PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS AT CRYOGENIC TEMPERATURES

Peter E. Bradley and Ray Radebaugh

The design of systems for operation at cryogenic temperatures requires the use of material properties at these
low temperatures. The properties at cryogenic temperatures can be much different than the room-temperature
values. In addition, some properties can be strong functions of temperature. Property data at cryogenic
temperatures are not easy to find. Many measurements were made at the National Institute of Standards and
Technology (NIST) and other laboratories about 50 years ago. Some of the results were published in reports
that are now out of print, which makes the results unavailable to most researchers. To correct that problem,
NIST initiated a program to critically evaluate cryogenic material properties and to curve fit the available data
for temperatures in the range of about 4 K to 300 K. The parameters for the curve fit, as well as a graph of the
curve, are available on the website www.cryogenics.nist.gov. Click on “Material Properties” to find the list of
materials. The properties available include thermal conductivity, specific heat, linear thermal expansion,
thermal expansion coefficient, and Young’s modulus. Not all properties are available for all materials. The
materials currently in the database are ones commonly used in the construction of cryogenic hardware.

The tables presented here are the calculated values using the equations given on the website. In general the
equations fit a single set of data to within about 1 % to 2 %, but often several sets of data are used in
determining the best fit, in which case deviations can be significantly higher, such as 5 %. The website
specifies the deviation of the fit relative to the experimental data for each property and each material.
Uncertainties in the experimental data usually are in the range of 2 % to 5 %, and variations from sample to
sample can also lead to similar uncertainties, especially in thermal conductivity. Some well-characterized
materials, such as silicon, are used for standard reference materials. Thus, uncertainties in the experimental data
for the thermal expansion coefficient of silicon are usually less than 0.2 %, and the standard deviation of the
curve fit to the data is less than about 0.2 % over most of the temperature range

Copper referred to here is of very high purity 99.99% (4N or better) and may be considered oxygen-free
(sometimes referred to as OFHC-oxygen free high conductivity). Values are given with respect to the RRR
(Residual Resistivity Ratio) which correlates the thermal resistivity and electrical resistivity as the impurity
effect and is primarily additive in resistivity. Higher RRR values indicate higher purity and lower electrical and
thermal resistance leading to higher thermal conductivity. Standard high-purity copper such as grade 101 or
102 has an RRR value of approximately 100. Higher values may be obtained with considerable effort at
minimizing trace impurities by special annealing techniques that can achieve an RRR of about 1000 or greater
in some special instances. Specially obtained high RRR value copper is often used only when very low
temperatures (< 40 K), and necessarily high thermal conduction at low temperature, are required.

Ti 15-3-3-3 has a nominal composition of 15% V, 3% Cr, 3% Sn, 3% Al, balance Ti. For the specific
measurements documented by Canavan and Tuttle (Ref. 29), the exact composition is 14.88% V, 3.13% Cr,
2.88% Sn, 3.01% Al, bal. Ti. The composition for brass is 65% Cu, 32% Zn, 3% Pb which is free machining.
The composition for BeCu is 2% Be, 0.3% Co, balance Cu.
 References

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Tubes from 4 K to 320 K, AlAAS Paper 75-711, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (A1AA), 10th
Thermophysics Conference, Denver, CO, 1975. [Kevlar]

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Polyethylene Terephthalate, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 8, 3121, 1975. [Mylar]

22. Rule, D.L., Smith, D.R., and Sparks, L.L., Thermal Conductivity of a Polyimide Film Between 4.2 and 300 K,
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Thermophysical Properties of Seven Materials, Plenum Press, New York, 1976. [Stainless steel]

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NBS Special Publication 260-35, 1972. [Stainless steel 735]

25. Hust, J. G., and Giarratano, P. J., Thermal Conductivity and Electrical Resistivity Standard Reference Materials:
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steel 735]

26. Ventura, G. Bianchini, G., Gottardi, E., Peroni, I., and Peruzzi, A., Thermal Expansion and Thermal Conductivity
of Torlon at Low Temperatures, Cryogenics 39, 481, 1999. [Torlon]

27. Barucci, M., Olivieri, E., Pasca, E., Risegari, L., and Ventura, G., Thermal Conductivity of Torlon between 4.2
and 300 K, Cryogenics 45, 295, 2005. [Torlon]

28. Ziegler, W. T., Mullins, J. C., and Hwa, S. C. P., Specific Heat and Thermal Conductivity of Four Commercial
Titanium Alloys From 20 to 300 K. Adv. Cryog. Eng. 8, 268, 1963. [Ti-6Al-4V]

29. Canavan, E. R., and Tuttle, J. G., Thermal Conductivity and Specific Heat Measurements of Candidate Structural
Materials for the JWST Optical Bench, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 52, 233, 2006. [Ti 15-3-3-3]

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[Apiezon N Grease]

31. Bevolo, A. J., Heat Capacity of Apiezon N Grease from 1 to 50 K, Cryogenics 14, 661, 1974. [Apiezon N Grease]

32. Wun, M., and Phillips, N. E., Low Temperature Specific Heat of Apiezon N Grease, Cryogenics 15, 36, 1975.
[Apiezon N Grease]

33. Kreitman, M. M., Ashworth, T., and Rechowicz, M., A Correlation Between Thermal Conductance and Specific
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Grease]

