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Tutorial for Beginners pdf

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 Structure of a C# Program
// Specify namespaces we use classes from here
using System;
using System.Threading; // Specify more specific namespaces
namespace AppNamespace
{
// Comments that start with /// used for
// creating online documentation, like javadoc
/// <summary>
/// Summary description for Class1.
/// </summary>
class Class1
{
// .. Code for class goes here
}
}
 Defining a Class
class Class1
{
static void Main(string[] args)
{
// Your code would go here, e.g.
Console.WriteLine("hi");
}
/* We can define other methods and vars for the class */
// Constructor
Class1()
{
// Code
}
// Some method, use public, private, protected
// Use static as well just like Java
public void foo()
{
// Code
}
// Instance, Static Variables
private int m_number;
public static double m_stuff;
}
C# Basics

 C# code normally uses the file extension of “.cs”.

 Note similarities to Java
 A few annoying differences, e.g. “Main” instead of “main”.
 If a namespace is left out, your code is placed into the
default, global, namespace.
 The “using” directive tells C# what methods you would
like to use from that namespace.
 If we left out the “using System” statement, then we would
have had to write “System.Console.WriteLine” instead of
just “Console.WriteLine”.
 It is normal for each class to be defined in a separate
file, but you could put all the classes in one file if you
wish.
 Using Visual Studio .NET’s “P)roject, Add C)lass” menu
option will create separate files for your classes by default.
Getting Help

 If MSDN is installed
 Online help resource built into Visual Studio .NET.
 Help Menu, look up C# programming language
reference
 Dynamic Help
 If MSDN is not installed, you can go online to
access the references. It is accessible from:
 http://msdn.microsoft.com/library/default.asp
 You will have to drill down to VS.NET,
Documentation, VB and C#, and then to the C#
reference.
 Both include numerous tutorials, or search on
keywords
Basics: Output with
WriteLine
 System.Console.WriteLine() will output a string to the
console. You can use this just like Java’s
System.out.println():
System.Console.WriteLine(“hello world “ + 10/2);
will output:
hello world 5
 We can also use {0}, {1}, {2}, … etc. to indicate
arguments in the WriteLine statement to print. For
example:
Console.WriteLine(“hi {0} you are {0} and your age is {1}”,
“Kenrick”, 23);
will output:
hi Kenrick you are Kenrick and your age is 23
WriteLine Options

 There are also options to control things such

as the number of columns to use for each
variable, the number of decimals places to
print, etc. For example, we could use :C to
specify the value should be displayed as
currency:
Console.WriteLine(“you have {0:C} dollars.”, 1.3);
outputs as:
you have $1.30 dollars.

 See the online help or the text for more

formatting options.
Data Types

 C# supports value Built-In Types

types and C# Type .NET Framework type
reference types. bool
byte
System.Boolean
System.Byte
 Value types are sbyte System.SByte
essentially the char System.Char
primitive types decimal System.Decimal
found in most double System.Double

languages, and float

int
System.Single
System.Int32
are stored directly uint System.UInt32
on the stack. long System.Int64

 Reference types ulong System.UInt64

are objects and object

short
System.Object
System.Int16
are created on ushort System.UInt16
the heap. Ref
string System.String
type
Automatic Boxing/Unboxing
 Automatic boxing and unboxing allows value
types can be treated like objects.
 For example, the following public methods are
defined for Object:
Equals Overloaded. Determines whether two
Object instances are equal.
GetHashCode Serves as a hash function for a particular
type, suitable for use in hashing algorithms
and data structures like a hash table.
GetType Gets the Type of the current instance.
ToString Returns a String that represents the current
Object.
We can then write code such as:
int i;
Console.WriteLine(i.ToString()); First version more efficient
int hash = i.GetHashCode(); due to automatic
This is equivalent to performing: boxing at VM level
z = new Object(i);
Console.WriteLine(z.ToString());
 Structures
 struct is another value type
 A struct can contain constructors, constants, fields,
methods, properties, indexers, operators, and nested
types.
 Declaration of a struct looks just like a declaration of a
class, except we use the keyword struct instead of class.
For example:
public struct Point {
public int x, y;
public Point(int p1, int p2) { x = p1; y = p2; }
}
 So what is the difference between a class and
struct? Unlike classes, structs can be created on
the stack without using the keyword new, e.g.:
Point p1, p2;
p1.x = 3; p1.y = 5;
 We also cannot use inheritance with structs.
Enumeration Type
 Example:

