AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

OF WINE ECONOMISTS

AAWE WORKING PAPER

No. 52
Business

FROM WINE PRODUCTION TO

WINE TOURISM EXPERIENCE:
THE CASE OF ITALY

Vincenzo Asero and Sebastiano Patti

November www.wine-economics.org
2009
 From Wine Production to Wine Tourism Experience: the Case of Italy

Vincenzo ASERO 1 , Sebastiano PATTI 2

ABSTRACT

Typical products, mainly local food and wine, are considered suitable features to
characterise the tourist supply of a destination and in many cases they are a major
attraction of a territory. These products contain a strong reference to the territory
in which they are produced. They simultaneously represent on the market a
geographic area, its traditions and its cultural heritage, they identify a local
community and its identity as well. Therefore typical products can be defined as
‘territorial intensive products’ (TIPs). Wine tourism represents the most
innovative phenomenon of the more general tourism supply created around a TIP
and certainly the most evident. The paper considers the importance of quality
wine in Italy in helping to create the tourist supply of different territories through
the creation of the Wine and Food Routes (WFRs) that represent a particular kind
of tourist thematic itineraries. The paper confirms that quality wines are the
‘driver’ of WFRs creating a model of socioeconomic district.

1. Introduction
While the wine sector has fairly developed in some countries such as Italy,
France, Australia, America (California and Chile) and South Africa, in the last
decade a market has developed taking wine into consideration, as a resource,
characterizing the tourism supply of a destination. Wine, as many other typical
products, constitutes an important component of the tourist market and the
successful cases of wine tourism bear it ample witness. Wine tourism represents a
particular type of tourism, whose principal feature is given by the wine and the
wine-production territories. From the tourist point of view, in fact, wine may

                                                            
1
  Lecturer in Economics, University of Catania, [email protected]
2
  PhD in Public Economics, University of Catania, [email protected]
1 

 
constitute the main attraction of a territory or an asset that contributes, together
with the other resources and attractions, as well as with other typical products, to
the definition of its offer. Wine involves a target made up of people sensitive not
only to the up market brands bottles, of which they are connoisseurs, in some
cases experts, but also to the territory, the local traditions and the artistic goods,
which represent the new and defensive localism (Winter, 2003). It has been
noticed that in many countries wine is simultaneously an expression of the culture
of a territory and a reservoir of traditions rooted in antiquity. It identifies a local
community and its identity. Thus, as affirmed by Asero and Patti (2009a) wine,
like the many typical products, can be defined as a ‘territorial intensive
product’(TIP) since it contain a strong reference to the territory in which it is
produced. Therefore, paraphrasing the pattern of Becattini (1989), it could be
affirmed that ‘typical products and the territory perform reciprocally, in
continuum that sees the one tied to the other and vice versa’ (Asero and Patti,
2009a).
The organisational formula of wine tourism is that of itineraries, which mainly
involve areas of quality wine production and offer the tourists the opportunity of
knowing other cultural and naturalistic resources characterising the territories
visited. The same formula has largely been developed in different countries as
documented in many researches including Europe (Hall et al., 2000), South Africa
(Bruwer, 2003) as well as Australia (Charters and Ali-Knight, 2002).
This paper specifically exams the case of Italy, where a National Law has
promoted the Wine and Food Routes (WFRs). WFRs identify socio-territorial
entities and represent a variant of the industrial district model as defined by the
Italian scholars, since each route is characterized by the active presence of both a
community of people and an agglomeration of firms in a geographical and
historically bounded area. WFRs associate quality wines as well as different
typical foodstuff products, producer businesses and tourist operators under a
single brand, identifying short, medium and long itineraries that wind through the
same geographic territory. Quality wine production is the driver of the majority of
Italian WFRs, but quality wines are also part of the ‘cultural capital’ of many
Italian regions, since they ‘embody and yield both economic and cultural value’

2 

 
(Throsby, 2000). Hence, they offer to local stakeholders of a wine production area
the occasion to enhance a place through its cultural identity in spite of increasing
globalization, as result of a process that Ray has defined a ‘cultural economic’
approach to the territory development (Ray, 1998).