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New York, Washington, 1970. [Be]

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Expansion-Metallic Elements and Alloys, Plenum Press, New York, 1970. [Be, Mo, Ti-6Al-4V]

37. Corruccini, R. J., and Gniewek, J. J., Thermal Expansion of Technical Solids at Low Temperatures, NBS
Monograph 29, National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, CO, 1961. [BeCu, Nylon, Stainless steel, Teflon]

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1983. [G-10, NiTi, Nylon]

39. Arp, V., Wilson, J. H., Winrich, L., and Sikora, P., Thermal Expansion of Some Engineering Materials from 20 to
293 K, Cryogenics 2, 230, 1962. [Sapphire, Al]

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Reference Material, Standard Reference Material, pp. 637-646. [Sapphire]

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42. Taylor, C. T., Notcutt, M., Wong, E. K., Mann, A. G., and Blair, D. G., Measurement of the Thermal Expansion
Coefficient of an All-Sapphire Optical Cavity, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 46, 183, 1977. [Sapphire]

43. Taylor, C. T., Notcutt, M., Wong, E. K., Mann, A. G., and Blair, D. G, Measurement of the Thermal Expansion
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Silicon from 6 to 340 K, J. Appl. Phys. 48, 865, 1977. [Silicon]

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Ref. Data 12, 179, 1983. [Silicon]
 Thermal Conductivity (in W m-1 K-1)
Cu
_________________Al____________________ _________G-10_______ ___ Kevlar-49____
____________(OFHC)__________
Temp. Inconel- Invar
1100 3003 5083 6061 6063 Be Be-Cu Brass RRR=50 RRR=100 RRR=300 (norm-dir) (warp-dir) Composite Fiber
K 718 (Fe-36Ni)

1 181.4 0.3161 0.002234 0.003775

2 355.0 0.8999 0.008663 0.01457

3 551.1 1.402 0.01853 0.03077

4 54.11 10.81 3.295 5.347 34.36 741.4 1.879 320.4 642.3 0.07229 0.07322 0.4624 0.2419 0.03089 0.05042

6 83.26 16.77 4.982 8.268 51.64 1082 2.850 3.143 466.8 931.7 2810 0.09112 0.09693 0.8644 0.4001 0.06021 0.09448

8 113.5 22.81 6.685 11.23 69.70 1410 3.877 4.400 622.3 1239 3636 0.1023 0.1179 1.199 0.5630 0.09263 0.1405

10 141.8 28.94 8.427 14.20 86.51 1754 4.955 5.702 778.1 1540 4320 0.1122 0.1361 1.519 0.7339 0.1261 0.1865

12 170.1 35.15 10.19 17.15 103.5 2120 6.069 7.028 927.3 1814 4829 0.1217 0.1518 1.832 0.9114 0.1595 0.2320

14 199.1 41.35 11.97 20.05 121.1 2502 7.207 8.362 1064 2045 5147 0.1309 0.1654 2.136 1.094 0.1920 0.2770

16 228.0 47.49 13.73 22.91 139.2 2887 8.357 9.696 1185 2226 5276 0.1398 0.1775 2.426 1.279 0.2234 0.3213

18 256.2 53.51 15.48 25.70 157.5 3262 9.511 11.02 1287 2352 5234 0.1483 0.1883 2.699 1.465 0.2533 0.3649

20 282.6 59.37 17.21 28.43 175.4 3611 10.66 12.33 1368 2423 5052 0.1565 0.1982 2.956 1.652 0.2819 0.4077

30 371.7 85.21 25.43 41.10 246.3 4685 16.27 18.56 1444 2143 3257 0.1912 0.2393 3.998 2.570 0.4059 0.6122

40 389.5 104.7 32.89 52.23 276.6 4571 21.48 24.12 1163 1485 1833 0.2176 0.2740 4.744 3.437 0.5080 0.8031

50 369.2 118.7 39.66 62.05 277.7 3823 26.20 29.02 863.6 1005 1130 0.2382 0.3061 5.316 4.247 0.5976 0.9841

60 338.0 128.6 45.85 70.76 265.6 2968 30.42 33.36 670.0 741.2 801.8 0.2553 0.3366 5.784 5.005 0.6794 1.157

70 308.1 135.6 51.55 78.55 250.0 2243 34.08 37.26 561.1 603.6 638.5 0.2702 0.3660 6.182 5.717 0.7555 1.323

80 283.3 140.6 56.81 85.56 235.4 1693 37.15 40.84 500.3 529.3 551.0 0.2837 0.3942 6.532 6.386 0.8269 1.482

90 264.1 144.4 61.71 91.91 223.2 1296 39.60 44.21 465.1 487.0 501.0 0.2965 0.4214 6.842 7.016 0.8943 1.634

100 249.7 147.4 66.26 97.70 213.8 1014 41.41 47.45 443.9 461.5 471.1 0.3089 0.4477 7.119 7.611 0.9579 1.779

120 231.5 151.9 74.52 107.9 201.8 670.0 43.12 421.8 434.8 440.6 0.3335 0.4978 7.587 8.702 1.075 2.050

140 222.3 155.5 81.80 116.5 196.6 489.9 411.6 422.1 427.6 0.3586 0.5450 7.962 9.671 1.180 2.297

