Republic of the Philippines

SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

One of the Government initiatives to reduce smoking incidence is by crafting

policies to place restrictions on the locations in which people can smoke

(Buddelmeyer and Wokins, 2005). Such policy is the same with the Ordinance No.

005 series of 2016, otherwise known as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance of Tandag City. Policy makers are alarmed of the smoking incidence

in the locality and are concerned of the people’s welfare that they were driven to

craft such an ordinance. However, one thing that should be concerned about

when making an ordinance is to ensure that it is well crafted. Hence, the researcher

deemed that this study is important to determine the conceptualizations of

Tandaganons on the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.

The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance is aimed at creating a

smoke-free Tandag City to stop or lessen the increasing number of Tandaganon

smokers and to protect passive smokers from the health risks of smoking.

Awareness has a key role in its implementation success. According to a study

conducted by Cabrera et,al (2016), Tandaganons are aware of the implementation

of the ordinance. This implies that Tandaganons are well informed of the policy.

This result is affirmed by a similar study conducted in the following year by Jomaya

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

et, al. (2017) as it was revealed that generally, the Tandaganons are aware of the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.

For such an ordinance to be effective, it is important that it receives broad

public support. Qualitative studies of the attitude, perceptions, and

conceptualization of local people like the LGU, academe and NGOs can help the

government officials identify the steps needed to promote public support for anti-

smoking efforts. Such studies can also generate narratives and quotes that can

help translate findings on perceptions and attitudes into effective public education

campaigns and related policy changes. Even DOH Secretary Ona (2011) stressed

that the conduct of such studies should be supported to provide quality data for a

more informed policy development.

As such, a study of the conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance is needed. Hence, the researcher is motivated to pursue this

study. Exploring this topic is timely and it offers new significant insights because

it is a newly amended ordinance. Consequently, it means that new results will be

obtained and will offer new bases for an informed policy improvement. With this

paper, implementers will be given feedback which can help increase their

understanding and awareness of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance,

and can assist with developing strategies to develop its implementation practices.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

This study may also serve as a guide to improve its implementation and to

respond to the problems which have already existed and those that are to exist.

Theoretical Framework

This study is based on Albert Badura’s Social Cognitive Learning theory

(1997 cited by Bektas, et, al., 2010). This theory states that the social structure

affects the health status as well as personal characteristics and that in order to

develop health it is not enough just to change the behaviors of an individual but

that it is also necessary to change the social systems in which the individual

operates. The theory emphasizes simultaneous and reciprocal effects of

environment and behavior, and suggests that behavior is affected by both

external stimuli and internal cognitive factors.

In relation to this study, the theory means that if the government lays down

policies that prohibit smoking-related activities, the behaviour of an individual

may change. Since it is the ordinance that necessitates the citizen to quit or

regulate smoking, it therefore creates a positive external motivation for citizens to

change their smoking habits in response to the governments’ ordinance. It

implies that if the ordinance is well drafted and well conceptualized, the

ordinance will be an effective means to regulate the citizens’ smoking behaviour.

Another related theory is the Theory of Planned Behavior by Icek Ajzen

(as cited by Chang, 2017). It is used to elucidate health behaviors and guide

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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interventions, such as smoking cessation programs. This theory assumes that an

individual’s attitude, social norms and perceived control over a behavior influence

his intention to perform the behavior. That intention, in turn, predicts whether the

behavior will occur.

Assuming this theory is true, the appeal is that if intention influences

behavior, then interventions such as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance can strategically identify and target factors--in this case, attitudes,

norms and perceived behavioral control about quitting smoking--that influence

intention.

This study is also anchored on the Ecological Models of Health Behavior

(Nuru, 2014) which emphasizes the environmental and policy contexts of

behavior, while incorporating social and psychological influences. Ecological

models lead to the explicit consideration of multiple levels of influence, thereby

guiding the development of more comprehensive interventions. The core concept

of an ecological model is that behavior has multiple levels of influences, often

including intrapersonal (biological, psychological), interpersonal (social, cultural),

organizational, community, physical environmental, and policy.

In the context of this study, ecological model suggests that public policy

can regulate or support healthy practices/actions. The implementation of the

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance systematically target mechanisms of

change at several levels of influence. It is expected that smoking behavior

change will be maximized when environments and policies support healthful

choices, when social norms and social support for healthful choices are strong,

and when individuals are motivated and educated to make those choices. It is

important to note that motivation and skill in individual cannot be effective if

environment and policies unsupported. It is therefore timely to conduct this study

in order to determine how the ordinance affects the direct beneficiaries and the

vulnerable ones who are the youth.

This study is further based on the Health Belief Model by Rosenstock et.,

al. (1994, cited by WHO, 2009) which states that changing a health behavior is

assumed to be related to the individual’s beliefs and perceptions about engaging

in adopting or stopping the behavior. According to his article, the key elements

that determine whether a smoker will quit include perceived susceptibility to the

consequences of smoking behavior, perceived severity of those consequences,

and perceived and actual barriers to change (e.g. costs of quitting, beliefs about

efficacy of treatment), as well as perceived benefits (decreased risk, better

health). In addition, cues to action that stimulate motivation and increase

readiness to change must be present to initiate a change in smoking behavior.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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Integrating this theory in this study, it implies that the ordinance may serve

as a factor for change in the citizens’ smoking prevalence and perception. With

the provisions on penalty, the Tandaganons will be warned about the

consequences they may face if they violate the ordinance. If they perceive that

they will suffer consequences, smoking cessation will start. For those who are

not into smoking, possible instances of smoking will be avoided.

Lastly, this study is anchored on the Philippine Clean Air Act Of 1999. The

State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and

should, therefore, be the concern of all. Hence, the State shall pursue a policy of

balancing development and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the

frame work for sustainable development shall be pursued.

In this study, the Clean Air Act reaffirms the need to regulate smokers to

help reduce pollutants in the air. If the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance

is successful at its implementation, it is a win-win situation for everyone. Air

pollutants are reduced and the Tandaganons are kept safe from its possible

harmful effects.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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Statement of the Problem

The purpose of the study was to conceptualize the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance in Tandag City based on the understanding of the LGU,

academe and NGOs.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following problems:

1. What is the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance

in our society?

2. What are the differences between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

ordinance of 2015 and that of 2016?

3. What are the qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance?

4. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance

are favourable?

4.1 extent of smoke-free spaces

4.2 exemptions/designated smoking areas

4.3 signage

4.4 penalties

4.5 task force

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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5 What are some reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective?

6 Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance are

ineffective and therefore have to be changed?

7 What is the perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in the following

sectors:

7.1 Business;

7.2 Tourism; and

7.3 Health?

8 How can Tandaganons contribute to the successful implementation of the

ordinance?

Significance of the Study

This study may provide insight to the following individuals, groups or

sectors, in the academic and non-academic community:

Department of Health (DOH). The findings of the study shall offer

feedback and additional information that would be a useful tool in crafting

appropriate actions to help improve the implementation of the ordinance. In this

way, the DOH can determine what support they can give to strengthen the

implementation of the ordinance.

Department of Tourism (DOT). With the findings of the study, the DOT

could think of appropriate actions or any form of support relative to the successful

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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implementation of the ordinance. The success of the ordinance is also beneficial

to the Department of Tourism as this will lead for more tourist visits and good city

image.

Businessmen. The business industry especially those that are not related

in smoking could benefit much from this study as this will provide them the

avenue to understand and appreciate the implementation of the ordinance. They

could also take this chance to channel their concerns in the implementation of

the ordinance to improve or protect their business establishments.

Non-Government Organizations. This study offers avenue for Non-

Government Organizations to state their opinions about the implementation of

the ordinance. In doing so, it is demonstrated that their opinion matters and that

they are significant in the society.

Local Government Unit of Tandag City (LGU). This study shall

determine how well conceptualized the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking ordinance

is. Hence, it provides development implication that would be a significant

feedback to the policy makers and implementers.

Tandaganons. The findings of this study shall give the readers,

particularly the Tandaganons, deeper and better understanding of the intention of

passing the ordinance. This will also provide encouragement to them to become

active partakers in the implementation of the ordinance in the city. Through this

study, the citizens will attain a certain level of awareness in the anti-smoking

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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ordinance in the locality. This will ultimately encourage them to commit

themselves in accordance to the provisions of the ordinance. Consequently, they

can educate their fellow Tandaganons about the significance of the ordinance.

As the direct beneficiaries of the ordinance, it is important to intervene early in

order to prevent the long-term negative consequences of smoking.

Youth. They will be aware of the ordinance and they can show

involvement in the implementation of the ordinance by quitting smoking,

encouraging others to avoid smoking, and be responsible youths in the city.

Future researchers. This study can be a springboard for more

researches regarding anti-smoking. This serves as a stepping stone for

upholding developmental research relative to this study.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The study was confined only at conceptualizing the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. The current study focused specifically on a

limited number of research participants. It is limited only to a representative

sample of Tandaganons consisted by 28 research respondents and Key

Informants who are consisted of the City Mayor, Vice mayor, Sangguninang

Panglungsod members and Sangguniang bayan Members. Apart from them, the

other Key Informants are the representatives coming from the Academe and the

NGOs. As to the time frame, this study was conducted on February 2018.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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Definition of Terms

The following terms are operationally and conceptually defined for the

purpose of clarity and understanding:

Anti-Smoking task force. is a particular group organized by the City

government to spearhead, implement, and monitor activities related to anti-

smoking ordinance.

Conceptualization. is the process of development and clarification of

concepts. • In other words, clarifying one's concepts with words and examples

and arriving at precise verbal definitions.

Extent of smoke-free spaces. refers to places where a person is allowed

to smoke.

Exemptions/designated smoking areas. refer to places where a person

is not allowed to smoke

Signage. is generally defined as any kind of graphic display intended to

convey information to an audience. In this study, signage tends to serve a few

common purposes: to promote, identify, provide information, and give directions

or to raise anti-smoking awareness.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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Ordinance. is a law passed by a municipal government. In this study, the

term ordinance is specifically used to refer to Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance of Tandag City 2016.

Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016. is otherwise known as the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. This ordinance

declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any

tobacco product, or use Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like, in all

forms of Public Conveyances, Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation

and Entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially enclosed

Public places, Public Building, and Public outdoor Spaces, except duly

designated smoking areas.

Penalties. are punishments imposed for breaking a law, rule, or contract.

Tandaganon. is a term used to refer to the residents of Tandag City.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the literature and studies done prior to this

research. This will provide the background and the current issues related to the

research topic.

Smoking in the Philippine Context

The most recent survey says that twenty-eight percent or 17.3 million

Filipino adults age 15 years and older are current tobacco smokers. This is

according to the results of the 2009 Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS).

