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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First, we bless the Almighty God for giving us grace, support, and strength to carry out and
participate in this report.

We would like to express our gratitude to everyone that is involved and who made it possible for
us to complete this study. Special thanks to our lecturers; DR. O.P ORELAJA, MISS M.D
ODEKUNLE, whose contribution to stimulating suggestions and encouragement helped us to
coordinate the project. We would also like to express our gratitude to Pastor Taiwo Afolabi, the
Baale of the community and the members of the Isade community, for their patience and
willingness to answer our questions. In addition, we would also like to acknowledge the crucial
role played by every member of the Group their suggestion and resources where a great help in
the compilation, analysis, and creation of the final report

1
ABSTRACT

Even though rural communities in Nigeria account for over eighty percent of the population,
they only have about ten percent of the infrastructure and other indicators of growth.

The amount of money budgeted for rural development by the three levels of government and
foreign organizations are regularly squandered.

Otherwise, with the amount of focus and resources invested on efforts to improve rural
communities in Nigeria, the inequality and lopsidedness in terms of poverty and socio-economic
infrastructure between rural and urban areas of the country should have been a thing of the
past.

This study examines how village regrouping can be used to provide and enhance sustainable development
in the developing countries. This research also cuts through the major problems in rural communities,
identification of major development programs, major sustainable development assistance (goals) and
possible solutions to foster and maintain these programs.

KEYWORDS: Rural communities, Village Regrouping, Rural development, Sustainable development

assistance (goals), Development programs, Solutions

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

FRONT PAGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1

ABSTRACT 2

TABLE OF CONTENT 3

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY 6

1.2 AIMS OF THE STUDY 6

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 VILLAGE REGROUPING AND THE CONCEPT OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT 7

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF VILLAGE REGROUPING STRATEGY FOR

RURAL DEVELOPMENT 7

2.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 8

2.31 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN RURAL 8

COMMUNITIES

2.32 OBJECTIVES OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 9

PROGRAMMES

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 THE STUDY AREA: ISADE COMMUNITY 10

3.2 COMPILATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS 11

3.21 PHYSICAL PRESENCE ON STUDY AREA 11

3
3.22 THE USE OF DOCUMENT AND REPORTS 11

3.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE 11

3.4 LAND USE 12

3.5 SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND SOIL PROFILE 12

3.6 HEALTHCARE 13

3.7 CULTURE 14

3.8 RELIGION 14

3.9 SOCIAL-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 14

3.10 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS 21

CHAPTER FOUR: CONCLUSION

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS 22

4.2 CONCLUSION 23

REFERENCES 24

4
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Rural Area In general a rural area is a geographic area that is located outside town and cities
(i.e., whatever is not urban is rural).

A typical rural area has low population density and small settlements.

Rural areas are less developed in terms of social amenities provided by government (such as
Water, Power supply, Road and Housing). They are often Farming/Agricultural areas.

Rural Development The word "rural development" includes a wide variety of activities. It
mainly focuses on emerging areas that are not part of the conventional urban economic structure.
It is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in
rural areas. Traditionally, rural development has concentrated on the extraction of land-intensive
natural resources like agriculture and forestry.

Rural areas, on the other hand, have changed due to shifts in global production networks and
increased urbanization. Tourism, niche manufacturing, and leisure are rapidly replacing resource
extraction and agriculture as the key economic drivers.

The need for rural communities to take a more holistic approach to development, rather than
concentrating exclusively on agricultural or resource-based enterprises, has resulted in a greater
emphasis on a wide range of development goals.

Education, entrepreneurship, physical infrastructure, and social infrastructure are all essential
factors to consider. The emphasis on locally generated economic development strategies is
another characteristic of rural development.

Rural areas differ significantly from one another, in comparison to urban areas, which have
certain parallels, as a result, a wide range of rural development methods are used around the
world.

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1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

A common feature of the rural development efforts and programs in developing countries is the
absence of the essential aspects of planning. In effect the failures of the development efforts in
developing countries are not far from the wrong choice of strategy and approach, planning
process and implementation techniques. The net effect of the development efforts in developing
countries as summarized by (Mabogunje, 1977) include: The intensification of regional in-
qualities everywhere with favored regions growing at relatively faster rates than the less favored,
The gap between rural and urban standards of living widened considerably, Environmental
conditions have sharply deteriorated under the impacts of either too rapid growth in the major
cities or growing poverty in most other places and a vast majority of the population in these areas
become dispirited and dejected with their marginal relation to the development process. Such
favorable socio-economic situations in developing countries require that efforts should be
reviewed with the required urgency and vigor.