160 218.2 158.9 88.26 123.9 195.5 390.7 406.0 415.0 421.2 0.3846 0.5899 8.264 10.524 1.274 2.523

180 216.4 162.2 94.04 130.4 196.6 333.3 402.6 410.3 417.5 0.4117 0.6328 8.510 11.270 1.359 2.729

200 215.5 165.5 99.24 136.0 198.6 298.0 400.1 407.0 414.6 0.4399 0.6741 8.720 11.915 1.436 2.917

220 214.8 168.6 104.0 141.0 200.5 274.2 398.2 404.2 411.8 0.4692 0.7141 8.912 12.464 1.507 3.090

240 213.9 171.5 108.3 145.3 201.9 255.5 396.5 401.9 408.8 0.4995 0.7530 9.101 12.925 1.571 3.250

260 213.0 174.1 112.2 149.1 202.3 237.6 395.0 399.9 405.5 0.5307 0.7909 9.301 13.303 1.630 3.398

280 212.1 176.2 115.9 152.4 201.8 217.9 393.6 398.0 401.8 0.5626 0.8278 9.528 13.604 1.685 3.536

300 211.8 177.8 119.3 155.3 200.5 194.9 392.4 396.3 397.9 0.5951 0.8636 9.793 13.835 1.735 3.664
Thermal Conductivity (in W m-1 K-1), continued

_______________Fe-Ni Alloys__________________ _________ Polystyrene_______________________

Polyethylene
Temp. Polyamide Polyimide
Pb Mo Fe-2.25 Ni Fe-3.5 Ni Fe-5.0 Ni Fe-9.0 Ni Platinum Terephthalate 12.66 kg m-3 32.04 kg m-3 49.98 kg m-3 99.96 kg m-3
K (Nylon) (Kapton)
(Mylar)
1

2 0.03092

3 0.03610

4 2682 56.74 1.119 0.9289 0.7754 0.6256 921.7 0.01245 0.03764 0.01079 0.009431

6 700.1 90.04 1.787 1.455 1.223 0.9814 1210 0.01983 0.03978 0.01309 0.004852 0.008950

8 313.3 118.4 2.460 1.999 1.679 1.349 1329 0.02880 0.04334 0.01802 0.004842 0.009014

10 177.1 146.3 3.137 2.535 2.138 1.716 1240 0.03902 0.04791 0.02345 0.004862 0.009055

12 118.3 175.4 3.809 3.064 2.599 2.080 1053 0.05014 0.05295 0.02883 0.004902 0.009098

14 89.02 205.3 4.470 3.588 3.061 2.443 856.0 0.06185 0.05816 0.03397 0.004956 0.009155

16 72.82 234.7 5.121 4.107 3.523 2.804 687.0 0.07388 0.06337 0.03884 0.005018 0.009226

18 63.12 262.2 5.760 4.624 3.983 3.163 553.5 0.08602 0.06849 0.04345 0.005087 0.009307

20 56.95 286.9 6.390 5.139 4.442 3.521 451.5 0.09811 0.07349 0.04782 0.005158 0.009393

30 45.29 353.6 9.423 7.678 6.691 5.293 209.9 0.1543 0.09633 0.06704 0.003803 0.005533 0.009833

40 41.97 345.0 12.28 10.11 8.825 7.022 137.0 0.1999 0.1158 0.08319 0.005073 0.005905 0.01026

50 40.10 307.3 14.96 12.40 10.82 8.688 108.3 0.2352 0.1319 0.09706 0.006153 0.006272 0.01071

60 38.73 267.3 17.42 14.52 12.68 10.28 94.57 0.2619 0.1443 0.1090 0.007232 0.006644 0.01121

70 37.70 233.7 19.67 16.47 14.39 11.79 87.02 0.2821 0.1526 0.1192 0.008311 0.007031 0.01177

80 36.98 207.9 21.71 18.25 15.98 13.21 82.32 0.2974 0.1567 0.1280 0.009382 0.007437 0.01239

90 36.51 188.6 23.56 19.89 17.44 14.55 79.09 0.3091 0.1355 0.01265 0.01045 0.007868 0.01306

100 36.23 174.5 25.23 21.38 18.79 15.81 76.69 0.3179 0.1419 0.01362 0.01151 0.008328 0.01378

120 36.03 156.8 28.14 24.01 21.19 18.09 73.37 0.3298 0.1522 0.01567 0.01368 0.009344 0.01535

140 36.02 147.9 30.56 26.23 23.24 20.07 71.39 0.3367 0.1599 0.01790 0.01594 0.01050 0.01705

160 35.96 143.7 32.62 28.10 24.98 21.77 70.43 0.3405 0.1659 0.02032 0.01829 0.01180 0.01890

180 35.78 142.0 34.36 29.69 26.47 23.23 70.27 0.3424 0.1708 0.02293 0.02072 0.01325 0.02089

200 35.46 141.4 35.84 31.01 27.72 24.46 70.65 0.3431 0.1749 0.02576 0.02320 0.01486 0.02309

220 35.10 141.2 37.06 32.10 28.78 25.49 71.25 0.3428 0.1786 0.02881 0.02572 0.01662 0.02557

240 34.80 140.9 38.01 32.98 29.64 26.32 71.72 0.3420 0.1820 0.03210 0.02826 0.01854 0.02845