Almost half (48 percent or 14.6 million) of adult males and 9 percent (2.8 million)

of adult females are current smokers.

Statistics also shows that the Philippines ranks 15th out of the 23

countries in the Western Pacific with youth smokers. In the report made by the

World Health Organization (WHO)’s Global Youth and Tobacco Survey (GYTS)

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2005-2014, 13.7 percent of students aged 13 to 15 years surveyed in the

Philippines admitted to being “current tobacco users” (Crisostomo, 2016).

Similarly, the National Youth Commission (NYC) is alarmed by the rising

number of youth smokers in the country and called on the government to

significantly increase tobacco prices to make these less accessible to teens. The

group also cited the low price of cigarettes here in the Philippines as a reason

behind smoking addiction among young people. NYC called on the government

to strengthen the imposition of the current ban on selling tobacco products to

minors, as well as to pass House Bill 5727, which significantly increases the

prices of these items (Aragones, ABS-CBN News, 2012).

Smoking among youth is not only the problem. Smoking has also been

increasing among women. In the Philippines, the number of women who smoke

is constantly on the rise. It is a phenomenon that, in recent years, smoking

seems to affect the youngest most of all: 30% of girls between the ages of 13

and 15 smoke regularly. According to a recent study conducted by the Southeast

Asia Tabacco Control Alliance, 18.7% of Filipino young women between the ages

of 13 and 25 smoke cigarettes. The numbers go up if the sample is restricted to

teenagers between 13 and 15: 3 out of 10 already have the smoking habit.

Among female smokers, 60% say that they smoked their first cigarette at the age

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Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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of 18, while the remaining 40% say they started when they were still very young

(Digal .2008).

Smoking incidence is dropping rapidly among the upper classes, and is

seen as almost vulgar. But the middle and lower classes still think it’s glamorous

to smoke. Among young people in the outsourcing industry (for example, call

centers), smoking incidence is also very high, and is seen as a way of reducing

work-related stress (Tan, 2014).

Malacañang is reportedly finalizing an executive order that will impose a

nationwide smoking ban. The prohibition, officials say, will be patterned after the

ban in President Duterte’s home city of Davao. The President has said he

opposes even smoking areas inside buildings, such as those in airports, since

the smoke still seeps out of the rooms. This is good news for public health.

Children, the elderly and ailing are particularly vulnerable to the sickening effects

of second-hand smoke (The Philippine Star, 2016).

The Health Risks of Smoking

Smoking is bad for one’s health. It harms nearly every organ of the body.

Cigarette smoking causes 87 percent of lung cancer deaths. It is also responsible

for many other cancers and health problems. These include lung disease, heart

and blood vessel disease, stroke and cataracts. Women who smoke have a

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

greater chance of certain pregnancy problems or having a baby die from sudden

infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking is also bad for other people - they

breathe in the second-hand smoke and can get many of the same problems as

smokers do. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems. The

earlier you quit, the greater the benefit (NIH: National Cancer Institute, 2015).

Seymour (2017) also agrees that quitting smoking reduces health risks.

The chances of having a stroke reduce to half of that of a non-smoker in 2 years,

and the same as a non-smoker in 5 years. Risks for cancers of the mouth, throat,

esophagus, and bladder drop by half within 5 years. The risk for lung cancer

drops by half after 10 years. A year after quitting smoking, the risk of a heart

attack is reduced by half. After 15 years, it is the same as someone who has

never smoked. Overall, once someone stops smoking, their health will improve

and their body will begin to recover.

A study by Hugo et, al (2015) revealed that cigarette smoking constitutes

a significant health hazard in college students in Douala. Youth population and

especially male students should be continuously targeted by preventive

measures and sensitization campaigns against tobacco use. Parents should be

aware on the influence of their smoking behavior on initiation of smoking in their

children and should be encouraged to quit smoking.

What is an Effective Ordinance?

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

An ordinance is generally used to designate a local law of a municipal

corporation, duly enacted by the proper authorities that prescribe general,

uniform, and permanent rules of conduct, relating to the corporate affairs of the

municipality. An ordinance, a local law, or a regulation enacted by a city council

or other similar body under powers delegated to it by the state is legislative in

nature by its own definition (USLegal, 2016).

A local ordinance is a municipal legislative enactment. It is passed in

pursuance of express legislative authority is a law and has the same effect as a

local law, and it may prevail over a general law upon the same subject.

Therefore, an ordinance is equal to a municipal statute and it governs matters not

already covered by federal or state law (USLegal, 2016).

Commonly, ordinance has been defined as a piece of legislation enacted

by a local government unit. All local government units, from the barangay to the

province, can pass an ordinance. But such power is subject to various limitations,

one of which is that said ordinance must be valid. To check if an ordinance is

valid, the Supreme Court of the Philippines has laid down the guidelines for a

valid ordinance (Carlos, 2015).

First, the ordinance must not exceed the corporate powers of the local

government unit can enact. The power of the local government units to enact

ordinances has a wide scope provided that it is beneficial for the general welfare

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

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of its constituents, consistent with the provisions of the Constitution for local

autonomy (Carlos, 2015). Second, said ordinance must be passed in accordance

with the procedure required by law like the required quorum, majority of votes,

public consultation and others (Carlos, 2015).

The two abovementioned requirements are known as the formal

requirements of a valid ordinance. Besides the formal requirements, the

ordinance must also comply with the following substantial requirements: it must

not contravene the Constitution or any statute; it must not be unfair or

oppressive; it must not be partial or discriminatory; it must not prohibit but it can

regulate trade; it must be general and consistent with public policy; and lastly, it

must not be unreasonable (Carlos, 2015).

When a city council adopts an ordinance, it decides how to enforce the

new law. NPlans fact sheet (2009) explains that there are different ways a local

government can enforce laws.

The first part of enforcing an ordinance is the implementation. It refers to

how the local government will carry out the local ordinance. Implementation

clauses assign the responsibility to specific departments or officials. The

implementation clause(s) should designate the department(s) or offcial(s)

responsible for implementing and administering the law’s requirements; authorize

or direct the official to issue additional regulations (if necessary) for how to

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
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implement the law; authorize any other powers the official will need to administer

the law, such as delegating authority to other employees, entering into contracts,

or issuing citations; and designate those authorized to issue citations for

violations.

The second part is Enforcement. Enforcement refers to the way

government ensures that its citizens abide by the law and the consequences for

failing to do so. There are four major types of enforcement: Civil enforcement,

Administrative enforcement, Criminal enforcement, and Citizen Enforcement.

1. Civil Enforcement- A city or county can file a civil lawsuit to enforce a

law, remedy a wrong, or protect a right. If someone is violating an ordinance, the

city or county may sue for an injunction, civil penalties, or both.

An injunction is a court order requiring a party to take or refrain from

certain action. A city or county may sue for an injunction to stop a person or

business from violating an ordinance. Civil penalties are similar to the damages

(money) a private party may receive in a civil lawsuit. Where state law permits, a

city or county may file a lawsuit to collect civil penalties for the violation of an

ordinance. When establishing civil penalties in an ordinance, a local government

must comply with the requirements of state law, including any caps on the

amount it may impose. The government also must ensure the process for

imposing the penalties is fair, and the penalty must be reasonably related to a

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legislative goal. The amount of the civil penalties must not be oppressive or

unreasonable.

State or local law may determine how the collected financial penalties can

be used. State law may also permit a local government to collect court costs and

attorneys’ fees for successfully prosecuting a civil lawsuit.

2. Administrative Enforcement

In some states, a city or county may be authorized to enforce ordinances

by imposing an administrative financial penalty. Administrative enforcement

occurs within the local government, rather than through a lawsuit in court. The

agency or department issues a citation or notice of the violation, holds a hearing

that is less formal than a court proceeding to hear evidence, and then determines

whether a violation occurred and what the penalty should be.

3. Criminal Enforcement

In some states, cities and counties are authorized to make violations of an

ordinance a crime. The county’s district attorney or a city attorney would bring an

action in criminal court to prove the ordinance was violated. A criminal violation of

a local ordinance is usually either a misdemeanour (less serious than a felony,

and usually punishable by a fine or brief confinement in a city or county jail) or an

infraction (punishable by a fine but not incarceration).

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The Local Government Code of the Philippines Section 511 states that:

(a) ordinances with penal sanctions shall be posted at prominent places in

the provincial capitol, city, municipal or barangay hall, as the case may be, for a

minimum period of three (3) consecutive weeks. Such ordinances shall also be

published in a newspaper of general circulation, where available, within the

territorial jurisdiction of the local government unit concerned, except in the case

of barangay ordinances. Unless otherwise provided therein, said ordinances shall

take effect on the day following its publication, or at the end of the period of

posting, whichever occurs later.

(b) Any public officer or employee who violates an ordinance may be

meted administrative disciplinary action, without prejudice to the filing of the

appropriate civil or criminal action.cralaw

(c) The secretary to the sanggunian concerned shall transmit official

copies of such ordinances to the chief executive officer of the Official Gazette

within seven (7) days following the approval of the said ordinance for publication

purposes. The Official Gazette may publish ordinances with penal sanctions for

archival and reference purposes.cralaw

4. Citizen Enforcement

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In some states, a local ordinance may allow for an individual citizen to

enforce the ordinance in certain limited circumstances. (This is called a “private

right” of enforcement.) Generally, this right is only for cases where the individual

has suffered injury or damage different from what the general public has

experienced.

Impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance

According to a new study, public smoking bans appear to significantly

reduce the risk of heart attacks, particularly among younger individuals and non-

smokers. Researchers find that smoking bans can reduce the number of heart

attacks by as much as 26 percent per year. The researchers performed a

systematic review and meta-analysis of 10 reports from 11 geographic locations

in the United States (MT, CO, NY, IN, OH), Canada and Europe to compare the

rates of heart attacks before and after public smoking bans were instituted.

Collectively, the studies involved 24 million people and observations of the effect

of the bans ranged from two months to three years (American College of

Cardiology, 2009).

The Cancer Council (2017) recognize the effectiveness of smoke free

legislation in reducing exposure to tobacco toxins and changing smoking

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behaviours. In an article, it cited different studies showing that Smoke free

legislation leads to reductions in population exposure to second hand smoke.

Smoke free environments have generally been followed by reduction in children's

overall exposure to second hand smoke. Smoking bans have shown to be

helpful to smokers who are trying to quit by encouraging more quit attempts and

increasing the chances of a successful quit attempt. A number of studies have

identified the positive impact of smoke free legislation on the initiation and

prevalence of youth smoking.