2. The relationship between wine, heritage and tourism

Wine is today at the heart of local dynamics working towards producing
singularity. Wine as well as other TIPs are part of the heritage of a place.
Consequently they both represent a cultural value because in turn they become the
tourist products presenting the characters of a cultural tourism experience. It is the
case of some itineraries that have been built under the programme of the Council
of Europe for cultural Routes, like ‘The Routes of the Olive Tree’ or the “Iter
Vitis – Wine Routes in Europe”, which encourages thematic tourism as well as the
protection of cultural heritage through the exploitation of typical products (Asero
and Patti, 2009b). The relationship with the heritage is especially closer when
wine and typical products are identified by quality labels and brands that protect
their identity and are attributed to those products whose characteristics depend on
the territory in which they are produced.
Wine could be used as a resource with which to generate a flow of tourists,
whose only motive is to discover the source of the product itself, to get knowledge
of the places and ways of production. Nevertheless, as affirmed by Charters and
Ali-Knight (2002) wine tourist expectations are likely to vary from region to
region. Wine assumes different significances by playing a predominant,
complementary, marginal, or exclusive role in the tourism supply of a territory,
but in all cases it is a factor of competitiveness for a destination (Asero and Patti,
2009b). Furthermore, Getz (1998) affirms that wine tourism has the potential to
provide a competitive advantage to regions with a grape and wine industry as well
as to generate business for wineries and other related products. Naturally, the
more exclusive the products are the greater are the opportunities within the market
place, unless a niche is created. On the other hand, the volume of wine tourism
has increased notably that competitive positioning of wine tourism regions has
become a strategic issue (Williams, 2001).

3 

 
 Wine tourism represents a clear example of a tourism experience created
around a typical intensive product. It has been often promoted under the impulse
of ‘neo-rural’ ethos, which means new rural entrepreneurship, new rural style of
life, new tourist activities in the farm house, culture of hospitality and
sustainability (Asero and Patti, 2009b). Williams (2001) remarks that there has
been a shift ‘in wine country imagery from an emphasis on wine production
processes and related facilities to more of an emphasis on aesthetic and
experimental values associated with more leisure recreational and tourist pursuit’.
Similarity, it has been noticed that wine provides a motivating factors for tourists
to visit a destination as wine regions tend to be attractive places and vineyards
aesthetically pleasing (Cambourne et al., 2000).
Wine tourism has been defined in a variety of different ways. According to
Hall (1996) it has been characterized as referring to visiting of vineyards,
wineries, wine festivals and wine shows, while the major motivating factors for
visitors are wine tasting and/or experiencing the attributes of a wine region.
Another definition describes wine tourism as travel for the purpose of
experiencing wineries and wine regions and their links to lifestyle. Charters and
Ali-Knight (2002) suggest that the wine tourism experience encompasses many
characteristics including a lifestyle experience, education, linkages to art, wine
and food, tasting and cellar door sales, winery tours, incorporation with the
tourism-destination image and a marketing opportunity which enhances the
economic, social and cultural values of a territory. Mitchell (2006) further
distinguishes between wine tourism more broadly and winery visitation.
The prevalent organisational formula of wine tourism is that of itineraries,
routes touching wineries and areas of production, that offer the tourists the
opportunity of knowing other cultural and naturalistic resources characterising the
territory visited. Both cultural and natural features are important as they endow
distinctive attributes to the wine regions. Hall and Mitchell (2002) use the term of
‘touristic terroir’ to illustrate the combination of physical, cultural and natural
elements that give each region its distinctive appeal. Wine routes realize a model
of district. The concept of a bounded territory in defining each wine route is vital

4 

 
for its wine-producing members since it create an identity that proclaims the
distinctive character and the cultural heritage of that district (Hall et al., 2000).
Wine and tourism rely on regional branding (Fuller, 1997). A wine route is
identified on the market by a brand that conveys the geographical identity and the
regional origin of the wine. In some cases, for example in Italy and France, the
different territories in which wine is produced are officially demarcated through
quality appellation labels. Quality wine strengthens the image of the territories,
contributing to the local economic development and the promotion of the tourist
offer. Therefore, quality wine plays both the role of driver of wine routes and of
tourist ‘medium’.
The wine route local stakeholders must build up a system of relations between
wineries, organizations and wine associations to be successful. Therefore, they are
the key factors for promoting the image of wine, wineries and wine regions as
well as to ensure quality tourism experiences.