260 34.70 140.4 38.70 33.65 30.35 26.98 71.65 0.3406 0.1853 0.03561 0.03082 0.02059 0.03185

280 34.95 139.6 39.09 34.13 30.90 27.48 70.66 0.3389 0.1886 0.03934 0.03343 0.02278 0.03599

300 138.6 39.17 34.43 31.32 27.83 68.42 0.3368 0.1919 0.04323 0.03615 0.02509 0.04112
Thermal Conductivity (in W m-1 K-1), continued

______________ Polyurethane ________________ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) _____________________Stainless Steel_________________

Temp. 304 304L 310 316 735

31.88 kg m-3 32.04 kg m-3 49.02 kg m-3 64.08 kg m-3 20.02 kg m-3 56.06 kg m-3 Teflon Torlon 4203 Ti-6Al-4V Ti 15-3-3-3
K

1 0.4028 0.004330

2 0.5637 0.008974 0.05608

3 0.7972 0.01145 0.08043

4 0.2724 0.2724 0.2409 0.2724 1.052 0.04599 0.01280 0.1010

6 0.4653 0.4653 0.3960 0.4653 1.315 0.06624 0.01410 0.1450

8 0.6770 0.6770 0.5654 0.6770 1.583 0.08244 0.01467 0.1904

10 0.9039 0.9039 0.7457 0.9039 1.854 0.09545 0.01477 0.2354

12 1.143 1.143 0.9348 1.143 2.126 0.1066 0.01871 0.2796

14 1.391 1.391 1.131 1.391 2.399 0.1166 0.03501 0.3235

16 1.647 1.647 1.331 1.647 3.729 0.1258 0.04760 0.3673

18 1.906 1.906 1.534 1.906 4.937 0.1343 0.05696 0.4114

20 2.169 2.169 1.739 2.169 5.985 0.1422 0.06377 0.8426 0.4559

30 0.01133 3.469 3.469 2.741 3.469 6.872 0.1738 0.07797 1.656 0.6871

40 0.01238 4.670 4.670 3.648 4.670 7.618 0.1953 0.08344 1.905 0.9301

50 0.01352 5.730 5.730 4.430 5.730 8.247 0.2099 0.08884 2.411 1.177

60 0.01465 0.007880 6.647 6.647 5.093 6.647 8.783 0.2203 0.09491 2.917 1.420

70 0.01575 0.008571 7.435 7.435 5.655 7.435 9.245 0.2280 0.1014 3.291 1.655

80 0.01018 0.01684 0.009551 8.114 8.114 6.135 8.114 9.650 0.2341 0.1079 3.531 1.881

90 0.01115 0.01792 0.01065 0.01652 8.705 8.705 6.551 8.705 10.01 0.2391 0.1111 3.685 2.095

100 0.01212 0.01206 0.01900 0.01179 0.01680 0.02844 9.224 9.224 6.917 9.224 10.33 0.2434 0.1143 3.804 2.300

120 0.01399 0.01465 0.02117 0.01407 0.01799 0.02952 10.101 10.10 7.544 10.10 10.91 0.2505 0.1264 4.061 2.687

140 0.01574 0.01736 0.02336 0.01624 0.01931 0.03223 10.834 10.83 8.081 10.83 11.42 0.2562 0.1374 4.412 3.054

160 0.01734 0.02005 0.02554 0.01827 0.02072 0.03503 11.479 11.48 8.568 11.48 11.89 0.2608 0.1477 4.846 3.412

180 0.01881 0.02276 0.02765 0.02015 0.02232 0.03762 12.071 12.07 9.027 12.07 12.34 0.2644 0.1579 5.311 3.770

200 0.02013 0.02550 0.02964 0.02184 0.02416 0.04015 12.633 12.63 9.473 12.63 12.77 0.2672 0.1684 5.750 4.133

220 0.02125 0.02829 0.03144 0.02331 0.02628 0.04291 13.178 13.18 9.912 13.18 13.19 0.2692 0.1800 6.129 4.505

240 0.02210 0.03112 0.03297 0.02452 0.02879 0.04609 13.714 13.71 10.35 13.71 13.61 0.2705 0.1930 6.447 4.885

260 0.02255 0.03401 0.03418 0.02541 0.03184 0.04972 14.247 14.25 10.78 14.25 14.01 0.2715 0.2083 6.740 5.270

280 0.02248 0.03702 0.03500 0.02595 0.03574 0.05366 14.779 14.78 11.21 14.78 14.22 0.2722 0.2263 7.075 5.658

300 0.02181 0.04027 0.03540 0.02608 0.04093 0.05756 15.309 15.31 11.63 15.31 15.01 0.2728 0.2480 7.555 6.041
 Specific Heat, Cp (in J kg-1 K-1)

__________Al___________ ____________Pb______________ ________________ Fe-Ni Alloys______________

Temp.
K Apiezon-N Cu Invar
3003 5083 6061 Be G-10 Indium Normal Superconducting Fe-2.25Ni Fe-3.5Ni Fe-5.0Ni Fe-9.0Ni Platinum
Grease (OFHC) (Fe-36Ni)