Legal context of the Anti-Smoking ordinance

Ordinance No. 005 series of 2016 is otherwise known as the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. This ordinance

declares that it shall be unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any

tobacco product, or use Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like, in all

forms of Public Conveyances, Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation

and Entertainment Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially enclosed

Public places, Public Building, and Public outdoor Spaces, except duly

designated smoking areas.

The following are the essential features of the ordinance:

1. It is unlawful for any person to smoke or allow smoking of any

tobacco product, or use any Electronic Device Systems, Shisha and the like.

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2. Smoking is not allowed in all forms of public conveyances,

Government-owned Vehicles, Accommodation and entertainment

Establishments, Workplaces, Enclosed or Partially Enclosed Public Places,

Public building, and Public Outdoor Spaces.

3. There is a designated smoking area where a person is allowed to

smoke without violating this ordinance.

4. Every smoking area shall have highly visible and prominently

displayed “smoking area” sign and a graphic depiction and corresponding

explanation of the ill effects of smoking to the smoker’s health or exposure to

second-hand smoke.

5. Government and private establishments should post and display

8x13 inches “this is a non-smoking establishment” sign at all entrances. “No

Smoking” signs should be displayed in the most visible locations in the area

where smoking is prohibited.

6. It is prohibited to knowingly allow or tolerate smoking any tobacco

product.

7. Ashtrays or any receptacles for dispensing cigarette refuse should

be removed from establishments where smoking is prohibited.

8. Selling of cigarettes or any tobacco product is strictly prohibited in a

non-smoking area.

9. Penalty for first offense is P1,000.00

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10. Penalty for second offense is P2, 000.00 or two months

imprisonment or both at the discretion of the court.

11. Penalty for third and subsequent offense is P5,000.00 or four

months imprisonment or both at the discretion of the court.

12. In case of a minor, the City Social Welfare and Development officer

shall meet with the child and his/her parents or guardians for proper smoking

cessation counselling.

13. For every apprehension, a cash award of 30% of the penalty

actually paid shall be given to the deputized enforcer.

14. Should the apprehension be based on a tip or text message from a

civilian, the cash award of 10% of the penalty actually paid shall be given to the

civilian and 20% to the deputized officer.

15. Person violating this ordinance shall be allowed to pay P500.00 to

the City treasurer’s office to avoid being criminally prosecuted within 3 days from

apprehension.

Recommended Measures to reduce smoking

To help achieve a large reduction in smoking in the 2010s or 2020s,

governments, health professionals, journalists, and other opinion leaders should

appreciate the full eventual hazards of smoking cigarettes from early adulthood,

the substantial benefits of stopping at various ages, the eventual magnitude of

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the epidemic of tobacco-attributable deaths if current smoking patterns persist,

and the effectiveness of tax increases and other interventions to reduce cigarette

consumption (Jha and Peto, 2014).

Tan (2014) emphasizes that cooperation has to be done to stop young

people from picking up the habit. That includes e-cigarettes, which may be

smokeless but whose main ingredient is the highly addictive nicotine. If people

don’t work harder on reducing the number of young smokers, the costs of caring

for their smoking-related illnesses will be tremendous.

Experts encourage clinicians to support community smoking bans and

other tobacco control measures including tax increases on cigarettes, expanded

cessation services including telephone quite lines and educational campaigns.

So far, bans on smoking in public places and workplaces have been instituted in

32 states and many cities across the country. As the United States increasingly

institutes policies to protect non-smokers from second hand smoke, authors say

these efforts will yield great public health benefits in the form of reduced disease,

disability and deaths (American College of Cardiology, 2009).

Demir, et.,al (2015) stated that smoking is quite common among high

school students in Turkey. Although the rate of the seeking professional help is

low, we found that such adolescents are aware of the anti-smoking laws.

Significant measures to increase awareness about the hazards of smoking

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among students in Turkey include more decisive implementation of the anti-

smoking laws, implementation of better quality educational programs in schools,

improving academic performance, and providing comprehensive information on

the harmful effects of smoking. Establishing health centers for students to receive

guidance and professional help in schools might also be useful in order to assist

students who want to quit smoking rather than waiting for those students to seek

help at health care facilities. Family support and professional help will help

decrease the prevalence of smoking and increase the rate of smoking cessation

among adolescents. Anti-smoking campaigns should take into consideration the

opinions of the adolescent population before outlining action plans for tobacco

control.

Insights gained:

The literatures emphasized the urgency of quitting smoking in as early as

now. Medical experts advise smokers to stop smoking to keep away from health

risks and extend years in their life span.

Majority of the surveys conducted by World Health Organization and the

National Government reveal an alarming statistics on the increase of fatality due

to smoking.. This data is common even among countries worldwide. However,

developed countries have shown a declining rate of smoking prevalence in these

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countries and risks of smoking have channelled to developing countries like the

Philippines.

It is also interesting to note that there has also been a trend of increase

among youth smokers and among women. Statistics shows that Filipino youth

starts smoking in as early as 13 years old and a growing number of young

professionals are also into smoking.

Fortunately, the government continues to exert efforts to address the

problem. From the National Government down to the LGUs, smoking cessation

programs have been implemented. With proper monitoring through researches

such as this academic undertaking, the ordinance will improve and will hopefully

address the improvement of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.

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Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter establishes the practicability of the study. It presents and

discusses the Research Design, Research Locale, Research Sample, Sampling

Design, Data Gathering Procedure, Research Instrument, and the Statistical

Treatment that were used for the study.

Research Design

To realize the purpose of this paper, the researcher used a quantitative-

qualitative research design that exploratory in nature. This paper is mainly

qualitative as this has focused more on conducting open ended surveys and

interviews to form a sound conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance in Tandag City.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in Tandag City, Surigao del Sur. Tandag is the

provincial Capital of Surigao del Sur, Philippines. It has a population 44,327

people in 8,449 households and is politically subdivided into 21 barangays. With

an area of 291.73 km², Tandag City is one of the major cities of the province of

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Surigao Del Sur in terms of urban area. Based on urban area it is the 27th

biggest city of the province. Its urbanization status is classified as partly urban.

Tandag City has started its Anti-smoking campaigns three years ago with

the signing of Ordinance Number 02-2015 also known as The Comprehensive

Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City on March 31, 2015 by former city mayor

Roxanne Pimentel. This ordinance is 90 percent patterned to the Task Force

Davao City Anti-Ordinance and it has been effective in Davao City.

In the following year, the ordinance was amended and is presently called

as the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City 2016. On

September 2016, smokers were not allowed in public places of the city. The city

government thru the Anti-Smoking Task Force (ASTF) prohibit lighting up in

public conveniences, government-owned vehicles, accommodations, and

entertainment establishments, work places, enclosed or partially enclosed public

places, public buildings, and public outdoor spaces, except in duly designated

smoking areas duly approved and certified by the ASTF, private dwellings and

private vehicles (PIA, 2016).

Research sample

The research sample is categorized into two groups: the research

respondents and the key informants. The research respondents are those who

answered the survey questionnaires which is composed of the City Mayor, Vice

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mayor, Sangguniang Panglungsod members and Sangguniang bayan Members.

Apart from them, the other respondents are the representatives coming from the

Academe and the NGOs. As research respondents, they were the ones who

provided information on their conceptualizations of the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance by filling in their answers on the open-ended survey

questionnaires administered by the researcher. The other group of research

sample is the Key informants. The Key Informants are those who were

interviewed in this study. As the Key Informants, they were able to formulate their

conceptualizations of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance by orally

answering the structured questions of the researcher. To ensure that they are

truly aware and knowledgeable about the ordinance, the Key Informants were

purposely chosen from the Local Government Unit (LGU).

Both the research respondents and the Key Informants are currently in

their present positions during the time this study was conducted, which is within

February 2018. Moreover, they were chosen as the research sample for they are

well aware of the ordinance and they form the best representative sample of the

Tandaganons.

The primary criteria for choosing them are their knowledge and willingness

to participate in this study. Such type of sampling is called selective sampling. In

selective sampling, the researcher identified the group/individuals that met the

needs of the research. This group is known as the “primary unit of analysis”

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Table 1
Distribution of Respondents
Frequency Percentage Rank

NGO 4 14.29 2

LGU 21 75 1

Academe 3 10.71 3

TOTAL 28 100

Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents according to their

occupation. The result reveals that the bulk of the respondents are government

employees. There are 21 among 28 respondents who work in the LGU which

comprises 75% of the whole population. The result further implies that working in

the LGU means that they are the prime persons to follow the ordinance.

Data Collection Procedure

In order to document the needed data of the research, the researcher

utilized the following procedures:

Permission. The researcher secured permission from the City Mayor to

allow the conduct of the study and to do face-to-face interview with some of the

city officials. After this, the researcher asked permission from each of the

research participants from the Academe and the NGOs. Once approved, the

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researcher arranged an interview session with them based on the participants’

convenience.

Survey Questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was made by the

researcher and was subjected to validation before launching it to the research

participants. The researcher personally administered and retrieved the

questionnaires to ensure that there is 100% retrieval.

Interview. In the interview, the researcher utilized a conversational

approach to put the interviewee at ease and willing to give information. This

approach allowed a degree of freedom and adaptability in getting information

from the interviewee, let the participants contribute as much detailed information

as they desire and permitted me to ask probing questions as means of follow-up.

Data Analysis

Frequency count and Percentage Rank–After the retrieval of the

questionnaires, the data were tallied and treated with Frequency count and

Percentage Rank. This statistical treatment were used to determine the profile of

the respondents and their conceptualization of the ordinance.

Content Analysis. After conducting interviews and transcribing the

interview records, the next step was content analysis. Content analysis is a

research tool focused on the actual content and internal features of media. It is

used to determine the presence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases,

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characters, or sentences within texts or sets of texts and to quantify this

presence in an objective manner. Using this method, the researcher determined

the themes that prevailed in the responses of the key informants. The recurring

themes that were evident in the data became the result of this study. This result

formed the conceptualized idea of the research participants in the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance.

Validation and Credibility

Member check. The researcher used member check as primary method

of addressing validation concerns. Member check was used by asking some

participants to review both the data collected and the interpretation of that

interview data. Participants are generally appreciative of the member check

process knowing that they have the chance to verify their statements.

Peer Debriefing. Using this method, the researcher presented the drafts

of his work to the adviser, other instructors, student peers, and to the participants

themselves. Engaging in this kind of dialogue is an important factor to remain

detached and analytic enough to generate themes. Their feedback on the early

drafts of the data is important. The feedback of the adviser was also critical.

Thick Description. Thick description is another method for providing

credibility because it helps the readers to understand the findings of the study

and determine the transferability of the findings. The best way for the researcher

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to establish credibility is to make clear the steps he took to generate the concepts

and themes. Through this, he explained the process that he went through in the

study. The researcher provided adequate description of the context and the

participants working in it, and illustrated participants’ views using their own words

as much as possible.