3. The Italian quality wine production

Wine as well as typical products are often identified by quality labels and
trademarks that protect their identity and are attributed to those products whose
peculiar characteristics depend essentially or exclusively on the territory in which
they are produced. Labels and brands confirm the value of uniqueness and un-
repeatability of TIPs, acknowledging their high territorial content. Hence, labels,
such as logos and trademarks, represent new regulatory and legal structures to
develop and to protect niche product as well as potential high value traditional
products and practices (Marsden and Smith, 2005). Quality labels are also
important for developing a new form of ‘ecological entrepreneurship’, such as it is
defined by Marsden (2003) and Marsden and Smith (2005), whereby key actors
are committed to preserving cultural, ecological and environmental integrity yet
find new pragmatic ways to create economic benefits in the local community.
In the last decade, Italian wine production has been characterized by an
increased quality either of the grapes used to make wine or the technical
procedures of wine makers. To better define the Italian wine scenario, it is
necessary to consider the characteristics of quality wine areas, identified by its’

5 

 
labels, the amount of quality wine produced, the amount of wineries and the total
vine extension.
National distribution of quality wine labels is presented in Table n. 1. It shows
that the number (324) of AOC (Appellation of Origin Controlled) is more
considerable and represents almost the 66% of the total amount of the
denominations; while the number of AOCG (Appellation of Origin Controlled and
Guarantied) is equal to 9%, with 40 denominations, and the number of TGI
(Typical Geographic Indications) is of 125, which means the 25%. Italian quality
wine production highlights a predominant role played by the Northern regions,
which have much more AOC, AOCG and TGI wine denominations. In fact,
compared with the 489 quality labels, 198 are those classifying wine produced in
the North. In percentage terms, they represents the 40.5% of the total one of the
denominations, while the Centre and the South correspond respectively to the
23.7% and the 22.7%, followed by the Islands (Sicily and Sardinia) with the 13%.
On the contrary, Southern area and the Islands have more TGI denominations.
Clearly, there is a strong concentration of AOC and AOCG labels in the North of
Italy and this high number is not related to the surface of the regions. Besides, for
what concerns regional distribution of quality wine, Piemonte is on the top, with
an amount of 56 denominations, followed by Tuscany (49), Veneto (39), Sardinia
(35) and Lombardia (34).

6 

 
 Table n. 1 – Italian denominations of origin and geographical indication
Total amount
REGIONS AOC AOCG TGI
per region
Valle d’Aosta 1 - - 1
Piemonte 44 12 - 56
Liguria 8 - 3 11
Lombardia 15 4 15 34
Veneto 25 4 10 39
Friuli VG 9 2 3 14
Trentino A.A. 8 - 4 12
Emilia Romagna 20 1 10 31
NORTH 130 23 45 198
Toscana 36 7 6 49
Marche 15 2 1 18
Umbria 11 2 6 19
Lazio 26 - 4 30
CENTRE 88 11 17 116
Abruzzo 4 1 10 15
Molise 3 - 2 5
Campania 17 3 9 29
Basilicata 3 - 2 5
Puglia 26 - 6 32
Calabria 12 - 13 25
SOUTH 65 4 42 111
Sicilia 22 1 6 29
Sardegna 19 1 15 35
ISLANDS 41 2 21 64
ITALY 324 40 125 489
Source: ISMEA

The importance of wine industry for the local economic development of Italian
regions is also confirmed by the growth of wineries in the last nine years.
According to the ISMEA (Istituto di Servizi per il Mercato Agricolo Alimentare)
data, Italian wineries increased from 1,903 to 3,909 units during the period 2000 –
2009 as shown by Table n. 2. Tuscany and Piemonte regions prevailed, with
respectively 749 and 605 wineries, representing the 19.16% and the 15.48% of the
total amount. Veneto follows with 467 wineries that represent the 11.95% of the
Italian wineries.