1 0.02400 2.570 0.02435

2 0.2118 11.78 0.05529

3 0.8050 32.71 0.09667

4 0.2920 0.292 0.2920 2.031 0.09942 2.016 0.9463 0.9749 75.27 0.1524

6 0.6047 0.605 0.6047 6.761 0.2303 5.463 3.505 1.475 297.0 0.3300

8 1.048 1.048 1.048 14.38 0.4639 10.03 8.387 2.179 764.6 0.6349

10 1.573 1.573 1.573 24.32 0.8558 15.36 15.28 3.130 13.69 1539 1.115

12 2.268 2.268 2.268 35.98 0.5348 1.470 21.20 23.56 4.334 21.43 1.814

14 3.235 3.235 3.235 48.91 0.7169 2.375 27.41 32.62 5.814 29.51 2.770

16 4.581 4.581 4.581 62.76 0.9528 3.640 33.85 42.06 7.621 37.50 4.009

18 6.416 6.416 6.416 77.31 1.249 5.327 40.46 51.61 9.800 45.14 5.544

20 8.854 8.854 8.854 92.37 1.607 7.491 47.17 61.08 12.34 52.25 7.376

30 33.45 33.45 33.45 171.8 4.413 26.40 81.31 104.5 79.06 20.35

40 81.96 81.96 81.96 252.8 9.544 57.63 115.4 138.6 94.45 36.78

50 148.8 148.8 148.8 331.4 18.58 95.84 149.1 163.3 103.4 84.17 84.17 84.17 84.17 52.95

60 223.6 223.6 223.6 405.6 33.66 135.2 182.5 179.9 109.0 90.95 90.95 90.95 90.95 66.88

70 298.3 298.3 298.3 474.9 57.08 171.8 215.9 190.5 112.7 124.8 124.8 124.8 124.8 78.06

80 368.7 368.7 368.7 539.1 90.79 203.8 249.4 196.9 115.3 162.6 162.6 162.6 162.6 86.73

90 433.3 433.3 433.3 598.9 135.9 230.9 283.0 200.7 117.2 196.7 196.7 196.7 196.7 93.40

100 492.2 492.2 492.2 654.9 192.7 253.5 316.9 203.1 118.7 225.6 225.6 225.6 225.6 98.57

120 594.1 594.1 594.1 759.2 336.8 287.6 385.2 206.0 120.9 273.1 273.1 273.1 273.1 106.0

140 677.6 677.6 677.6 858.9 510.4 311.6 454.4 209.1 122.5 312.9 312.9 312.9 312.9 111.4

160 744.5 744.5 744.5 960.6 700.1 329.4 524.3 213.5 123.9 346.9 346.9 346.9 346.9 115.7

180 796.4 796.4 796.4 1070 897.4 343.4 594.4 219.0 125.2 375.1 375.1 375.1 375.1 119.5

200 835.2 835.2 835.2 1194 1097 355.0 664.4 225.0 126.3 397.6 397.6 397.6 397.6 122.9

220 863.7 863.7 863.7 1339 1296 364.7 733.9 230.6 127.4 415.8 415.8 415.8 415.8 125.7

240 885.4 885.4 885.4 1510 1488 372.6 802.5 234.5 128.4 431.0 431.0 431.0 431.0 127.7

260 904.6 904.6 904.6 1717 1661 378.6 869.8 235.7 129.2 443.8 443.8 443.8 443.8 128.8

280 925.8 925.8 925.8 1968 1800 382.5 935.3 233.1 129.8 453.5 453.5 453.5 453.5 128.7

300 953.9 953.9 953.9 2276 1883 384.0 998.7 130.1 457.7 457.7 457.7 457.7
Specific Heat, Cp (in J kg-1 K-1), continued

_________ __Polystyrene _____ _______ ________Polyurethane____ _____ Stainless Steel ____

Polyvinyl
Temp. Polyamide Polyimide
Chloride 304 304L 310 316 Teflon
K (Nylon) (Kapton) 99.96 kg m-3 9.93 kg m-3 6.07 kg m-3 49.02 kg m-3 389.25 kg m-3
(PVC)
1