Ethical Considerations

The researcher followed ethical considerations to protect the rights and

confidentiality of the participants. A dialogue was done to the participants

informing them the purpose and process of the study. The conduct of the study

was conducted at the convenience of the participants.

On the conduct of this study, the researcher saw to it that the respondents

understand what it means to participate in the study so that they can decide in a

conscious and deliberate way whether they want to participate or not. Once they

refuse the request, they were not be forced to give their consent. The researcher

is very careful not to let out statements that could harm them psychologically and

emotionally. The researcher included explaining the impact and benefits of the

research study to minimize psychological and social harm to the research

participants. It was also made sure that the researcher’s action will have positive

societal implication. The researcher also projected a professional image so that

the key informants will feel that they are given value. The researcher made the

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data gathering efforts less conspicuous and intrusive without having deception.

More importantly, the researcher was very careful to strictly comply with the

research ethics set for this qualitative study.

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Chapter 4

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents, interprets and analyses data gathered in this study in

the following order: (A) Functional role of Anti-Smoking Ordinance, (B)

Differences between the Anti-Smoking Ordinance of 2015 and 2016, (C)

Qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance, (D) Favourable provisions of the

present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance, (E) Reasons why anti-smoking

ordinance become ineffective, (F) Ineffective provisions of the present

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance, (G) Perceived impact of the Anti-

Smoking ordinance in the following sectors: Business; Tourism; and Health, and

(H) Ways on how Tandaganons could contribute to the successful

implementation of the ordinance

(A) Functional role of Anti-Smoking Ordinance

1. It stops or minimizes smoking due to the deterrent effect

The respondents believe that the primary reason of the anti-smoking

ordinance is to free smokers from smoking and to warn possible smokers not to
engage in it.

The following remarks are quoted from the respondents:

“Comprehensive Anti-smoking ordinance is a way or policy to stop or

minimize smokers for it is harmful to our health”

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-Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

“Ang role ng comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance ay para matigil or

tumigil ang mga taong naninigarilyo.”

-NGO, 52, female, widowed, non-smoker, private employee

“Ang functional role niini para mahunong na ang paninigarilyo”

-NGO, 22, male, single, smoker, private employee

All of the above statements resonate the idea that the ordinance are
considered as a medium stop or reduce incidents of smoking.

Another respondent said,

“For me, the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

ordinance in our society is to lessen smokers because as what I have
understood from our president, he doesn’t want the people to smoke
because of its effects.

- LGU, 61, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

This response further shows that the Anti-smoking ordinance is also a

manifestation of support to the President.

Other respondents have the following remarks:

“The main function of this ordinance is to lessen the smokers who

contibute in the air pollution. Through this ordinance, smoking in a public
spaces and establishments is lessened.

- LGU, 53, male, widowed, smoker, government employee

“For me, the functional role of anti-smoking is very good. It can

lessen the problem of smoking in our society and can help in healthy
living. With active smokers, there will be no passive smokers.

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- LGU, 52, male, married, smoker, government employee

“Anti-smoking ordinance helps smokers to stop smoking

- LGU, 46, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“The functional role of comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance of

Tandag City is to prevent, regulate and deter the people of Tandag
from smoking which may cause a bad effect to their health”
- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“to prohibit smoking especially in public”

- LGU, 28, male, married, smoker, government employee

“The main function of this ordinance is to stop the smoking habit in

our society, in that way, it can help us to be healthy and far from
any harmful effect of using cigarette.

- LGU, 39, female, married, smoker, government employee

2. It instill control or discipline

Being an ordinance, it is truly part of its role to have control over people’s
behaviour toward smoking and to instill the virtue of discipline among the
Tandaganons.
The respondents remarked:
“it disciplines people to achieve a healthier lifestyle, and also
minimizes the destruction of our environment. Win-win situation.

- LGU, 32, male, married, smoker, government employee

“it safeguards the people who do not want second-hand smoke and it
also instills discipline among the smokers.

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

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“This ordinance performs a vital role in our society because

through this ordinance, smokers will know their place where to smoke
where no one will be affected in their vices.

-Academe, 40, female, married, non-smoker, private employee

3. it protects the welfare of the people especially their health

More important than disciplining the people is the protection of their

welfare. Since it has been established that smoking has harmful effects on one’s
body, it is deemed to be a habit that should be avoided.

Many of the respondents are concerned about their health and they are
alarmed by incidence of smoking. Thus, they remarked that:

“{The ordinance} keeps the society away from harmful effects of smoking”

-Academe, 25, female, single, non-smoker, private employee

“The purpose or functional role of the ordinance is to safeguard its

people’s health and to prevent the harmful effects of tobacco smoke.

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“ It {the ordinance} keeps people saving their lives and money as well.

- LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“ {the implementation of the ordinance is} for everybody’s health”

- LGU, 38, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“Anti-smoking ordinance makes the people or constituents safe in

terms of health

- LGU, 35, male, married, smoker, government employee

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“ to secure the health of every Tandaganon, especially those who do not

smoke.{This is also} to make our environment clean and safe to breathe.
- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“to minimize the smokers in the public places as well as the

possibilities of putting the health of those passive smokers in
danger

- LGU, 37, female, single, smoker, government employee

4. creates a better society

The implementation of the ordinance is also hoped to create a better

society.

“The function of this ordinance in our society is to be adhered by the

people because it is an effective way for a better society.”

-NGO, 24, male, single, non-smoker, private employee

“The ultimate functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

ordinance in our society is to create a positive healthy living
environment. It is implemented for the sake of the people in the
community and to prevent the harmful effects of smoking in the lives of
the majority.

-LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

5. it projects an ideal or good image for the city

Aside from being concerned of the people’s health, the ordinance is also
aimed to create a positive image for Tandag City.

“The functional role of this ordinance is to make Tandag City a smoke-

free place”

- LGU, 59, male, married, smoker, government employee

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6. it creates awareness

The ordinance will also promote awareness among the people so that they
may know the smoking has bad effects on their health.

“it raises our awareness against the effects of smoking in our

health and the people around us.”
- LGU, 61, male, married, smoker, government employee

“ it helps on promoting public health in the community by informing

the public about the effects of smoking hence it promotes the quality of
life. “

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

Table 2

Functional Role of Anti-Smoking Ordinance

Functional role of the Comprehensive LGU NGO Academe

Anti-Smoking Ordinance in our n Rank n Rank n Rank
Society

1. It stops or minimizes smoking due to 7 1 3 1 1 1.5

the deterrent effect
2. it instills control or discipline to active 2 4 0 1 3
smokers
3. it promotes welfare of the people and 6 2 0 1 1.5
protects their health
4. it creates a better society for all 1 5.5 1 2 0
5. it projects an ideal or good image for 1 5.5 0 0
Tandag city
6. It promotes awareness on the 4 3 0 0
negative effects of smoking
TOTAL 21 4 3 28

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(B) Differences between the Anti-Smoking Ordinance of 2015 and 2016

1. The Anti-smoking ordinance for 2016 is a better version and considered to

be more effective
The respondents prefer the 2016 version of the ordinance than the former.

“Ang 2015 Anti smoking ordinance is dili kayo epektibo kompara sa

2016’
-NGO, 22, male, single, smoker, private employee

“the comprehensive anti-smoking in 2015 is not well established

- LGU, 61, male, married, smoker, government employee

I believe that the 2016 enhances the 2015 ordinance. It is also

stricter ordinance.
- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

2. detailed and precise

“2016 version is more detailed and precise

- LGU, 28, male, married, smoker, government employee

3. The size of the “No Smoking Establishment Sign” is reduced from 8x15 to
8x13
In the 2016 version, the size of the “No Smoking Establishment
Sign” is 8x13. In the previous ordinance, it was 8x15 ”

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

4. The 2015 ordinance specified the members of the Anti-Smoking Task

Force, while the 2016 ordinance did not

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“Sa 2015 na ordinance, makikita kung sino sino ang miyembro ng

Anti-Smoking Task Force.
- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

5. The 2016 ordinance gives incentives or rewards to deputized enforcers or

to a civilian

“The 2016 ordinance added the provision on giving incentives to

those who can apprehend or report violators.
- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“Section 9, paragraph 4 of the 2016 ordinance provides that the

City shall give 30% of the penalty actually paid to deputized officer”
- LGU, 50, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“Civilians who reported violators via tip or text message will receive
10% of the penalty actually paid”
- LGU, 46, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

Table 3

Differences between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking ordinance of 2015

and that of 2016

Differences between the LGU NGO Academe

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking n Rank n Rank n Rank
ordinance of 2015 and that of 2016

1. The Anti-smoking ordinance for 2016 4 1 1

is a better version and considered to
be more effective
2. more detailed and precise 1 0 0
3. The size of the “No Smoking 2 0 1
Establishment Sign” is reduced from
8x15 to 8x13
4. The 2015 ordinance specified the 3 1 0

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members of the Anti-Smoking Task

Force, while the 2016 ordinance did
not
5. The 2016 ordinance gives incentives 11 2 1
or rewards to deputized enforcers or
to a civilian
TOTAL 21 4 3 28

(C) Qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance

1. Clear and precise

An effective anti-smoking ordinance shall be written in a clear and
precise manner.
“Anti-smoking ordinance must be clear and effective at all times.
The comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance met this.”
Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

2. Well disseminated
The major issue that the respondents are so keen about sharing is
the dissemination of the ordinance. They are concerned that the ordinance
would be considered a “sleeping” ordinance if it is not well promoted to the
public. The following quotations show their responses:

“Every ordinance must be known to all constituents through

publications, social media and etc. They must know the
consequences also if they will not follow the ordinance.”
Academe, 40, female, married, non-smoker, private employee

“No matter how well the formulation of a certain ordinance if it will

be just shown to the public without presenting the concept and
extending efforts to make it clear and understandable especially to
those uneducated members of the society—it will never be an
effective one.
Academe, 25, female, single, non-smoker, private employee

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“Dapat may malawak na kaalaman ang lahat sa pamamagitan ng

edukasyon”
-NGO, 52, female, widowed, non-smoker, private employee

“Let us educate people through meetings in barangays and purok”

-NGO, 24, male, single, non-smoker, private employee

“The qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance is public

learning because of this ang mga manigarilyohay apil na ang dili,
makabalo sa kadaut niini sa atong lawas. Gawas pa, mahibal-an
nila kung kinsa lang ang mahimong malambo sa paggamit nato
niini nga product samtang kita dugang lisud-lisud sa kinabuhi.
-NGO, 22, male, single, smoker, private employee

“public learning and publication are qualities of an effective anti-

smoking ordinance for it is a medium to communicate to the people
about the implementation of this ordinance including its purpose
and positive effects to their life and living.”
-LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

“For me, the qualities of an effective smoking ordinance are public

learning and publication. Public learning so that the people will be
aware of this ordinance and publication so that the people will
notice every time they see a poster of that ordinance.
- LGU, 61, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“with publication, people will see it in the newspapers, magazines

and will know the functional role of the ordinance. People who have
read it and found the ordinance good/effective will then share it to
others. In that way, the ordinance will be spread throughout the
area.
- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“Everyone needs to be informed for them to be aware”

- LGU, 59, male, married, smoker, government employee

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“It is because the more aware the public about the anti-smoking
ordinance, the more that they will be driven to stop or minimize
smoking, but if not, they will be responsible smokers.
- LGU, 32, male, married, smoker, government employee

“ the best quality of an effective anti-smoking ordinance is through

public learning. The reason for this is that not all people read
through publication so it is more effective that the people will
learn/know the anti-smoking ordinance through public learning.
- LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

Because if the ordinance is not known to the people, how could it

be effective? To be effective, people should have knowledge about
it.

