10/11/2019

Fluid Dynamics

Computational Fluid Dynamics AFD EFD CFD

-2-

∇ •U = 0
DU 1 2
= −∇p + ∇ U + ∇ • ui u j
Dt Re

Fluid Mechanics History

Faces of Fluid Mechanics
• Fluids essential to life
– Human body 65% water
– Earth’s surface is 2/3 water
– Atmosphere extends 17km above the earth’s surface
• History shaped by fluid mechanics
– Geomorphology Archimedes Newton Leibniz Bernoulli Euler
– Human migration and civilization (C. 287-212 BC) (1642-1727) (1646-1716) (1667-1748) (1707-1783)

– Modern scientific and mathematical theories and methods

– Warfare
• Affects every part of our lives
Navier Stokes Reynolds Prandtl Taylor
(1785-1836) (1819-1903) (1842-1912) (1875-1953) (1886-1975)
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Significance Fluids Engineering

• Fluids omnipresent Reality

– Weather & climate

– Vehicles: automobiles, trains, ships, and Fluids Engineering System Components Idealized

planes, etc.
– Environment EFD, U D = B 2 + P 2 Mathematical Physics Problem Formulation
– Physiology and medicine
– Sports & recreation
– Many other examples! AFD, Um CFD, 2
U s = U SM 2
+ U SN

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics Analytical Fluid Dynamics

• The theory of mathematical physics problem • Lecture Part of Fluid Class
formulation • Definition and fluids properties
• Fluid statics
• Control volume & differential analysis • Fluids in motion
• Continuity, momentum, and energy principles
• Exact solutions only exist for simple • Dimensional analysis and similitude
geometry and conditions • Surface resistance
• Flow in conduits
• Approximate solutions for practical • Drag and lift
applications
– Linear
– Empirical relations using EFD data

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Analytical Fluid Dynamics Analytical Fluid Dynamics

• Example: turbulent flow in smooth pipe( ) Re > 3000
• Example: laminar pipe flow Three layer concept (using dimensional analysis)
ρUD
Assumptions: Fully developed, Low Re = < 2000
µ u + = u u* y + = yu* ν u* = τ w ρ
Approach: Simplify momentum equation,
integrate, apply boundary conditions to Schematic 1. Laminar sub-layer (viscous shear dominates)
determine integration constants and use u + = y+ 0 < y+ < 5
energy equation to calculate head loss
2. Overlap layer (viscous and turbulent shear important)
0
Du 0 ∂ p  ∂ 2u ∂ 2 u  0 1
=− + µ 2 + u+ = ln y + + B 20 < y + < 105 (κ=0.41, B=5.5)
 + gx κ
Dt ∂x  ∂ x ∂y 2 
Exact solution : 3. Outer layer (turbulent shear dominates)
U −u  r +
= f  1 −  y > 10
5

u(r) = 1 (− ∂p)(R2 − r 2) u ( r ) 1 ( r0 − r ) u *
u*  r0 
4µ ∂x Assume log-law is valid across entire pipe: = ln +B
8µ du *
u κ ν
8τ dy w 64
Friction factor: f = w2 = =
ρV ρV 2 Re Integration for average velocity and using EFD data to adjust constants:
p1 p L V 2 32 µ LV 1
= 2log ( Re f 1 2 ) − .8
Head loss: + z1 = 2 + z2 + h f hf = f =
γ γ D 2g γ D2 f
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Analytical Fluid Dynamics Analytical Fluid Dynamics

• Example: turbulent flow in rough pipe
• Example: Moody diagram for turbulent pipe flow
Composite Log-Law for smooth and rough pipes is given by the Moody
Both laminar sublayer and overlap diagram:
layer
Inner layer: by
are affected = u+ ( y k )
u +roughness
Outer layer: unaffected
1 y
Overlap layer: u+ = ln + constant
κ k
Three regimes of flow depending on k+
1. K+<5, hydraulically smooth (no effect of roughness)
2. 5 < K+< 70, transitional roughness (Re dependent)
3. K+> 70, fully rough (independent Re)
For 3, using EFD data to adjust constants:
1 k D 2.51 
1 y 1 k D 1
= −2log  + 12
u+ = ln + 8.5 ≠ f ( Re ) Friction factor: = −2log f 2  3.7 Re f 
κ k f 3.7

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Experimental Fluid Dynamics (EFD) Purpose