7 

 
 Table n. 2 - Wineries in Italy between 2000 and 2009

REGIONS Wineries 2000 Wineris 2009

Valle d’Aosta 15 31
Piemonte 304 605
Liguria 56 56
Lombardia 140 279
Veneto 160 467
Friuli VG 159 201
Trentino A.A. 119 151
Emilia Romagna 86 161
NORTH 1039 1951
Toscana 386 749
Marche 61 138
Umbria 41 80
Lazio 45 99
CENTRE 533 1066
Abruzzo 64 102
Molise 4 19
Campania 66 218
Basilicata 17 39
Puglia 61 176
Calabria 34 40
SOUTH 246 594
Sicilia 47 215
Sardegna 38 83
ISLANDS 85 298
ITALY 1903 3909
Source: Our processing on ISMEA data

The last data available concerning the amount of quality wine production in all
Italian regions (ISMEA, 2007), which include AOC, AOCG and TGI wines, show
that Veneto and Emilia Romagna produce more wine, respectively 6,870 and
3,780 millions of hectolitres, followed by Tuscany and Piemonte, (see Table n. 3).
A further consideration regards the vine extension per region. According to
ISTAT (Istituto Italiano di Statistica) and ISMEA sources, the National surface
cultivated to grapes of wine amounts to 789,272 hectares. More precisely, the
Northern vine extension is the biggest with 252,993 he, follows the Southern one
with 221,716 he. In the North area, Veneto region has the biggest vine extension
(73,314), while in the Centre area, Tuscany presents a vine extension of 63,633
he. Nevertheless, the biggest vineyard areas are Apulia (107,715 he) and Sicily
(133,518 he) situated in the South.
8 

 
 An index of specialization QWRS has been calculated to observe the
relationship between the quantity produced of quality wine (QWP) and vine
extension (TVE) (see Table n. 3). The index compares the QWP/TVE ratio,
calculated for each region, with the value of the National average. The values of
the index summarize the level of specialization of Italian regions in producing
quality wine (AOC+AOCG+TGI). The index shows that the regions of North
(1.80) and Centre (1.04) Italy are more specialized in producing quality wine.

Table n. 3 – Quality wine production, vine extension and specialization index

Quality Wine Total Vine
INDEX OF
REGIONS Production-QWP Extension-TVE
QWRS
(value in Hectoliter) (value in Hectar)
Valle d’Aosta 11,500 653 0.50
Piemonte 2,276,353 57,487 1.13
Liguria 53,035 4,837 0.31
Lombardia 852,279 26,951 0.91
Veneto 6,870,505 73,314 2.68
Friuli VG 873,331 18,704 1.34
Trentino A.A. 1,199,575 12,810 2.68
Emilia R. 3,780,214 58,237 1.86
NORTH 15,916,792 252,993 1.80
Toscana 2,460,685 63,633 1.11
Marche 635,195 9,694 1.88
Umbria 706,727 16,503 1.23
Lazio 1,212,854 47,884 0.72
CENTRE 5,015,461 137,714 1.04
Abruzzo 899,480 33,252 0.77
Molise 187,595 4,438 1.21
Campania 491,251 41,124 0.34
Basilicata 53,366 10,848 0.14
Puglia 1,886,723 107,715 0.50
Calabria 112,746 24,339 0.13
SOUTH 3,631,161 221,716 0.47
Sicilia 1,300,188 133,518 0.28
Sardegna 417,722 43,331 0.28
ISLANDS 1,717,910 176,849 0.28
ITALY 26,281,324 789,272
Source: Our processing on ISTAT and ISMEA data