- LGU, 35, male, married, smoker, government employee

“The ordinance must be published and introduced to the entire city

- LGU, 28, male, married, smoker, government employee

3. Informative, complete, and imposing

“it gives info about the prohibition of cigarettes in the public places”
- LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“effective anti-smoking ordinance could bring a good public

learning especially to the people involved in smoking.”
- LGU, 38, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“ an effective smoking ordinance disseminates the negative effects

of smoking to the general public. It teaches the public while also
instilling discipline.”

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- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“ the anti-smoking shall be conducted to the public to be able to

know the anti-smoking from different places and to stop the
smoking here.”
- LGU, 52, male, married, smoker, government employee

“Proper information- Anti smoking ordinance should be taught in

school”

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“An effective anti-smoking ordinance informs the public on what are

the harmful effects of smoking in health. Through this, some people
will somehow stop, minimize, or avoid smoking

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

4. Partial and should have concern to both active and passive smokers

“to secure the health of every Tandaganon, especially to those who

do not smoke that they may be spared from second-hand smoking.
to make our environment clean and safe to breathe.
- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“With the help of this ordinance, the smokers and the second hand
smokers may learn what are the effects if the smoke that comes
when cigarette smoke is inhaled. This also makes awareness on
the possible effects of cigarette smoking.

- LGU, 39, female, married, smoker, government employee

Table 4

Qualities of an Effective Anti-Smoking Ordinance

Qualities of an Effective Anti- LGU NGO Academe

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Smoking Ordinance n Rank n Rank n Rank

1. the ordinance should be clear 0 0 1 2

and precise
2. the ordinance must be well- 10 1 3 1 2 1
disseminated
3. the ordinance should be 8 2 1 2 0
Informative, complete, and
imposing
4. the ordinance must be partial and 3 3 0 0
should be concerned to both
active and passive smokers
TOTAL 21 4 3 28

(D) Favourable provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance

4.1 extent of smoke-free spaces

“There must be a proper or designated area”
Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

“We need to give some place or a specific place for the people who are
using cigarette.”

-NGO, 24, male, single, non-smoker, private employee

“restricting people from smoking in public areas protects the health of

those who do not smoke”

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“It deprives smokers to smoke in public spaces

- LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

“you can’t see people smoking in public places

- LGU, 61, male, married, smoker, government employee

“it gives non-smokers more places to hang-out without the danger of

causing second-hand smoke

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“smoking should be avoided in any sorts of public places to secure the

health of non-smokers from second-hand smoking”

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“Because it gives a chance for those addicted in cigarette to administer

cigarette in appropriate area”

- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

4.2 exemptions/designated smoking areas

“This is a perfect consideration for those members of the society who are
physiologically dependent on smoking.

Academe, 25, female, single, non-smoker, private employee

“For the people who really can’t stop smoking this serves as a gift for
them that even though there is already an ordinance, they are still given
an area {to smoke}.”

-LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“We can’t say that even if we have an ordinance aabout anti-smoking,

smokers will stop. The government should put smoking areas around the
city”

-LGU, 59, male, married, smoker, government employee

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

“smoking areas provides a smoker a proper place to smoke and to avoid

any penalties of the ordinance”

-LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“there will be smoking areas where lighting a cigarette is allowed.”

-LGU, 32, male, married, smoker, government employee

“setting an exemption/ designated smoking areas still a good idea for we

can’t abnegate the freedom for those who smoke.”

-LGU, 38, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“having exemptions/designated areas is favourable in the sense that

people who have made smoking a habit will have a hard time adjusting in
this ordinance. Vices which become a habit is very hard to stop, costing
them to violate the law. “

- LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

“private institutions should be the ones to give the smokers their own
smoking area

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“it is not strategic to suddenly deprive the smokers to some. Setting some
limits is enough to educate them about self-control

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“the exemption of designated areas are significant provision because it

provides an area that is free from hazardous effects from others.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“through this, smokers will no longer smoke in public spaces most

especially in places where people find leisure and quality time with their
families.

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

4.3 signage
“There must be signs to warn the smokers”

Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

“It informs people”

Academe, 40, female, married, non-smoker, private employee

“signages are a great help to make the anti-smoking ordinance effective

because it will serve as an instrument of information.”

-LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

“so that people will be aware and be reminded about the ordinance”

- LGU, 61, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“helps spread the news of the ordinance. Also helps tourists know that
this is a smoke-free area

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“it helps people be aware

- LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“you will be aware if the certain establishment is smoke free.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

- LGU, 61, male, married, smoker, government employee

“an ordinane about smoking is also as good as it signages

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“every non smoking area should be put a signage to aid people’s

awareness upon where to smoke or not.

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“significant in the sense that it informs the people of Tandag about the
designated area for smoking and the existing ordinance

- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“signage can give information”

- LGU, 28, male, married, smoker, government employee

“I can see a lot of signage regarding anti-smoking here in our city in

the barangays.”

- LGU, 39, female, married, smoker, government employee

“ this informs the public and smokers about the harmful effects of
smoking”

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

4.4 penalties
“Penalties must be so high so that the people will be more serious in
following the ordinance

Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

“Binibigyan ng multa ang bawat tao na lumabag upang matuto.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Academe, 40, female, married, non-smoker, private employee

“dapat may penalties pero wag masyadong

-NGO, 52, female, widowed, non-smoker, private employee

“penalties are very much favourable because it will prevent the individual
to break the ordinance and it is a fair punishment.

- LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

“so that the person who pay that penalty will not forget about the
ordinance”

- LGU, 61, male, single, non-smoker, government employee

“this helps to discipline people who smoke in the wrong places

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“to be aware because of the sanctions provided.

- LGU, 56, female, married, non-smoker, government employee

“the LGU should be assigned and allowed to sieze people who are caught
smoking in public spaces

- LGU, 32, male, married, smoker, government employee

“A penalty’s cost should deter perspective smokers

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“the penalties must be raised so high so that others can learn if they are
caught smoking

- LGU, 52, male, married, smoker, government employee

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FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

“ this must be an essential part of an ordinance as a part of disciplinary

action. rationale is simple, if they don’t want to pay, they won’t violate the
rules. Anyway, they are not deprived in all places, just in the pblic spaaces
where non-smoker’s health should be spared

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“para matakot ang maninigarilyo

- LGU, 36, male, married, smoker, government employee

“necessity because it helps to the implementation of the ordinance

- LGU, 45, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

“the penalties can help the smokers quit from smoking cigarette

- LGU, 28, male, married, smoker, government employee

“through imposing penalties, smokers will avoid smoking on public

spaces.

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“once a person is penalized due to an illegal act, he/she will remember

the penalty and learn from it thus, avoiding the same mistake.

- LGU, 35, male, married, smoker, government employee

“because there are people who are high profile who have the capacity
to settle those penalty.

- LGU, 37, female, single, smoker, government employee

4.5 task force

“Should be visible

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Academe, 46, male, married, non-smoker, gov’t employee

“Task force is also needed in implementing this kind of ordinance

so that they can assist in the practice of this law.

- LGU, 34, female, single, non-smoker, government employee

“we need people who will patrol the area to see if there are still people
who smoke in the restricted places.

- LGU, 46, male, married, smoker, government employee

“ the policemen should be strict in terms of this ordinance, because

even some of our policemen are smoking.`

- LGU, 59, male, married, smoker, government employee

“ the enforcement of the ordinance is its backbone

- LGU, 41, male, married, non-smoker, government employee

Table 5

Favourable Provisions of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance

Favourable Provisions of the LGU NGO Academe

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking n Rank n Rank n Rank
Ordinance

1. extent of smoke-free 6 2 1
spaces
2. exemptions/designated 10 0 1
smoking areas

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Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

3. signage 11 2
4. penalties 14 1 2
5. task force 5 0 1

(E) Reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective,

The continuous selling of cigarettes is one of the reasons why smokers

have difficulty in quitting smoking. It is believed that if there will be no store to sell

cigarettes, smoking will be prevented.

1. Manufacturers of cigarettes continue to sell it.

If we are talking about no smoking, stores which sell it shall be banned.

For so long that there are manufacturers, there will be buyers.
NGO, 22, Male, Single, Smoker

This is just one of the different reasons why the ordinance is ineffective.

People have also observed that there is insufficiency on the personnel to monitor

and evaluate the implementation of the ordinance. There should be a continuous

monitoring of the implementation of the ordinance to ensure its effectivity.

2. Lack of personnel to monitor and evaluate the implementation of

ordinance.
Pag kulang ang implementasyon, pag walang pulis o task force na
huhuli.
NGO, 51,Female, Widowed, Non smoker

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Although there is already an ordinance implemented, but there are none

who patrols the area. No one catches the violators so it becomes
useless.
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker
The reason why anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective because of
weak enforcement. Weak enforcement because not all at the people are
aware of this ordinance.
LGU, 61, male, married, Smoker
Some of the areas are prohibited to smoke. There are some people who
smoke in that area because of lack of enforcement they cannot arrest
that person because no enforcement deployed.
LGU, 61, Male, Married, Smoker
Weak enforcement of anti-smoking ordinance has been an issue to the
public for some reason and I think poor action of people in position is one
of the major reasons.
LGU, 38, Male, Single, Non-smoker
Because they are the enforcers are only active during the early days of
the implementation but after a few weeks, months, they seem to get
weaker.
LGU, 32, Male, Married, Smoker
In general, anti-smoking ordinances become ineffective mainly because of
the weak enforcement people who are in higher authority will give
exemptions to those who are violating this ordinance. In addition, the
implementers of this ordinance are also the one who violating the law
itself.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non-Smoker
Having weak enforcement will not deter any smoker. In contrary, it
further empowers the smokers that they are uncatchable.
LGU, 41, Male, Married, Non-Smoker
As I observed here in Tandag City, the responsibilities of enforcers is
very weak they searching the smokers during night what about in the

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

morning I see some smokers in the morning the solution for this is to have
anti-smoker enforcers
LGU, 52, Male, Married, Smoker
If the comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance is just effective in the first
year of implementation but not maintained it becomes ineffective.
LGU, 28, Male, Married, Smoker
Hindi masyadong matatag ang pagpapatupad, minsan binabaliwala.
Ningas kugon mabuti lang sa simula.
Academe, 40, Female, Married, Non-Smoker

The orientation about the anti-smoking ordinance is vague leaving the

people confused. They will likely not respond to the ordinance because they

lack knowledge about it. It will be difficult for them to accept any punishment

specifically when they do not know that what they did is actually wrong.