Definition:
Use of experimental methodology and procedures for solving fluids engineering
systems, including full and model scales, large and table top facilities, • Science & Technology: understand and investigate a phenomenon/process,
measurement systems (instrumentation, data acquisition and data reduction), substantiate and validate a theory (hypothesis)
uncertainty analysis, and dimensional analysis and similarity.
• Research & Development: document a process/system, provide benchmark
data (standard procedures, validations), calibrate instruments, equipment,
EFD philosophy:
and facilities
• Decisions on conducting experiments are governed by the ability of the
expected test outcome, to achieve the test objectives within allowable • Industry: design optimization and analysis, provide data for direct use,
uncertainties. product liability, and acceptance
• Integration of UA into all test phases should be a key part of entire • Teaching: instruction/demonstration
experimental program
– test design
– determination of error sources
– estimation of uncertainty
– documentation of the results

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Applications of EFD Applications of EFD

Application in science & technology Application in research & development

Picture of Karman vortex shedding Tropic Wind Tunnel has the ability to create
temperatures ranging from 0 to 165 degrees
Fahrenheit and simulate rain

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Applications of EFD Applications of EFD

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Applications of EFD (cont’d)

Example of industrial application

NASA's cryogenic wind tunnel simulates flight

conditions for scale models--a critical tool in
designing airplanes.

Application in teaching

Fluid dynamics laboratory

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Full and model scale Measurement systems

• Instrumentation
• Load cell to measure forces and moments
• Pressure transducers
• Pitot tubes
• Hotwire anemometry
• PIV, LDV
• Data acquisition
• Serial port devices
• Desktop PC’s
• Plug-in data acquisition boards
• Data Acquisition software - Labview
• Data analysis and data reduction
• Data reduction equations
• Scales: model, and full-scale
• Spectral analysis
• Selection of the model scale: governed by dimensional analysis and similarity

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Instrumentation Data acquisition system

Hardware

Pitot tube
Software - Labview

Load cell

Hotwire 3D - PIV
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57:020 Fluid Mechanics

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Data reduction methods Spectral analysis

Aim: To analyze the natural FFT: Converts a function from amplitude as function
unsteadiness of the separated of time to amplitude as function of frequency
• Data reduction equations flow, around a surface piercing
strut, using FFT.
• Spectral analysis

Fast Fourier Transform

EXPERIMENTAL ERROR SOURCES

INDIVIDUAL
TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE PIPE VENTURI
PRESSURE PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
WATER AIR
SYSTEMS

Tw Ta z SM z DM MEASUREMENT
Bz , Pz Bz , Pz OF INDIVIDUAL
BT , PT BT , PT
w w a a SM SM DM DM VARIABLES

r = F(Tw )
w
ra = F(Ta )
DATA REDUCTION
Q = F(Dz DM ) EQUATIONS
2
gp D
5 rw
f = F(r , r , z , Q) = (z - z )
w a SM 8LQ
2 ra SM i SM j

Free-surface wave Time history of

f
B f , Pf
EXPERIMENTAL
RESULTS
elevation contours wave elevation

 2 ⋅ gρ w 
u (r ) =  ⋅ z SM Stag (r ) − z SM Stat  [ ]
 ρa 

Example of data reduction

equations
Surface piercing strut FFT of wave elevation Power spectral density
25 26 of wave elevation
57:020 Fluid Mechanics

Uncertainty analysis Dimensional analysis

• Definition : Dimensional analysis is a process of formulating fluid mechanics
Rigorous methodology for uncertainty assessment problems in
using statistical and engineering concepts in terms of non-dimensional variables and parameters.
• Why is it used :
ELEMENTAL • Reduction in variables ( If F(A1, A2, … , An) = 0, then f(Π
Π 1, Π 2, … Π r < n) = 0,
ERROR SOURCES where, F = functional form, Ai = dimensional variables, Π j = non-dimensional
INDIVIDUAL
parameters, m = number of important dimensions, n = number of dimensional
1 2 J MEASUREMENT variables, r
SYSTEMS = n – m ). Thereby the number of experiments required to determine f vs. F is
reduced.
MEASUREMENT
• Helps in understanding physicsExample Drag = f(V, L, r, m, c, t, e, T, etc.)
X X X
1 2 J OF INDIVIDUAL • Useful in data analysis and modeling
propertiesanalysis,
B,P B,P
B ,P
1 1 2 2 J J VARIABLES • Enables scaling of different physical dimensions From dimensional
and fluid

DATA REDUCTION
r = r (X , X ,......, X ) EQUATION
1 2 J

r EXPERIMENTAL
B, P RESULT
Vortex shedding behind cylinder Examples of dimensionless quantities : Reynolds number, Froude
r r
Number, Strouhal number, Euler number, etc.
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Similarity and model testing EFD process