4 1.560 0.7916 1.849 1.674 2.164 1.977 2.232

6 4.986 2.708 2.945 2.557 3.166 2.963 3.690

8 11.01 6.306 4.041 3.525 4.160 4.047 9.104

10 20.00 11.68 9.335 5.163 4.571 5.226 5.203 18.02

12 31.89 18.70 13.41 6.394 5.740 6.350 6.494 29.27

14 46.34 27.10 17.57 7.806 7.004 7.524 7.958 41.50

16 62.87 36.61 21.52 9.456 8.399 8.780 9.615 53.77

18 80.98 46.96 25.25 11.39 10.02 10.18 11.49 65.60

20 100.2 57.92 42.26 28.80 13.65 11.88 11.78 13.61 76.79

30 201.4 116.2 70.85 46.12 30.70 25.79 29.22 124.3

40 297.2 172.9 111.9 64.72 58.22 55.98 57.55 164.4

50 383.5 224.3 158.3 84.66 94.57 98.21 100.2 202.1

60 461.8 270.4 207.2 105.4 135.7 134.2 141.8 239.0

70 534.2 311.7 257.8 126.8 177.4 167.7 179.9 275.6

80 602.2 348.9 310.0 148.9 216.1 197.7 214.7 312.0

90 667.0 382.8 363.9 171.6 250.2 224.1 245.8 348.4

100 729.0 413.7 441.8 521.4 472.7 419.6 555.6 195.3 279.0 247.5 273.0 384.6

120 846.2 468.4 540.4 583.5 535.8 535.9 635.4 246.2 322.3 287.1 317.3 456.7

140 955.6 515.7 629.9 643.5 602.8 657.9 715.9 302.5 351.7 320.2 351.9 528.4

160 1058 557.1 719.3 705.6 670.8 783.7 796.3 365.2 373.6 348.8 380.3 599.6

180 1155 593.8 809.1 769.5 740.2 910.5 877.5 435.3 392.2 373.7 404.5 670.0

200 1247 626.8 898.5 834.6 811.4 1035 959.0 514.3 410.0 395.0 424.8 738.9

220 1335 656.6 987.3 900.6 884.2 1155 1039 604.1 428.0 413.2 441.6 805.8

240 1421 683.9 1076 968.1 958.5 1268 1117 708.2 446.0 428.9 455.1 869.5

260 1507 709.1 1164 1038 1035 1370 1193 831.5 463.5 443.0 466.5 929.2

280 1594 732.5 1251 1111 1115 1460 1269 981.0 479.1 457.0 477.4 983.6

300 1684 754.5 1337 1189 1201 1537 1351 1167 491.3 472.8 490.2 1032
 Linear Thermal Expansion (in 10-5)

_____________Al____________ ____________________Be______________ ______ G-10_______

Temp. Inconel- Invar
3003 5083 6061 (//a-axis) (//c-axis) Polycrystalline Be-Cu (norm-dir) (warp-dir)
K 718 (Fe-36Ni) Mo Nb-Ti

4 -413.8 -413.8 -40

6 -414.3 -414.3 -40

8 -414.6 -414.6 -40

10 -414.9 -414.9 -714.6 -40

12 -415.2 -415.2 -713.3 -244.0 -40

14 -415.3 -415.3 -712.1 -243.4 -40

16 -415.4 -415.4 -710.7 -242.8 -40

18 -415.5 -415.5 -415.5 -709.3 -242.2 -40

20 -415.4 -415.4 -415.4 -707.9 -241.6 -238.9 -40 -92.4 -188.2

30 -414.3 -414.3 -414.3 -316.4 -699.7 -238.0 -238.4 -40 -92.46 -187.1

40 -411.5 -411.5 -411.5 -314.6 -690.1 -233.9 -236.9 -40 -92.04 -184.9

50 -407.3 -407.3 -407.3 -311.3 -679.0 -229.3 -234.5 -40 -91.21 -181.6

60 -401.6 -401.6 -401.6 -306.7 -666.5 -224.2 -231.2 -40 -89.98 -177.4

70 -394.5 -394.5 -394.5 -300.8 -652.6 -218.5 -227.0 -40 -88.39 -172.5

80 -386.1 -386.1 -386.1 -0.1480 -0.0970 -0.1313 -293.8 -637.2 -212.4 -222.1 -40.21 -86.45 -166.9

90 -376.4 -376.4 -376.4 -0.1468 -0.0967 -0.1302 -285.8 -620.5 -205.8 -216.3 -38.20 -84.19 -160.7

100 -365.4 -365.4 -365.4 -0.1450 -0.0960 -0.1287 -276.8 -602.4 -198.8 -209.9 -36.13 -81.64 -154.1

120 -340.2 -340.2 -340.2 -0.1395 -0.0935 -0.1240 -256.2 -562.1 -183.5 -194.9 -31.84 -75.74 -147.1

140 -310.8 -310.8 -310.8 -0.1316 -0.0892 -0.1172 -232.9 -516.4 -166.6 -177.6 -27.45 -68.91 -139.8

160 -277.8 -277.8 -277.8 -0.1213 -0.0832 -0.1083 -207.3 -465.4 -148.4 -158.2 -23.04 -61.31 -132.3

180 -241.5 -241.5 -241.5 -0.1088 -0.0755 -0.0973 -179.9 -409.3 -129.0 -137.0 -18.70 -53.08 -124.7

200 -202.6 -202.6 -202.6 -0.0942 -0.0660 -0.0844 -150.9 -348.2 -108.5 -114.4 -14.53 -44.34 -117.0

220 -161.5 -161.5 -161.5 -0.0774 -0.0547 -0.0696 -120.6 -282.1 -87.16 -90.64 -10.62 -35.22 -109.2

240 -118.6 -118.6 -118.6 -0.0588 -0.0419 -0.0529 -89.16 -211.2 -65.01 -66.17 -7.062 -25.80 -101.3

260 -74.40 -74.40 -74.40 -0.0382 -0.0273 -0.0345 -56.57 -135.6 -42.27 -41.26 -3.941 -16.18 -93.46

280 -29.45 -29.45 -29.45 -0.0160 -0.0113 -0.0144 -22.76 -55.33 -19.08 -16.25 -1.352 -6.431 -85.61

300 15.81 15.81 15.81 0.0079 0.0063 0.0073 12.43 29.44 4.398 8.536 0.6163 3.390 -77.77
Linear Thermal Expansion (in 10-5), continued

_______________Fe-Ni Alloys__________________ ____ Polystyrene_______ __ Polyurethane__ __ ___ __ Stainless Steel ___________