3. Difficulty in adapting the rules and penalties stated in the ordinance.

Penalty is not favorable to the people who are violating the rule. But let
us give warning first or give them some other way according to their
violation.
NGO, 24, Male, Single, Non smoker
All of these are possible reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become
ineffective. These are very common matters about implementing an
ordinance because an occurrence of difficulty to adjust and accept a
certain rule is inevitable.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non Smoker
Not all people are respectful to the ordinance, and lack of people who
will watch and hold such illegal thing.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

LGU, 56, Female, Married, Non-smoker

I think the government should give leaflets to the residents of Tandag so
that they will be informed on the contents of the ordinance. I observed that
there is a weak enforcement of the ordinance because there are times
that people will smoke in public places; the government should focus on
strict compliance of the ordinance to the police and barangay officials.
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker
“Ignorance of the law excuses no one.” But then, it is the government’s

responsibility to inform the people about the ordinance. We cannot expect people

to follow orders when the information was not delivered with clarity.

4. The ordinance is not clear to the people.

I can say that the implementation of this ordinance is not that clear
because even the government employees using cigarettes in a public
area.
LGU, 39, Female, Married, Smoker

Law enforcers are expected to be the forefront in following the

ordinance. People have observed that

5. Law enforcers lack firmness in the administration of penalties.

Most of the law enforcers are the ones disobeying the law
LGU, 35, Male, Married, Smoker
Barangay captain should be the ones to start in quitting smoking.
LGU, 42, Male, Married, Smoker
Because there were enforcers who tolerated those smokers
especially if those persons are their friends.
LGU, 37, Female, Single, LGU, Smoker

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

For some personal reasons, people in authority whom responsible,

sometimes or oftentimes will not impose forcefully whatever things
articulated in the ordnance.
Academe, 25, Female, Single, Non-Smoker
Weak enforcement because some officials, whose given a task to
enforce such ordinance is having their bias enforcing such ordinance. If
they know a certain smoker, some officer in charge wouldn’t gave the
smokers a certain penalty.
LGU, 53, Male, Widowed, Smoker
Table 6

Reasons why some reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become

ineffective

Reasons why LGU NGO Academe

some reasons Frequency Rank Frequency Rank Frequency Rank
why anti-smoking
ordinance
become
ineffective
1. Manufacturers
of cigarettes 0 2.5 1 1 0 2.5
continue to sell it.
2. Lack of
personnel to
monitor and
10 1 1 2.5 1 2.5
evaluate the
implementation of
ordinance.
3. Difficulty in
adapting the rules
and penalties 3 1 2 2 0 3
stated in the
ordinance.
4. The ordinance
is not clear to the 1 1 0 2.5 0 2.5
people.
5. Law enforcers 4 1 0 3 1 2

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FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

lack firmness in
the administration
of penalties.
6. No answer 3 0 1
TOTAL 21 4 3

(F) Ineffective provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance,

1. Selling of Cigarettes should be banned

Factories producing cigarettes should be closed.
NGO, 22, Male, Single, Smoker
Manufacturers of cigarettes should be prohibited.
LGU, 56, Female, Married, Non-smoker

2. Lack of Task Force responsible for banning cigarette smoking

More task force and heavy penalties
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non-Smoker
Task force-strict of the implementation of the ordinance must be followed
regardless of position in the government
LGU, 39, Female, Married, Smoker
Lack of Task Force
LGU, 37, Female, Single, LGU, Smoker

3. There should be a strict implementation of the anti-smoking

ordinance
The law enforcement of the said ordinance. Because there is bias among
the officers who enforce the ordinance.
LGU, 53, Male, Widowed, Smoker
The designation of smoking areas, I believe is poorly implemented the
general public is also not empowered enough to participate in ridding and
reporting the smokers that they see in the public.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

LGU, 42, Male, Married, Smoker

I can say that this is unfair implementation because there are some task
force who didn’t do their job properly because when they saw their friends
using cigarettes they will not catch them. It should be revised.
LGU, 28, Male, Married, Smoker

4. Proper and fair giving of penalties.

Proper and fair giving of penalties
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker
Table 7

Provisions of the Present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance are

ineffective and therefore have to be revised

Provisions of the LGU NGO Academe

Present Frequency Rank Frequency Rank Frequency Rank
Comprehensive
Anti-Smoking
Ordinance are
ineffective and
therefore have to
be revised
1. Selling of 1 1.5 1 1.5 0 3
Cigarettes should
be banned.
2. Lack of Task 3 1 0 2.5 0 2.5
Force responsible
for banning
cigarette smoking.
3. There should 3 1 0 2.5 0 2.5
be a strict
implementation of
the anti-smoking
ordinance.
4. Proper and fair 1 1 0 2.5 0 2.5
giving of penalties.
5. No Answer 13 1 3 2.5 3 2.5
TOTAL 21 4 3

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Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

(G) Perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in the following sectors:

Business; Tourism; and Health, and

1. Income of cigarette manufacturers will be decreased

Business companies, particularly the ones selling cigarettes should expect
lesser income.
NGO, 22, Male, Single, Smoker
For business, I think the demand will decrease because people lessen to
smoke.
LGU, 61, male, married, Smoker
Business-business establishments may come up with low income in the
aspect of the product cigarettes
LGU, 53, Male, Widowed, Smoker
People are now afraid to buy cigarettes resulting to the lesser demand of
it.
LGU, 46, Female, Married, Non-Smoker
Business-its not good in business especially those which sells
cigarettes..
LGU, 28, Male, Married, Smoker
Those companies or tobacco industries it would cause lesser production
thus cause lesser income.
LGU, 35, Male, Married, Smoker
Comprehensive anti-smoking ordinance affect the business sector in the
sense that people are already afraid of smoking because they might be
caught by the police.
Academe, 46, Male, Married, Non-Smoker

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

2. Prevention of diseases
Health is important to us, I am forever thankful for the implementation of
this policy because it can prevent us from having diseases.
NGO, 24, Male, Single, Non smoker
Health because smoking can really affect our body especially our heart
and lungs.
Ngo, 33, male, married, Smoker
For health, everyone not afraid go anywhere because the air is fresh.
LGU, 61, Male, Married, Smoker
Health, it is because smokers will get rid/ reduce the risks of having
disease from smoking and the people around them.
LGU, 32, Male, Married, Smoker
It protects the health of the people. Lower the risk of death.
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker
In health, it will lessen the number of cases who died in lung cancer
or emphysema or other diseases caused by smoking.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non-Smoker
Health there must be aware to their health, if they smoke what they will
get when they smoke it destroys the lungs etc of a human body so they
must stop it.
LGU, 52, Male, Married, Smoker
Because according to the present study smoking is one of the major
reasons of death therefore it will be prevented there is a great impact to
the health of individual.
LGU, 45, Male, Married, Non-Smoker
It can help to make our lifestyle healthier and away from any harm.
LGU, 39, Female, Married, Smoker
To health, it minimizes the health problems of smoking cancer
diseases and others.

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker

Health, with this ordinance it can give more impact to the health of those
users.
LGU, 37, Female, Single, LGU, Smoker
This will help people to be away from diseases.
Academe, 40, Female, Married, Non-Smoker

3. Creating smoke-free environment thus encouraging tourists to come

over
The environment will be cleaner.
NGO, 51,Female, Widowed, Non smoker

For tourism, it would be a great start to have a wholesome and

unadulterated living and environment.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non Smoker

Tobacco is one of the products in the Philippines. In tourism, let say for
example there is one tourist who smoke then he/she won’t know that there
is an ordinance. But on the other side, once Tandag City may be known
as smoke-free city. I think many tourists will visit us.
LGU, 59, Male, Married, Smoker
It will promote clean environment away and free from smoky area.
LGU, 56, Female, Married, Non-smoker

As to tourism, there would probably have a good impact. 90% pleasurable

for tourist.
Table 8

Perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

LGU NGO Academe

Perceived impact Frequency Rank Frequency Rank Frequency Rank
of the Anti-
Smoking
ordinance on the
following
sectors:

1. Income of
cigarette
5 1 1 2.5 1 2.5
manufacturers will
be decreased.
2. Prevention of
10 1 1 2.5 1 2.5
diseases
3. Creating
smoke-free
environment thus
4 1 1 2.5 1 2.5
encouraging
tourists to come
over
4. No Answer 2 1 1 2 0 3
TOTAL 21 4 3

(H) Ways on how Tandaganons could contribute to the successful

implementation of the ordinance.