9 

 
4. The Wine and Food Routes in Italy
During the last decade in Italy there has been a growing awareness on the
importance of valorising and promoting the territory through the creation of
thematic itineraries that can be considered as ‘localising tourist packages’
(Valdani and Ancarani, 2000). Clearly, a good case of such tourist package is
represented by the Wine Routes whose aim is to promote rural areas as tourist
destinations. This model derives from two important productive sectors: the vine
cultivation and the tourist sectors. The Wine Routes have been instituted by the
National law N. 268 of 1999 that defines them as itineraries created in
geographical areas where quality wines are produced. The law aims to exploit the
winegrowing areas and wineries, including cultural and natural resources, as well
to allow the tourists to benefit from these. Typical identification of a territory
devoted to wine has helped create the various Wine Routes, recently also
including the typical foods of the district. As a consequence, many of them are
now called Wine and Food Routes (WFRs). According to the Italian legislative
system each region has a proper law regulating this matter. Nevertheless, some
routes are not yet well developed. Even though they are instituted in all the
regions of the country, they are not all effectively operative. The first column of
Table n. 4 shows the distribution per region of the total number of routes, while
the second column considers the only ones that are specialized by quality wine. It
has to be noted that some regions, such as Sicily, are instituting new routes.
Therefore the total number could change during the time.

10 

 
  

Table n. 4 – Italian Wine and Food Routes 

Whose
Wine and Food
REGIONS characterized
Routes (WFR)
by wine
Valle d’Aosta 1 1
Piemonte 6 6
Liguria 2 1
Lombardia 12 8
Veneto 19 16
Friuli VG 7 7
Trentino A.A. 8 6
Emilia Romagna 15 12
NORTH 70 57
Toscana 16 16
Marche 3 3
Umbria 5 4
Lazio 5 5
CENTRE 29 28
Abruzzo 6 6
Molise 1 1
Campania 10 10
Basilicata 1 1
Puglia 14 9
Calabria 12 9
SOUTH 44 36
Sicilia 11 11
Sardegna 7 7
ISLANDS 18 18
ITALY 161 139
Source: Our processing
In Italy, wine tourism is certainly a complex phenomenon, because it doesn’t
end with the visit to the cellars, to the places of production and with the tasting,
nor it is associated only with forms of rural tourism or of agro-tourism, and
directly involves a whole territory and its various components. Confirmation of
this, thanks to WFRs many places, especially little towns and small villages, have
become known in the tourist market through their typical wines and food
products. Nevertheless, in some cases the tourist offer based on wine-gastronomic
products seems to become ‘banal’, since it happens that these products are not
considered as the central element to characterise a tourist package of a destination
but only an ‘accessory’ of a more general tourist offer (Asero and Patti 2009b).

11 

 
 The behaviour of the wine tourist has also evolved. Cinelli Colombini (2003)
and CENSIS studies argue that Italian wine tourists have so greatly changed their
consumption habits as to make a real segmentation of the market very difficult.
CENSIS official data of the year 2007 estimate that the number of wine tourists in
Italy is about 4,5 million with a wine industry turnover of 2,5 thousand millions
Euros. CENSIS study (2006) observes that wine tourism in Italy involves above all
a target made up mainly of adults, with a medium-high level of income. Besides
purchasing the local wines, they also spend on food and handicraft products.
The importance of wine production in Italy has been growing to such a point
that a system of relations between local actors, organizations, clubs, institutions
and associations of wine experts and lovers, which promote wine and wineries has
been created. The associations that deal with wine and tourism are mainly
constituted by the Wine Tourism Movement, the National Association the Women
of the Wine, the National Association Cities of the Wine and National Association
the Routes to Wine and to Food.
As regards the Wine and Food Routes mainly characterized by wine, that is the
wine routes in the strict sense, it can be noted that the principal actors are the wineries
and the local stakeholders, responsible for the success of a road. But, of course, the
principal role is played by the quality wine, since it is characterizing a road and the
consumers’ demand. Therefore, quality wine is considered the ‘driver’ of the wine
routes (Antonioli Corigliano, 2000). This idea has been examined using a regression
analysis. Firstly, it has been observed the relationship among the following variables
selected per region by using the data listed in the previews tables: the number of
Wine and Food Routes, choosing only the ones characterized by wine (WFRs); the
amount of quality wine production (Q of W) that includes AOC, AOCG and TGI
wine denominations; the amount of vine extension (Vine Ext) and the number of
wineries (Win).