1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

Village regrouping is aimed at creating relatively larger settlements by bringing together several
scattered villages for the purpose of a region, which is a planned region that is small and
relatively homogeneous in terms of physical and socio-economic characteristics. Rural
development involves a set of projects and policies designed/coordinated and aimed at raising
the whole pattern of living of a given rural population from a lower to a markedly higher level.
Hence the need for a trend which emphasizes integration in a spatial dimension.

For this reason, the following activities were carried out:

 visiting a well-known rural community

 collecting relevant data about the community to:
1. Determine the community’s facilities and amenities.
2. Determine the community’s major development programs or lack of.
3. Determine the major problems of the community

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 VILLAGE REGROUPING AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT.

The main aim of regrouping villages is to create larger settlements where small industries,
markets and community services can be provided at less cost per head the more concentrated the
population of an area is. This strategy, therefore, through the creation of relatively large
settlement, provides the necessary threshold population which makes viable the location of
certain socio-economic facilities, markets, and services.

The concept of rural development may as Obinna observed be defined from two main points of
view, the stable and the dynamic aspect.

The stable aspect of it includes the development of tangible and intangible rural features with
fixed location such as land, building and even population. Its dynamic aspect on the other hand
refers to increased facilities for the exchange of goods, the transfer of people and the spread of
ideas within but also among all such rural units.

Rural development therefore involves a process of an orderly and systematic approach to solving
the problems of the rural area/sector.

2.2 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF VILLAGE REGROUPING STRATEGY FOR

RURAL DEVELOPMENT

It is a fact, which cannot be denied that it is more costly to provide social amenities to disposed
rural population than concentrated villages. Administration of taxes, law and order, supervision
of welfare services and other publicly induced development programs are cheaper to provide
where people live closer together than with scattered population (Onakomaiya, 1981), Village
regrouping strategy seek to use selected central villages as district centers serving a group of
villages and attracting their enhanced job opportunities, migrants who might otherwise move to
large cities. The exponents of this strategy also believe that grouping of scattered villages into
large rural centers will lead to a better and easier management of rural development programs.

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Village regrouping is an exercise that very much relates to population resettlements schemes. It
involves movement of people from the original domicile to another place, usually an existing
village, or a vacant site. The need for regrouping and its subsequent movement of people may be
as a result of several and varied forces. People move from their original domicile to another site
in order to adjust to natural disasters such as floods, earthquakes, and epidemics.

People are also sometimes moved and re-grouped as a result of major man-initiated technical
enterprises such as dam construction, or gigantic land development projects and urban settlement
development. Movement also results due to political problem of mass deportation of a group of
people from one territory to another. Movement also takes place as a result of a pull by new
accessibility routes and inaccessible town, or village moves to a new roadside location to take
advantage of the accessibility offered by the road. There could also be movement of regrouping
out of sheer desire to create a necessary threshold for socio economic amenities. Fundamental to
all these types of movements and their associated regrouping is that they are undertaken either
compulsorily or voluntarily. It is important to note that movement, regrouping and the ultimate
resettlement, even where it is voluntary, is rarely initiated from within the group involved, the
motivation is always from exogenous forces, and these external influences.

2.3 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Sustainable development is generally defined as “development that meets the needs of the
present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”
(WCED, 1987: 43).

2.31 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES IN RURAL COMMUNITIES

Recognizing the importance of rural areas in the growth of the Nigerian economy and the need to
properly leverage capital to improve the lives of the rural dwellers, who make up a large portion
of the population, previous governments have initiated several programs and approaches aimed
at reversing the negative trends that have ravaged the rural population.

The following are a few of them:

The Accelerated Food Production Project The River-Basins Development Project

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The Agricultural Development Project Green Revolution Project

Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme. Rural Electrification Scheme

Adult Education Scheme The Low – Cost Housing Scheme

The Universal Primary Education Scheme Primary Health Care Programs

Pasture and Grazing Reserves The Better Life Rural Women Program

Family Advancement Program Rural Water Schemes.

2.32 OBJECTIVES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES

Some of the objectives of the sustainable development programs include:

• Creating an agricultural food system that is solid, competitive, and sustainable.

• Developing rural areas that are viable and multifunctional

These objectives are mainly achieved by:

• Improving the value chain of domestic agricultural products and boosting competitiveness and
food system efficiency are the keyways to achieve these goals.