1. Spreading awareness and self discipline

We can contribute in the success of the implementation through

educating people, telling them the bad effects of cigarette smoking.
NGO, 24, Male, Single, Non smoker
Tandaganons can contribute in the successful implementation of the
ordinance by informing the people about the ordinance and by
informing them the effects of smoking.
LGU, 61, male, married, Smoker

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Through the dissemination of the ordinance, by the people of Tandag

to its fellow people who are part of the community.
LGU, 32, Male, Married, Smoker
Tandaganons should also educate themselves regarding the effects of
smoking.
LGU, 41, Male, Married, Non-Smoker
First, every Tandaganon must take their role as an individual enforcer of
themselves. Self-discipline is one of the essentials. As the government
extend their effort for informing and educating the public an individual
Tandaganon must his part in educating himself.
LGU, 36, Male, Married, Smoker

2. Cooperation through following the ordinance

Support the city ordinance
NGO, 51,Female, Widowed, Non smoker
The cooperation of everyone is enough contribution that will make the
said ordinance be implemented successfully.
LGU, 59, Male, Married, Smoker
Tandaganons can help just by following the ordinance and
encouraging relatives to quit smoking.
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker

In order for Tandaganons to contribute in the successful implementation

of the ordinance, first they should know in its purpose of implementation
and become an active and responsible member of the community. They
should abide with law and carry it out.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non Smoker
To follow the rules and regulations to be able to success the ordinance
that they want to implement
LGU, 61, Male, Married, Smoker

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SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Tandaganons, can contribute in the successful implementation of this

ordinance by simply complying with the law.
LGU, 34, Female, Single, Non-Smoker
Tandaganons can contribute successful in implementing and conducting
an anti-smoking in Tandag by doing some activities but will forget and to
stop smoking in Tandag
LGU, 52, Male, Married, Smoker
Through cooperation and abiding the ordinance, the said ordinance
become effective.
LGU, 45, Male, Married, Non-Smoker
By following the ordinance.
LGU, 28, Male, Married, Smoker
By simply following what are the rules regarding of using cigarettes. In
that way, they can contribute the successful implementation of the said
ordinance.
LGU, 39, Female, Married, Smoker
The people of Tandag should strictly follow the ordinance and
discourage the people to smoke. The city of Tandag can be a role
model to the other citizens of other cities/town. To be a smoke-free place
which helps in promoting the quality of the public.
LGU, 46, Male, Married, Smoker
According to the book of Proverbs, simple instruction is really important to
have a clean and green environment I will just simply follow the rules
and regulations given by the law makers.
LGU, 35, Male, Married, Smoker
Following the rules concerning the said ordinance
LGU, 37, Female, Single, LGU, Smoker

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We tandaganons can contribute in the successful implementation by

respecting the ordinance and look for designated area to smoke. We
can do it at home if we like.
Academe, 46, Male, Married, Non-Smoker
Being a responsible citizen by following the rules.
Academe, 40, Female, Married, Non-Smoker
Active participation and coordination
Academe, 25, Female, Single, Non-Smoker

3. Stop selling cigarettes

In Tandag, mayo kayo kay wala nay ato makita nga manigarilyo sa
publiko pero nagpadayon gihapon nga adunay nagbligya.
NGO, 22, Male, Single, Smoker

Table 9

Contribution of Tandaganons in the Implementation of the Ordinance

LGU NGO Academe

How can Frequency Rank Frequency Rank Frequency Rank
Tandaganons
contribute in the
successful
implementation
of the ordinance?

1. Spreading
4 1 1 2 0 3
awareness
2. Cooperation
through following 12 1 1 3 3 2
the ordinance
3. Stop selling
0 2.5 1 1 0 2.5
cigarettes
4. No Answer 5 1 1 2 0 3
TOTAL 21 4 3

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Chapter 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions implications, and

recommendations of the study.

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Summary and Conclusion

This study is exploratory in nature. It attempted to arrive at a

conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City

through open-ended survey questionnaire, interviewing, and content analysis.

The said objective was obtained through the opinions of 28 informants consisted

of City Mayor, Vice mayor, Sangguniang Panglungsod members, Sangguniang

bayan Members and representatives coming from the Academe and the NGOs.

Based on the results and the methods employed, the researchers found out that:

1. The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance serves functional roles in

our society. It stops or minimizes smoking due to the deterrent effect and

instills control or discipline to active smokers. It promotes welfare of the

people and protects their health. It creates a better society for all and

projects an ideal or good image for Tandag city. Lastly, it promotes

awareness on the negative effects of smoking.

2. The Anti-smoking ordinance for 2016 is a better version and considered to

be more effective. It is considered stricter in terms of imposing penalty,

more detailed and more precise.

3. In order to make the Anti-Smoking Ordinance effective, the ordinance

should be clear and precise, well-disseminated, informative, complete,

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and imposing, and must be partial and concerned to both active and

passive smokers

4. The favourable provisions in the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance

are the extent of smoke-free spaces, exemptions/designated smoking

areas, signage, penalties, and task force

5. Anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective because manufacturers of

cigarettes continue to sell it. There is a lack of personnel to monitor and

evaluate the implementation of ordinance. There is also difficulty in

adapting the rules and penalties stated in the ordinance. The ordinance is

not clear to the people, and the law enforcers lack firmness in the

administration of penalties.

6. Selling of Cigarettes should be banned. There is a lack of Task Force

responsible for banning cigarette smoking. There should be a strict

implementation of the anti-smoking ordinance. Proper and fair giving of

penalties.

7. Perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance on the different sectors:

Income of cigarette manufacturers will be decreased, prevention of

diseases due to smoking, and creating smoke-free environment thus

encouraging tourists to come over.

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8. To contribute in the successful implementation of the ordinance,

Tandaganons should help spread awareness, cooperation through

following the ordinance, and stop selling cigarettes

References Cited

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American College of Cardiology, (2009). Banning Smoking in Public Places And

Workplaces Is Good For The Heart, Study Finds
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Aragones, S. (2012). Number of youth smokers rising: group. ABS-CBN News.

Retrieved from http://news.abs-cbn.com/lifestyle/03/16/12/number-youth-
smokers-rising-group

Bektas et.al. (2010). (An Approach to Children's Smoking Behaviors Using Social
Cognitive Learning Theory (PDF Download Available). Retrieved from
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ildren
%27s_Smoking_Behaviors_Using_Social_Cognitive_Learning_Theory
[accessed Oct 23 2017].

Buddelmeyer and Wokins, (2005). The Effects of Smoking Ban Regulations on

Individual Smoking Rates. Retrieved from ftp.iza.org/dp1737.pdf

Cabrera, C.P., Jerald Cris P. Elegino, Julius A. Maturan, and Mark Jay C.
Rabago. (2016). Strict Implementation of Ordinance No. 2 (series of
2015) also Known as “The Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance of
Tandag City” particularly in Barangay Telaje Tandag City. Unpublished
Thesis: Surigao del Sur State University.

Carlos, J.P. (2015). What makes an ordinance valid? Retrieved from

http://www.eaglenews.ph/what-makes-an-ordinance-valid/

Chang, A. (2017). Theory of Planned Behavior & Smoking. Retrieved from

https://www.livestrong.com/article/221185-theory-of-planned-behavior-
smoking/

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999/ Republic act no. 8749. Retrieved from
http://www.chanrobles.com/philippinecleanairact.htm#.Wp8CG21ubIU.

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance No.002-2015. Retrieved from Tandag

City Hall, Surigao del Sur.

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance No.005-2016. Retrieved from Tandag

City Hall, Surigao del Sur.

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FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Crisostomo, S. (2016). Phl 15th among 23 Western Pacific countries with youth
smokers. Retrieved from
http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2016/07/03/1599054/phl-15th-among-
23-western-pacific-countries-youth-smokers

Demir, et.al.( 2015). The impact of anti-smoking laws on high school students in
Ankara. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4723004/ J Bras
Pneumolv.

Digal, S. (2008). Philippines: teenage smoking at alarming levels. Retrieved from

http://www.asianews.it/news-en/Philippines:-teenage-smoking-at-
alarming-levels-13937.html

Hugo, B., Mbatchou Ngahane, Huguette Atangana Ekobo, and Christopher

Kuaban. (2015). Prevalence and determinants of cigarette smoking
among college students: a cross-sectional study in Douala, Cameroon.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4685632/

Jomaya, NG. T. , Criselda P. Cuizon, Raylin M. Martinez, Pauline G. Rodriguez,

and Czarina P. Escobilla. (October 2017). The Level of Policy Awareness
of the Residents of barangay Mabua: The case of ordinance No. 005-
2016. Unpublished Thesis: Surigao del Sur State University.

Jha, P. and Richard Peto. (2014). Global Effects of Smoking, of Quitting, and of
Taxing Tobacco. Retrieved from
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1308383#t=article

NIH: National Cancer Institute. (2015). Smoking . Retrieved from

https://medlineplus.gov/smoking.html

NIP Fact sheet. (2009). Change Lab Solutions. Retrieved from

https://changelabsolutions.org/publications/enforcement-ordinances

Nuru, H. (2014). Ecological model. Retrieved from

https://www.slideshare.net/acchank/ecological-model.

Ona, E.T. (2011). Foreword. Philippines Country Report Global Youth Tobacco
Survey (GYTS). Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/surveillance/gyts/en/

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PIA, (2016). Tandag City starts full implementation of anti-smoking ordinance.

Retrieved from
https://www.bignewsnetwork.com/news/247252367/tandag-city-starts-full-
implementation-of-anti-smoking-ordinance

Philippines: Tandag LGU holds anti-smoking ban orientation. (2016). Retrieved

at https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Philippines+
%3a+Tandag+LGU+holds+anti-smoking+ban+orientation.-a0460581736

Seymour, T.(2017). Why is smoking bad for you? Retrieved from

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/10566.php.

Tan, M.L. (2014). Young smokers. Retrieved from

http://opinion.inquirer.net/71814/young-smokers#ixzz4wN6yrrwa

The Cancer Council. (2017). A Smoke-free Environment. Retrieved from

http://www.tobaccoinaustralia.org.au/15-9-effectiveness-of-smokefree-
legislation-in-reducing-exposure

The Local Government Code of the Philippines- Chan robles Virtual Law library.
Retrieved from www.chanrobles.com/localgov4.htm#.WnT1AnmYPIU.

The Philippine Star. (2016). Editorial - Smoke-free Philippines. Retrieved from

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2016/10/17/1634346/editorial-smoke-
free-philippines

USLegal. (2016). Ordinances, Resolutions, and Other Legislation. Retrieved from

https://municipal.uslegal.com/ordinances-resolutions-and-other-
legislation/

WHO, World Health Organization, (2009). Health Belief Model. Gender, Women,
and the Tobacco Epidemic: 8. Quitting Smoking and Beating Nicotine
Addiction. Retrieved from
www.who.int/tobacco/publications/gender/women_tob_epidemic/en/

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Appendix A
Survey Questionnaire
(For the Research Respondents)

CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING

ORDINANCE OF TANDAG CITY

Name (Optional) _____________________________________

I. Profile of the Respondents

Direction: Kindly answer the following by filling only the blank and/or checking
marks inside the blank provided for each item.

1.1 Gender: _____

1.2 Male _____ Female

1.3 Civil status:

_____ Single
_____Married
_____ Widowed
others, please specify _______________

1.4 Occupation:
_____ Government Employee
_____ Self-employee
_____ Private Employee
others, please specify _______________

1.5 Do you smoke?:

_____ Yes
_____ No

1.6 Category:
_____ LGU

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_____ Academe
_____ NGO
_____ Others, pls. specify ______________

ll. CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING

ORDINANCE OF TANDAG CITY

Direction: The questions below will determine your conceptualization of the

Ordinance No. 005-2016 otherwise known as the Comprehensive Anti-
Smoking Ordinance of Tandag City. As such, please write your perception on
the space provided.

1. What is the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance in our society?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

2. What are the differences between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

ordinance of 2015 and that of 2016, if you are aware of?
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What are the qualities of an effective anti-smoking ordinance? Please
check and explain why.

