
constitutionalism, through the 1987 Constitution, is a reflection of the nation’s victory
against the authoritarian system. While it is true that the Philippines espouses
democratic ideals, the extent and real essence of democracy are definitely challenged
in the present time. This is addressed in the succeeding modules.
Day 4 -Modular- Learning
FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT:
A. KNOWLEDGE:
INSTRUCTION: True or False. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if otherwise.
1. The Philippines has the longest experience with democratic institutions among democracies in Asia.
2. Prior to American rule, democratic institutions and processes or even ideas about these were
something abstract or ”alien” to Filipinos during the Spanish rule.
3. The central figure in the construction of American colonial rule, and consequently, the foundations of
“democracy” in the Philippines was Howard Taft.
4. It was during the Japanese occupation that a solid, visible, national oligarchy was created in the
Philippines.
5. One legacy of the American colonial rule was the peasant rebellion in Central Luzon.
6. The Congress- style bicameral legislature brought into the Philippines by the Americans curtailed the
power of oligarchy through the “control of the purse” by Congress.
7. Political dynasties emerged due to the proliferation of provincial and local elective offices as a result
of the absence of an autocratic territorial bureaucracy.
8. The American – style electoralism in the Philippines led to the subordination of the state machinery
to congressional oligarchs in the Philippines.
9. Japanese occupation introduced the rule law in the Philippines.
10. The period 1954- 1972 was the full heyday of cacique democracy in the Philippines.
B. CRITICAL THINKING:
INSTRUCTION: Answer the following questions.
1. Did the American colonial rule bring democracy in the Philippines?
2. What problems of democracy do we have now that can be attributed to American colonial influences?
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Congratulations!
You have completed this
module.
References:
POLITICS WITHOUT BORDERS (philippine politics and governance)
DIANA J. MENDOZA/ MA. LOURDES F. MELEGRITO
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