// Enum goes outside in the class definition

enum Days {Sat, Sun, Mon, Tue, Wed, Thu, Fri};
// Inside some method
Days day1, day2;
int day3;
day1 = Days.Sat;
day2 = Days.Tue;
day3 = (int) Days.Fri;
Console.WriteLine(day1);
Console.WriteLine(day2);
Console.WriteLine(day3); Enumeration really
maps to Int as the
Output: Sat underlying data type
Tue
6
Strings

 The built-in string type is much like

Java’s string type.
 Note lowercase string, not String
 Concatenate using the + operator
 Just like Java, there are a variety of
methods available to:
 find the index Of matching strings or
characters
 generate substrings
 compare for equality (if we use == on strings
we are comparing if the references are
equal, just like Java)
 generate clones, trim, etc.
 See the reference for more details.
Classes

 Basic class definition already covered

 To specify inheritance use a colon after the class
name and then the base class.
 To invoke the constructor for the base class in a
derived class, we must use the keyword “base”
after the constructor in the derived class.
 We must also be explicit with virtual methods,
methods are not virtual by default as with Java
public class BankAccount
{
public double m_amount;
Class Example
BankAccount(double d) {
m_amount = d;
}
public virtual string GetInfo() {
return “Basic Account”;
}
}

public class SavingsAccount : BankAccount

{
// Savings Account derived from Bank Account
// usual inheritance of methods, variables
public double m_interest_rate;
SavingsAccount(double d) : base(100) { // $100 bonus for signup
m_interest_rate = 0.025;
}
public override string GetInfo() {
string s = base.GetInfo();
return s + “ and Savings Account”;
}
}
Sample Class Usage

SavingsAccount a = new
SavingsAccount(0.05);
Console.WriteLine(a.m_amount);
Console.WriteLine(a.m_interest_rate);
Console.WriteLine(a.GetInfo());

Then the output is:

100
0.05
Basic Account and Savings Account
Class Notes

 We must explicitly state that a method

is virtual if we want to override it
 By default, non-virtual methods cannot be
overridden
 We also have to explicitly state that
we are overriding a method with the
override keyword
 To invoke a base method, use
base.methodName().
Interfaces

 An interface in C# is much like an interface in

Java
 An interface states what an object can do, but
not how it is done.
 It looks like a class definition but we cannot
implement any methods in the interface nor include
any variables.
 Here is a sample interface:
 Sample Interface
public interface IDrivable {
void Start();
void Stop();
void Turn(); Method that uses the Interface:
}
void GoForward(IDrivable d)
public class SportsCar : IDriveable { {
void Start() { d.Start();
// Code here to implement start // wait
d.Stop();
}
}
void Stop() {
// Code here to implement stop
}
void Turn() {
// Code here to implement turn
}
}
 Reading Input
 To input data, we must read it as a string and then
convert it to the desired type.
 Console.ReadLine() will return a line of input text as a
string.
 We can then use type.Parse(string) to convert the
string to the desired type. For example:
string s;
int i;
s = Console.ReadLine();
i = int.Parse(s);
 we can also use double.Parse(s); float.Parse(s);
etc.
 There is also a useful Convert class, with methods
such as Convert.ToDouble(val);
Convert.ToBoolean(val); Convert.ToDateTime(val);
etc.
Procedural Stuff

 We also have our familiar procedural constructs:

 Arithmetic, relational, Boolean operators: all the same
as Java/C++
 For, While, Do, If : all the same as Java/C++
 Switch statements: Like Java, except forces a break
after a case. Code is not allowed to “fall through” to
the next case, but several case labels may mark the
same location.
 Math class: Math.Sin(), Math.Cos(), etc.
 Random class:
Random r = new Random();
r.NextDouble(); // Returns random double
between 0-1
r.Next(10,20); // Random int, 10  int < 20
Passing Parameters

 Passing a value variable by default refers to the Pass by

Value behavior as in Java

public static void foo(int a)

{
a=1;
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
int x=3;
foo(x);
Console.WriteLine(x);
}

This outputs the value of 3 because x is passed by value to method

foo, which gets a copy of x’s value under the variable name of a.
 Passing by Reference
 C# allows a ref keyword to pass value types by reference:

public static void foo(int ref a)

{
a=1;
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
int x=3;
foo(ref x);
Console.WriteLine(x);
}