________public learning
________publication
________ others, please specify
___________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

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4. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking

Ordinance are favourable? Please check.
Explanation
______extent of smoke-free spaces

______exemptions/designated
smoking areas

______signage

______penalties

______task force

________ others, please specify

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5. What are some reasons why anti-smoking ordinance become

ineffective? Please check and explain.
________not clear
________weak enforcement
________excessive penalty
________ others, please specify ____________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
6. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking
Ordinance are ineffective and therefore have to be changed?
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. What is the perceived impact of the Anti-Smoking ordinance in the following
sectors:
a. Business;
b. Tourism; and
c. Health?
________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

8. How can Tandaganons contribute in the successful implementation of the

ordinance?
_____________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________

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Thank you for taking the time to answer this survey. May God bless you.

Appendix B
Structured Interview Guide
(For the Key Informants)

Good morning/afternoon and welcome to our session. Thank you for

taking the time to join us and participate in this study. My name is
_________________ and assisting me is ___________. I am a masterand from
Surigao del Sur State University taking up Master of Arts in Public Administration.
As part of my study, I would like to know about the conceptualization of the
Comprehensive Anti-Smoking ordinance. I wish to know your perception and
idea about the provisions in the ordinance. You might also share to me any
information that you deem is of great importance.
There are no wrong answers but rather differing points of view. Please feel
free to share your point of view. Please keep in mind that we're just as interested
in negative comments as positive comments, and at times the negative
comments are the most helpful.
We are tape recording the session because we don't want to miss any of
your comments. We know that you can share to us very helpful things in this
interview and we can't write fast enough to get them all down. You may be
assured of complete confidentiality.
Well, let's begin.

Guide Questions:

1. What do you think is the functional role of the Comprehensive Anti-

Smoking Ordinance in our society?
2. Is there a difference between the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking ordinance
of 2015 and that of 2016? Which specific provisions differ? Which version
is better?
3. What qualities should an anti-smoking ordinance possess for it to be
effective? Does the present Anti-smoking ordinance have met these
qualities? Please elaborate.
4. Which provisions of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance
are favourable? Please explain your opinion.
4.1 extent of smoke-free spaces
4.2 exemptions/designated smoking areas

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4.3 signage
4.4 penalties
4.5 task force
5 Are there instances when anti-smoking ordinance become ineffective?
Why? What are some reasons?
6 Are there parts of the present Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance
that are ineffective or have to be changed? What are these? What
changes have to be made?
7 How will the Anti-Smoking ordinance affect the business sector? What
about the Tourism sector; and Health?
8 In what ways can Tandaganons contribute in the successful
implementation of the ordinance?

That ends our session. Again, we thank you for your willingness to participate
in our interview. Have a great day.

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Appendix C
Written Consent
(For the Key Informants)

You have been asked to participate in an interview regarding the

conceptualization of the Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance. The purpose
of the study is to know your perception and idea about the provisions in the said
ordinance. It is hoped that with this discussion, a detailed conceptualization of
the said ordinance will be produced. More importantly, appropriate suggestions
may be formulated so we can determine if the ordinance will fit into the context of
the Tandaganons.
You can choose whether or not to participate in the interview and stop at
any time. Although the interview will be recorded, your responses will remain
anonymous and no names will be mentioned in the report.
There are no right or wrong answers to the interview questions. We want
to hear many different viewpoints and would like to hear from you. We hope you
can be honest in sharing your responses.
If you grant us the permission, please inform us the most convenient time
when we can conduct the interview. You are free to set the interview schedule at
any time of your convenience. Please let us know by indicating your preferred
schedule below:

Preferred schedule: __________

Preferred venue: _____________

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

I understand this information and agree to participate fully under the

conditions stated above:

Signed:____________________________________________

Date:___________________

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Appendix D.1
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE CITY MAYOR

February 7, 2018

HON. ALEXANDER T. PIMENTEL

Mayor
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

Sir:

Greetings of serenity.

With my objective for professional upgrading, I would like to ask your kind
approval to let me conduct a survey and an interview to some of your
constituents in Tandag City particularly in the LGU, Academe, and NGOs.

This undertaking is in line with my present research study entitled “THE

CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “, as a requirement for my Master of Arts in
Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University, Graduate School.

This study aims to determine Tandaganons’ conceptualization of the

Comprehensive Anti-Smoking Ordinance. It is hoped that with this discussion, a
detailed understanding of the said ordinance will be produced.

May my humble request merit your approval. Thank you.

Very respectfully yours,

(SGD) MOISES U. PALOMO

Masterand

Noted:

(SGD) ANECITO P. AMBRAY, PhD

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Thesis Adviser

(SGD) ERNESTO BUNIEL, Ed. D

Dean, Graduate Studies

Approved:

(SGD) HON. ALEXANDER T. PIMENTEL

Mayor

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Appendix D.2
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE CITY COUNCILOR

February 7, 2018

_______________________
City Councilor
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

Madam:

Greetings of serenity.

I am currently undertaking a research study entitled, “THE

CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “. This is one of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts in Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University,
Graduate School.

In line with this undertaking, I will be in need of research participants who will
help form a detailed understanding of the ordinance. As such, please grant me to
have you as one of the research participants for the said research instruments.
As a research participant, you are humbly requested to answer a survey
questionnaire. You are personally my choice as I know of your expertise in this
particular field and I am confident that your participation will immensely help
improve my academic paper.

May my humble request merit your approval. Thank you.

Very respectfully yours,

(SGD) MOISES U. PALOMO

Masterand

Noted:

(SGD) ANECITO P. AMBRAY, PhD

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Thesis Adviser

(SGD) ERNESTO BUNIEL, Ed. D

Dean, Graduate Studies

Approved:

(SGD) ____________________
City Councilor

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Appendix D.2
LETTER OF PERMISSION ADDRESSED TO THE ACADEME

February 7, 2018

ROLAND P. VILLAMOR, MS-MATH

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Saint Theresa College
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

Madam:

Greetings of serenity.

I am currently undertaking a research study entitled, “THE

CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “. This is one of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts in Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University,
Graduate School.

In line with this undertaking, I will be in need of research participants who will
help form a detailed understanding of the ordinance. As a research participant,
you are humbly requested to answer a survey questionnaire. As such, please
grant me to have you as one of the research participants for the said research
instruments. You are personally my choice as I know of your expertise in this
particular field and I am confident that your participation will immensely help
improve my academic paper.

May my humble request merit your approval. Thank you.

Very respectfully yours,

(SGD) MOISES U. PALOMO

Masterand

Noted:

(SGD) ANECITO P. AMBRAY, PhD

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Thesis Adviser

(SGD) ERNESTO BUNIEL, Ed. D

Dean, Graduate Studies

Approved:

(SGD) ROLAND P. VILLAMOR, MS-MATH

Dean, College of Arts and Sciences

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Appendix D.3
LETTER OF PERMISSION TO THE VALIDATORS
February 9, 2018

___________________
Municipal Health Officer
Surigao del Sur

Madam:

Greetings of serenity.

I am currently undertaking a research study entitled, “THE

CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY “. This is one of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Arts in Public Administration at Surigao del Sur State University,
Graduate School.

In line with this undertaking, I will be in need of research validators who will help
fine tune the survey questionnaire and interview guide for the respondents. As
such, please grant me to have you as one of the validators for the said research
instruments. You are personally my choice as I know of your expertise in this
particular field and I am confident that your guidance will immensely help improve
my academic paper.

May my humble request merit your approval. Thank you.

Very respectfully yours,

(SGD) MOISES U. PALOMO

Masterand

Noted:

(SGD) ANECITO P. AMBRAY, PhD

Thesis Adviser

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(SGD) ERNESTO BUNIEL, Ed. D

Dean, Graduate Studies
Approved:

(SGD) __________________
Municipal Health Officer

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Appendix D.4
VALIDATION SHEET
Dear Validator,

Please spare time to peruse the following researcher-made (but adapted from
operational manual) questions prepared for the purpose of the study, “THE
CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-SMOKING
ORDINANCE IN TANDAG CITY”. Kindly fill-in the necessary information and
check appropriate boxes. Thank you very much.

MOISES U. PALOMO
Masterand
Name of Evaluator : _________________________________
Degree : _________________________________
Position : _________________________________
Number of Years in Service : _________________________________

Points Equivalent
1-Poor 3-Good 5-Excellent
2-Fair 4-Very Good

1.) Clarity of Direction and Questions 5 4 3 2 1

The vocabulary level, language structure and concepts of the
questions suit the level of respondents. The test direction and
items are written in a clear and understandable manner.
2.) Presentation/Organization of Items
The items are organized in a logical manner
3.) Suitability of Items
The items appropriately represent the substance of the
research. The questions are designed to determine the
conditions, knowledge, skills and attitudes that are supposed to
be measured.
4.) Adequateness of Items per Category
The items represent the coverage of the research adequately.
The number of questions is representative enough of all
questions needed for the search.
5.) Attainment of the Purpose

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The instrument as a whole fulfils the objective for which it was

constructed.
6.) Objectivity
No aspect of the questionnaire suggests bias on the part of the
research.

Remarks:
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________.

_____________________________
Signature over Printed Name

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CURRICULUM VITAE

BENNY M. CUADRADO
[email protected]
09105051438

PERSONAL

Name : Benny M. Cuadrado

Age : 42
Date of Birth : July 30, 1975
Place of Birth : Bagsac, Madrid, Surigao del Sur
Citizenship : Filipino
Sex : Male
Civil Status : Married
Citizenship : Filipino
Religion : Iglesia Ni Cristo

AFFILIATIONS:

Department of Education (DepEd)

Secondary School Teacher II
Carmen Integrated School
Maitom, Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduate School : Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.

Course : Master of Arts in Education (MAED)

95
 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

Major : Educational Administration

Year Graduated : March 29, 2017

Collegiate : Surigao del Sur Polytechnic State

College
Course : Bachelor of Science in Secondary
Education
Major : Mathematics
Year Graduated : March 31, 2000

Secondary : Jacinto P. Elpa High School

Capitol Hills, Tandag City
1992-1994
Madrid Provincial High School
Madrid, Surigao del Sur
1990-1991

Elementary : Patong-Patong Elementary School

Patong-Patong, Madrid Surigao del Sur
1984-1990

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS ATTENDED

 Electrical Installation and Maintenance NC II

 Housekeeping NC II
 Masonry NC II
 International Training On Educational Management
 International Training On Instructional Materials Development and
Action Research
 Trainers Methodology Level I (TMC-I)
(Electrical Installation and Maintenance)

LISENSURE EXAMINATION

 PRC LET PASSER

96
 Republic of the Philippines
SURIGAO DEL SUR STATE UNIVERSITY
Tandag City, Surigao del Sur

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

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