• Definition : Flow conditions for a model test are completely similar if all relevant • “EFD process” is the steps to set up an experiment and
dimensionless parameters have the same corresponding values for model and
prototype. take data
• Π i model = Π i prototype i = 1
• Enables extrapolation from model to full scale
• However, complete similarity usually not possible. Therefore, often it is Test
Set-up
Data
Acquisition
Data
Reduction
Uncertainty
Analysis
Data
Analysis
necessary to
use Re, or Fr, or Ma scaling, i.e., select most important Π and accommodate
Prepare Compare results
others Facility & experimental Statistical Estimate bias with benchmark
as best possible. conditions procedures analysis limits data, CFD, and
/or AFD
• Types of similarity:
• Geometric Similarity : all body dimensions in all three coordinates have the Initialize data
Install model acquisition Data reduction Estimate Evaluate fluid
same software equations precision limits physics
linear-scale ratios.
• Kinematic Similarity : homologous (same relative position) particles lie at
homologous Calibration Run tests & Estimate total Prepare report
points at homologous times. acquire data uncertainty

• Dynamic Similarity : in addition to the requirements for kinematic similarity

the model
Prepare
and prototype forces must be in a constant ratio. measurement Store data
systems

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EFD – “hands on” experience

Computational Fluid Dynamics
• CFD is use of computational methods for solving
fluid engineering systems, including modeling
(mathematical & Physics) and numerical methods
(solvers, finite differences, and grid generations,
Lab1: Measurement of density
etc.).
and
Chord-wise
Pressure
L Load Cell
Lab2: Measurement of
• Rapid growth in CFD technology since advent of
Taps
Tygon

kinematic viscosity of a fluid

Tubing D
flow rate, friction factor and
To

velocity profiles in smooth and

Load Cell
Scanivalve

rough pipes. computer

ENIAC 1, 1946 IBM WorkStation

Lab3: Measurement of surface pressure

Distribution, lift and drag coefficient for an airfoil
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Purpose Modeling
• The objective of CFD is to model the continuous fluids with • Mathematical physics problem formulation of fluid engineering
Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) and discretize PDEs system
into an algebra problem, solve it, validate it and achieve • Governing equations: Navier-Stokes equations (momentum),
continuity equation, pressure Poisson equation, energy equation,
simulation based design instead of “build & test” ideal gas law, combustions (chemical reaction equation), multi-
phase flows(e.g. Rayleigh equation), and turbulent models (RANS,
LES, DES).
• Simulation of physical fluid phenomena that are difficult to
• Coordinates: Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinates result
be measured by experiments: scale simulations (full-scale in different form of governing equations
ships, airplanes), hazards (explosions,radiations,pollution),
• Initial conditions(initial guess of the solution) and Boundary
physics (weather prediction, planetary boundary layer, Conditions (no-slip wall, free-surface, zero-gradient, symmetry,
stellar evolution). velocity/pressure inlet/outlet)
• Flow conditions: Geometry approximation, domain, Reynolds
Number, and Mach Number, etc.

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Modeling (examples) Modeling (examples, cont’d)

Developing flame surface (Bell et al., 2001)
Free surface animation for ship in
regular waves

3D vortex shedding behind a circular cylinder (Re=100,DNS,J.Dijkstra)

DES,
Re=105, Iso-
surface of Q
criterion (0.4)
for turbulent
flow around
NACA12 with
angle of
attack 60
Evolution of a 2D mixing layer laden with particles of Stokes degrees
Number 0.3 with respect to the vortex time scale (C.Narayanan)

LES of a turbulent jet. Back wall shows a slice of the dissipation rate and
the bottom wall shows a carpet plot of the mixture fraction in a slice
35 through the jet centerline, Re=21,000 (D. Glaze). 36

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Numerical methods CFD process

y Geometry Physics Mesh Solve Reports Post-
• Finite difference methods: using Processin
numerical scheme to approximate the jmax ∆x g
exact derivatives in the PDEs Select Heat Transfer Unstructured Steady/ Forces Contours
j+1 Geometry ON/OFF (automatic/ Unsteady Report
manual) (lift/drag, shear

∂2P Pi + 1 − 2 Pi + Pi − 1 j stress, etc)

= ∆y
∂x 2 ∆x2 j-1 Compressibl Structured Iterations/ XY Plot Vectors
Geometry e (automatic/ Steps
∂2P P − 2 P j + P j −1 Parameters ON/OFF manual)
= j +1
∂y 2 ∆y 2 o
• Finite volume methods i-1 i i+1 imax x Domain Flow Convergent Verification Streamlines
• Grid generation: conformal mapping, Shape and
Size
properties Limit

algebraic methods and differential

equation methods
Viscous Precisions Validation
• Grid types: structured, unstructured Model (single/
double)
• Solvers: direct methods (Cramer’s
rule, Gauss elimination, LU
Boundary Numerical
decomposition) and iterative methods Conditions Scheme
(Jacobi, Gauss-Seidel, SOR)
Initial
Conditions

Slice of 3D mesh of a fighter

37 aircraft 38

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