Temp. Polyamide -3 -3 -3 -3 Polyvinyl Chloride
Fe-2.25Ni Fe-3.5Ni Fe-5.0Ni Fe-9.0Ni 51.42 kg m 102.2 kg m 32.04 kg m 64.07 kg m Sapphire 304 304L 310 316
K (Nylon) (PVC)

4 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -1389 -1697 -1742 -1025 -297.0 -297.0 -297.0 -297.0

6 -210.6 -210.6 -210.6 -210.6 -1389 -1698 -1738 -1020 -297.6 -297.6 -297.6 -297.6

8 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -1388 -1698 -1735 -1016 -298.1 -298.1 -298.1 -298.1

10 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -210.5 -1388 -1697 -1732 -1011 -298.6 -298.6 -298.6 -298.6

12 -210.4 -210.4 -210.4 -210.4 -1387 -1696 -1730 -1006 -299.0 -299.0 -299.0 -299.0

14 -210.2 -210.2 -210.2 -210.2 -1386 -1694 -1727 -1001 -79.13 -299.4 -299.4 -299.4 -299.4

16 -210.1 -210.1 -210.1 -210.1 -1384 -1691 -1724 -996.6 -79.16 -299.6 -299.6 -299.6 -299.6

18 -209.9 -209.9 -209.9 -209.9 -1383 -1688 -1721 -991.7 -79.19 -299.8 -299.8 -299.8 -299.8

20 -209.6 -209.6 -209.6 -209.6 -1381 -1685 -1718 -808.3 -1050 -986.7 -79.21 -300.0 -300.0 -300.0 -300.0

30 -207.9 -207.9 -207.9 -207.9 -1369 -1660 -1702 -803.6 -1036 -961.0 -79.29 -299.7 -299.7 -299.7 -299.7

40 -205.4 -205.4 -205.4 -205.4 -1352 -1624 -1679 -795.4 -1019 -934.0 -79.25 -297.9 -297.9 -297.9 -297.9

50 -202.2 -202.2 -202.2 -202.2 -1331 -1579 -1647 -784.1 -998.9 -905.9 -79.07 -294.7 -294.7 -294.7 -294.7

60 -198.3 -198.3 -198.3 -198.3 -1306 -1525 -1605 -769.9 -975.6 -876.8 -78.73 -290.2 -290.2 -290.2 -290.2

70 -193.8 -193.8 -193.8 -193.8 -1278 -1464 -1551 -752.9 -949.5 -846.9 -78.21 -284.5 -284.5 -284.5 -284.5

80 -188.8 -188.8 -188.8 -188.8 -1246 -1398 -1489 -733.5 -921.0 -816.2 -77.49 -277.7 -277.7 -277.7 -277.7

90 -183.3 -183.3 -183.3 -183.3 -1211 -1329 -1419 -711.8 -890.1 -784.8 -76.54 -269.9 -269.9 -269.9 -269.9

100 -177.3 -177.3 -177.3 -177.3 -1173 -1257 -1346 -688.1 -857.3 -752.7 -75.36 -261.2 -261.2 -261.2 -261.2

120 -164.1 -164.1 -164.1 -164.1 -1090 -1117 -1203 -635.1 -786.3 -686.9 -72.23 -241.3 -241.3 -241.3 -241.3

140 -149.6 -149.6 -149.6 -149.6 -997.9 -979.1 -1059 -575.9 -709.3 -619.1 -68.01 -218.6 -218.6 -218.6 -218.6

160 -133.8 -133.8 -133.8 -133.8 -897.2 -842.6 -916.7 -511.6 -627.6 -549.2 -62.65 -193.7 -193.7 -193.7 -193.7

180 -117.0 -117.0 -117.0 -117.0 -788.5 -706.8 -777.2 -443.1 -542.0 -477.0 -56.12 -167.1 -167.1 -167.1 -167.1

200 -99.05 -99.05 -99.05 -99.05 -671.9 -571.7 -640.6 -371.2 -453.1 -402.2 -48.44 -139.1 -139.1 -139.1 -139.1

220 -80.06 -80.06 -80.06 -80.06 -546.8 -438.1 -506.0 -296.3 -361.3 -324.1 -39.65 -110.2 -110.2 -110.2 -110.2

240 -59.90 -59.90 -59.90 -59.90 -412.3 -307.4 -372.2 -218.9 -266.8 -241.7 -29.84 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50 -80.50

260 -38.39 -38.39 -38.39 -38.39 -266.9 -182.1 -236.6 -138.9 -169.3 -154.0 -19.10 -50.35 -50.35 -50.35 -50.35

280 -15.27 -15.27 -15.27 -15.27 -109.0 -65.04 -96.21 -56.39 -68.57 -59.6 -7.589 -19.87 -19.87 -19.87 -19.87

300 9.770 9.770 9.770 9.770 64.02 39.90 53.03 28.96 36.16 43.09 4.523 10.86 10.86 10.86 10.86
Linear Thermal Expansion (in 10-5), continued

Stycast Teflon Ti-6Al-4V

Temp.
2850 FT
K
(Epoxy)