Pearson Correlation

WFRs Q of W Vine Ext Win

WFRs 1.0000 0.7269 0.6840 0.6714
Q of W 0.7269 1.0000 0.5086 0.5975
Vine Ext 0.6840 0.5086 1.0000 0.4382
Win 0.6714 0.5975 0.4382 1.0000  
 

12 

 
 The values indicate there is a positive correlation and a stronger positive
covariance (0.7269) between WFRs and quality wine production. Therefore, the
strength of the correlation lends weigh to the hypothesis that the variables are
causally linked. Afterwards, in order to examine the impact of quality wine on WFRs,
a multiple regression model has been used, with WFRs as dependent variable and as
independent variables the following: quality wine production (Q of W), vine
extension (Vine Ext) and wineries (Win).

Multiple R = 0,8450 Adjusted R² = 0.6604

R ²   = 0.7140 Std. Error = 2.6634

Independent
variables β Beta
Q of W 1.0255 0.3640
Vine Ext 4.8022 0.3712
Win 0.0067 0.2911
Constant 2.3830  
 
The coefficient of determination R² indicates that over 70% of the variance in the
amount of WFRs characterized by quality wine is explained by the three independent
variables. The positive regression coefficients indicate that the independent variables
positively affect the depend one. The beta values show that the most important factors
in affecting the number of WFRs are quality wine production and vine extension,
while wineries have a smaller effect. This confirms that quality wine is crucial in
determining a wine route and that, paradoxically, the number of wineries along a
route could not be really so important.

Conclusions
This paper emphasizes how quality wines can help to valorise and promote the
Italian territories throughout the creation of tourist thematic itineraries, such as Wine
and Food Routes (WFRs). Actually, they represent a form of alternative tourism and
are a powerful instrument for developing a territory–production–tourism pattern. It is
evident that WFRs form an integral part of the Italian wine tourism industry; as
Bruwer (2003) highlighted, they are the roadways to the core attraction in wine
tourism, the wines and the winery. The WFRs other than exploiting the itineraries
characterised by grape wine production, concentrate themselves in the promotion of

13 

 
rural traditions and the typical agriculture and gastronomy of the various Italian
localities.
WFRs are able to provide a complex offer based on the wine and on the
integration of attractions and resources, as well as on the active participation of public
and private subjects and the local communities. Moreover, WFRs enhance new
entrepreneurial processes, but also protect and sustain them in the context of
significant countervailing forces. In such a context, the WFR’s role becomes relevant,
because help to run new spatial relationships among local entrepreneurs that become
key actors and play a decisive role involving other actors in the WFR system. In
addition, it supports new linkages between producers and consumers, in order to
attract tourists’ flows towards WFR’s local communities.
WFRs to be successful have to assure destination management actions. Otherwise,
there could be the risk that the wine-gastronomy within WFR system would appear
only as a ‘corollary’, reducing the economic multiplier effects that the creation of a
wine-gastronomic tourist product could bring upon a territory.
In the Italian experience, it is widely recognised that WFRs’ system represents a
theoretical model of district. Each WFR in fact is an agglomerate of wineries, which
are concentrated in particular localities and involved in business as well as socio-
cultural relationship (Marshall, 1890). They realize a model of district that attributes a
remarkable weight to the social and cultural factors in the processes of development.
This point confirms the importance of the district theory for the Italian economy as
well as proves that opposite to the current market globalisation, there is a ‘flowery of
little enterprises’ (Becattini, 1999). Therefore, WFRs provide a connectedness
between the local and the global market. According to the Aydalot (1986) and Maillat
and Perrin (1992) definition, it can be affirmed that WFR represents an innovative
milieu, where wine makers are considered as agents operating in milieu acting as
incubators of innovation. WFR thus can be viewed either as a driver of the territories
as well as an innovator, where innovator means the capacity to use new technologies
to update and improve a territory. In that sense, WFRs renew territories and local
communities. Hence, WFRs contribute to spread out what is innovated and to diffuse
it as a positive externality effect into the local system. This confers to the local
community a strong territorial identity and WFR becomes the instrument that could
emphasize the local identities by introducing territories and local resources to the
tourist market.
14 

 
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