Moniz 1

Observation of Water Changes Due to an

Increase in Heat
Ava Moniz

Mr. Pasterino

Honors Environmental Chemistry Period 2

8 May 2019
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Introduction:

The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the amount of heat needed to melt ice and

evaporate water;to collect data to develop a heating curve for water by measuring temperature to

understand the energy used in this reaction. By constantly adding heat to the beaker of water and

ice we are able to observe how long and the temperature it takes to change the states of matter. I

predict that if heat is added to the mixture then the temperature will also increase causing the ice

to melt and then the water to begin evaporating. The independent variable for this experiment is

heat and the dependent variable is the temperature.

Materials and Method:

Materials:

1. Ice 4. Stirring rod 7. Stir Bar

2. 250 mL beaker 5. Hot Plate

3. Thermometer 6. Safety Glasses

Procedure:

Before working with fire or any heat, make sure the workspace is clear of any flammable

materials or hanging objects that could catch on fire. First, plug in the hot plate and turn the

setting up to approximately 350 degrees Celsius. Allow the hot plate to heat up for at least 5

minutes before beginning. Next, fill half of a beaker with 100 mL of water and 100 grams of ice.

Place a thermometer in the beaker and record the initial temperature of the water and ice mixture.

Once measured move the beaker to the hot plate. Make sure to use the stir bar and stir the

mixture constantly. Make sure that the thermometer is immersed completely in both the water
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and ice and that is does not touch the sides of bottom of the beaker so that the temperature of the

water is measured, not the beaker. Record data every 30 seconds. Continue stirring until the

water is fully boiling. When done collecting data remove the thermometer and turn off the hot

plate. Clean and put away all materials after hot plate is completely cooled down. Create a graph

with properly labeled axis’s to observe how the data can be represented.

Results:

Table: (See full data table in appendix)

Time (Minutes) Temperature (​о​C)

0.5 (first checkpoint) 15

1.5 (all ice melted) 30

4.0 (beginning to gasify) 90

16.0 (final) 98

Graph:
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Analysis:

During the experiment as we added heat to the mixture of ice and water, the states of

matter present began to change. In the beginning of the experiment we began with 100 grams of

ice and 100 mL of water, an equal ice to water ratio before adding heat. The blue line on the

graph represents the data that we collected during the experiment and the red demonstrates how

water, in perfect conditions, would react to heat. By looking at the graph it is clear that our data

was not very far off from the intended action of the water but there were some factors within our

experiment that caused the data to not turn out perfectly.

To begin, we started with a mixture that was already half at room temperature. A mixture

of water and ice will not begin at 0 degrees Celsius like the model line on the graph shows. The

initial temperature before adding heat was 15 degrees Celsius, but as heat was constantly applied

the temperature rose to 98 degrees celsius before plateauing. The steep increase from 30 degrees

to 98 degrees was the point in which the mixture was completely a liquid and there were no

pieces of ice left. Once the line starts to plateau is when the changes in states of matter begin to

take place. Although heat is still being applied the temperature of the mixture no longer increases

because heat is now being used to transform water from its liquid state to its gaseous state.

In order to find out the actual amount of heat used during each of these transformations

we can use equations. Let’s say that the first flat section of the red line is labeled as section A,

the steep incline is labeled B, and the final flat section is labeled C. To find out the amount of

heat used in section A we can use the equation Q=m(H​fus​), Q being quantity of heat, M being

mass, and H​fus​ being heat of fusion. So if numbers were plugged into that equation to coincide

with the experiment conducted it would be Q=100(335.5 J/g), Q=33,550 Joules, or 8.0186424
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calories. Section B’s equation would be Q=mc(ΔT), C being heat capacity and ΔT being the

change in temperature. Since now the ice from part A has melted the new mass is 200 grams.

Plugging into that equation we get Q=200g(4.18J/g​o​C)(100​o​C), Q=83,600 Joules, or Q=19.98088

calories. Then, for section C the equation is similar to section A but instead of H​fus​ it is H​vap​. So

the equation is Q=m(H​vap​). This means that section C equals Q=200g(2260 J/g), Q=452,000, or

Q=108.030593 calories. Finally, we can add all of the results together to find the total amount of

energy used which would be 33,550+83,600+452,000=569,150 Joules or 136,030.115 calories.

Conclusion:

The purpose of this experiment was to measure the heating curve of ice and water as heat

was added constantly over a period of time. We were able to prove that as heat is added,

temperature will increase and states of matter will change. Although, as states of matter change

from a solid, to a liquid, and then to a gas there is no change in temperature because the energy

used to heat the mixture is now being used to change the substance's state of matter. That is why

the graph plateaus at certain temperature points (melting point and boiling point). We found that

in order to know how much heat is actually being added to a substance we can measure the

change in temperature and then use that to find the overall energy used in a transformation.

We were able to use the proper equations for each section of the graph to find the energy

used to change ice to water and water to water vapor. Looking at the data we can see that it takes

more energy to transform the water from a liquid to a gas which is because of the structure of

molecules within each state of matter. As a solid the molecules are very packed to together and

have very little space to move around. A liquid is very similar although it does have a little more
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space between molecules for them to move around, allowing liquids to take the shape of any

container. Then, gas molecules are very freely moving and are very loosely pulled together. In

order for a substance to change from a liquid to a gas requires the molecules to be seperated

much more than if it were changing from a solid to a liquid. The greater separation calls for more

energy to be exerted during that transformation.

If this experiment were to be conducted in the future again some alterations may help

create more accurate data and outcomes. First, possibly starting with only ice in the beaker will

make sure the initial temperature is 0 and will result in a graph that looks more like the model

graph. Second, if the experiment isn't conducted with only ice in the beginning, measuring the

initial temperature without heat to have a temperature that can clearly be compared to the ending

temperature. Lastly, a better explanation of the changes on a molecular scale and how they are

experienced in nature could further understanding on the relevance and real life connections of

the experiment.
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Appendix:

Time (Min) Temperature Time (Min) Temperature

0.5 15 8.5 99

1.0 22 9.0 99

1.5 30 9.5 99

2.0 45 10.0 97

2.5 50 10.5 98

3.0 63 11.0 98

3.5 71 11.5 99

4.0 90 12.0 98

4.5 95 12.5 97

5.0 98 13.0 99

5.5 98 13.5 98

6.0 97 14.0 99

6.5 98 14.5 99

7.0 99 15.0 99

7.5 99 15.5 98

8.0 98 16.0 98