4 -44.57 -2127 -171.9

6 -44.53 -2127 -172.3

8 -44.48 -2127 -172.5

10 -44.43 -2127 -172.8

12 -44.38 -2126 -173.0

14 -44.32 -2125 -173.2

16 -44.25 -2123 -173.4

18 -44.18 -2121 -173.5

20 -44.11 -2119 -173.6

30 -43.68 -2102 -173.4

40 -43.15 -2077 -172.5

50 -42.53 -2047 -170.7

60 -41.80 -2012 -168.2

70 -40.99 -1972 -165.0

80 -40.08 -1930 -161.1

90 -39.08 -1886 -156.6

100 -37.99 -1839 -151.6

120 -35.55 -1742 -139.9

140 -32.76 -1639 -126.4

160 -29.65 -1529 -111.4

180 -26.20 -1406 -95.39

200 -22.43 -1265 -78.55

220 -18.32 -1095 -61.28

240 -13.87 -883.3 -43.92

260 -9.082 -615.6 -26.82

280 -3.936 -273.8 -10.30

300 1.579 162.2 5.285

 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion, CTE

Temp. Cu (OFHC) Sapphire Si Phosphor-bronze

K 10-6 K-1 10-6 K-1 10-8 K-1 10-6 K-1

0.1 0.00000004800
0.2 0.0000003840
0.4 0.000003072
0.6 0.00001037
0.8 0.00002458
1 0.00000600
2 0.00004800
3 0.0003840
4 0.002281 0.0001060 0.001296
6 0.009244 0.0003781 0.003072
8 0.01893 0.0008953 0.01037
10 0.03338 0.0016535 0.02458 0.06000
12 0.05522 0.0027127 0.04800 0.1048
14 0.08720 0.0041822 0.08294 0.1657
16 0.1321 0.0061990 0.1331 0.2444
18 0.1927 0.0089156 0.1103 0.3421
20 0.2715 0.01249 -0.04541 0.4599
30 0.9888 0.04771 -0.3407 1.352
40 2.229 0.1152 -5.330 2.667
50 3.790 0.2093 -16.61 4.215
60 5.426 0.3323 -29.23 5.807
70 6.968 0.5154 -40.33 7.309
80 8.335 0.8437 -46.61 8.653
90 9.506 -47.18 9.815
100 10.49 -42.69 10.80
120 12.02 -21.48 12.32
140 13.13 11.13 13.39
160 13.97 49.33 14.17
180 14.65 87.86 14.78
200 15.21 123.6 15.29
220 15.67 156.3 15.73
240 16.05 185.1 16.12
260 16.33 210.8 16.48
280 16.51 233.1 16.78
300 16.58 252.6 17.04
 Youngs Modulus, E (in GPa)

_______Al_________
________________ Fe-Ni Alloys______________________ _______________Stainless Steel______________
Temp. Invar
5083 6061 Fe-2.25Ni Fe-3.5Ni Fe-5.0Ni Fe-9.0Ni 304 310 316
K (Fe-36Ni)
2 80.85 77.73 141.6 217.7 215.4 209.2 205.4

4 80.87 77.75 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.2 205.4 210.1 206.7

6 80.89 77.76 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.3 205.4 210.2 206.7

8 80.90 77.78 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.3 205.5 210.2 206.7 207.9

10 80.91 77.79 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.3 205.5 210.2 206.7 207.8

12 80.92 77.80 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.4 205.5 210.2 206.7 207.8

14 80.92 77.80 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.4 205.5 210.1 206.7 207.9

16 80.93 77.81 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.4 205.5 210.1 206.7 207.9

18 80.93 77.81 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.4 205.5 210.1 206.6 208.0

20 80.93 77.81 141.7 217.7 215.4 209.4 205.5 210.1 206.6 208.1

30 80.90 77.78 141.6 217.7 215.4 209.5 205.6 210.4 206.5 208.8

40 80.82 77.71 141.4 217.6 215.3 209.5 205.5 211.7 206.3 209.3

50 80.70 77.60 141.1 217.4 215.1 209.5 205.4 213.4 206.0 209.6

60 80.54 77.46 140.8 217.2 214.9 209.4 205.2 214.6 205.7 209.5

70 80.34 77.28 140.5 217.0 214.6 209.3 205.0 214.5 205.3 209.3

80 80.11 77.08 140.1 216.7 214.3 209.1 204.8 214.4 204.9 209.0

90 79.85 76.86 139.9 216.4 214.0 208.9 204.5 214.1 204.5 208.7

100 79.56 76.61 139.7 216.0 213.6 208.7 204.2 213.7 204.0 208.2

120 78.92 76.07 139.5 215.2 212.8 208.1 203.5 212.8 202.9 207.2

140 78.21 75.48 139.7 214.3 211.9 207.3 202.7 211.5 201.7 206.0

160 77.45 74.86 140.3 213.3 211.0 206.4 201.8 210.1 200.4 204.7

180 76.65 74.21 141.3 212.3 210.0 205.4 200.9 208.7 199.1 203.3

200 75.82 73.56 142.8 211.2 208.9 204.3 199.9 207.2 197.7 201.8

220 74.98 72.89 144.6 210.2 207.9 203.1 198.9 205.6 196.3 200.3

240 74.14 72.22 146.7 209.1 206.8 201.9 197.9 204.1 194.8 198.8

260 73.30 71.54 148.8 208.0 205.7 200.6 196.9 202.4 193.4 197.3

280 72.46 70.83 150.8 206.9 204.7 199.4 195.9 200.7 191.9 195.7

300 71.62 70.10 152.4 205.8 203.6 198.2 194.9 198.8 190.3 194.1