The ref keyword must be used in both the parameter declaration of the
method and also when invoked, so it is clear what parameters are
passed by reference and may be changed.
Outputs the value of 1 since variable a in foo is really a reference to
where x is stored in Main.
Passing Reference
Variables
 If we pass a reference variable (Objects, strings,
etc. ) to a method, we get the same behavior as
in Java.
 Changes to the contents of the object are
reflected in the caller, since there is only one
copy of the actual object in memory and merely
multiple references to that object.
Passing a Reference
Variable
 Consider the following:
public static void foo(string s)
{
s = "cow";
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
string str = "moo";
foo(str);
Console.WriteLine(str);
}

 Output is “moo” since inside method foo, the

local reference parameter s is set to a new
object in memory with the value “cow”. The
original reference in str remains untouched.
Passing Reference Var by
Reference
 The following will change the string in the caller
public static void foo(string ref s)
{
s = "cow";
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
string str = "moo";
foo(ref str);
Console.WriteLine(str);
}
 Output = “cow” since foo is passed a reference to
str
Arrays

 Arrays in C# are quite similar to

Java arrays. Arrays are always
created off the heap and we have
a reference to the array data. The
format is just like Java:
Type arrayname = new Type[size];
 For example:
int arr = new int[100];
 This allocates a chunk of data off
the heap large enough to store the
array, and arr references this chunk
of data.
More on Arrays

 The Length property tells us the size of an array

dynamically
Console.WriteLine(arr.Length);
// Outputs 100 for above declaration
 If we want to declare a method parameter to be of
type array we would use:
public void foo(int[] data)
 To return an array we can use:
public int[] foo()
 Just like in Java, if we have two array variables and
want to copy one to the other we can’t do it with
just an assignment.
 This would assign the reference, not make a copy of
the array.
 To copy the array we must copy each element one at
a time, or use the Clone() method to make a copy of
the data and set a new reference to it (and garbage
collect the old array values).
 Multidimensional Arrays
 Two ways to declare multidimensional arrays.
 The following defines a 30 x 3 array:
int[,] arr = new int[30][3];
 Here we put a comma inside the [] to indicate two
dimensions.
 This allocates a single chunk of memory of size 30*3*sizeof(int)
and creates a reference to it. We use the formulas for row
major order to access each element of the array.
 The following defines a 30 x 3 array using an array of
arrays:
int[][] arr = new int[30][3];
 To an end user this looks much like the previous
declaration, but it creates an array of 30 elements, where
each element is an array of 3 elements.
 This gives us the possibility of creating ragged arrays but is slower
to access since we must dereference each array index.
 Just like Java arrays
Related to Arrays

 Check out the ArrayList class defined in

System.Collections.
 ArrayList is a class that behaves like a Java
vector in that it allows dynamic allocation of
elements that can be accessed like an array or
also by name using a key.
 Lastly, C# provides a new loop method,
called foreach
 Foreach will loop through each element in an
array or collection. For example:
string[] arr = {"hello", "world", "foo", "abracadabra"};
foreach (string x in arr) Console.WriteLine(x);
 Will output each string in the array.
Delegates

 C# uses delegates where languages such as C++

use function pointers.
 A delegate defines a class that describes one or
more methods.
 Another method can use this definition, regardless
of the actual code that implements it.
 C# uses this technique to pass the EventHandlers to
the system, where the event may be handled in
different ways.
Delegates Example

Compare1 uses alphabetic comparison, Compare2 uses length

// Two different methods for comparison

public static int compare1(string s1, string s2)
{
return (s1.CompareTo(s2));
}
public static int compare2(string s1, string s2)
{
if (s1.Length <= s2.Length) return -1;
else return 1;
}
Delegates Example
public delegate int CompareDelegate(string s1, string s2);

// A method that uses the delegate to find the minimum

public static string FindMin(string[] arr, CompareDelegate compare)
{
int i, minIndex=0;

for (i=1; i<arr.Length; i++)

{
if (compare(arr[minIndex],arr[i])>0) minIndex=i;
}
return arr[minIndex];
}

static void Main(string[] args)

{
string[] arr = {"hello", "world", "foo", "abracadabra"};
string s;
Console.WriteLine(FindMin(arr, new CompareDelegate(compare1)));
Console.WriteLine(FindMin(arr, new CompareDelegate(compare2)));
}

The output of this code is:

abracadabra (using compare1, alphabetic compare)
foo (using compare2, length of string compare)
Next Lecture

 Here we have covered all of the basic constructs

that exist in the C# language under the Common
Language Runtime!
 Next we will see how to use various
Windows.Forms features to create Windows
applications with graphical interfaces.