• Investing in intellectual capital and cultivating a philosophy of entrepreneurship

• Protection and management of natural resources and biodiversity, as well as climate change
mitigation and adaptation

• Enhancing the quality of life in rural areas by delivering essential services.

• Improving rural areas' social stability and diversifying their economic base.

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 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 THE STUDY AREA

The selected study area was ISADE COMMUNITY, located in IJEBU ODE, OGUN STATE
NIGERIA. The community is located at latitude 6° 48' 31" N and longitude 3° 58' 13" E of the
equator and has an elevation of 7 meters (23 feet) above sea level. The boarders of ISADE
COMMUNITY are determined by trees and uplands. Many of ISADE COMMUNITY
settlements are established on erosion surface owing to the topographical configuration of the
area. ISADE COMMUNITY is a small community that possess high potentials for development,
but unfortunately undergone several challenges in contrast to the developments which makes the
community underdeveloped.

View of Isade Community Photo Credit: Group I

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3.2 COMPILATION OF DATA

The method employed for the collection of data for this study was the physical presence of the
members of the group on the study area and the use of questionnaires and interviewing of key
members of the community and the use of previous reports

3.21. PHYSICAL PRESENCE ON STUDY AREA.

On Friday the 13th of March, members of Group 1 took a field trip to ISADE COMMUNITY to
obtain additional and detailed information about the community and its residents.

We spent a couple of hours on the road down to Isade Community after setting out as a group
from the University of Lagos' Department of Urban and Regional Planning.

The flow of traffic was positive, allowing us to arrive at our destination on time. We were
assigned a chaperone whose objective was to show us the community and run interference
should the need arise.

3.22. USE OF DOCUMENTATION AND REPORTS

This is a useful data collection technique that includes using previous research to obtain first-
hand knowledge about the study field. THE UNITED NATIONS – SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT GOALS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT SUMMIT REPORT (2018), as well
as A Study OF RURAL COMMUNITIES, were listed (A CASE STUDY OF ISADE). We had a
wider scope of the analysis when we saw these studies.

3.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE:

For the purposes of this report, the geographical coordinates of Isade Community are latitude 6°
48' 31" N and longitude 3° 58' 13" E.

The topography within Isade Community contains only modest variations in elevation, with a
maximum elevation change of 292 feet and an average elevation above sea level of 218 feet.

11
In Isade Community, the wet season is overcast, the dry season is partly cloudy, and it is hot and
oppressive year-round. Over the course of the year, the temperature typically varies from 71°F to
92°F and is rarely below 65°F or above 96°F.

3.4 LAND USE

Isade land uses are divided into three :
Residential land uses - 50%
Institutional land uses - 5%
Commercial land uses - 15%
Open spaces - 30%

LAND USE
RESIDENTIAL INSTITUTIONAL COMMERCIAL OPEN SPACES

30%

50%

15%

5%

Chart Indicating the Land Use of ISade Source: Group I

3.5 SETTLEMENT PATTERN AND SOIL PROFILE

Based on observation, the village settlements are dispersed, and their major construction
materials are mud, clay, concrete, and wood. The soil type is characterized by reddish-brown
soils and brown forest soils also. Here and now, we would like to analyze the various
characteristics of Isade Community rural area.

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Settlement Pattern Soil Profile

3.6 HEALTH CARE

There are two health care facility in Isade Community both private and one donated by the church,
the clinic plays a major role in catering for the health of the people and children living in the
community. And in the situation where both health centers were unavailable, residents have to travel
to IJEBU ODE to get medical attention in the General hospital

View of Health Care Facility

13
3.7 CULTURE
Isade Community hosts numerous festivals at various times during the year. Everyone is
celebrated in its own way, and it is often an opportunity for youths and residents who had
previously relocated to other communities to return only for the festivities. Masquerade, Oro
Festival, and Osun Festival are a few of these festivals.

3.8 RELIGION

The residence of the community are majorly believers in either Christianity Islam. The community
comprises of churches such as St Marks Anglican Church, Redeemed Christian Church of God
[RCCG], and 2 mosques. The residents in the community used to be traditional worshippers in the
old days, their patron god was called OSANYI until Christianity and Islam were introduced to them

Redeemed Christian Church of God [RCCG] St Mark’s Anglican Church

3.9 SOCIO – ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

During our tour and observation of the community we took a quick survey from the Baale and
about six residents during the trip, inquiring from them, crucial information as regards their time
of years spent in the community, time they moved in, their way of life, source of income, major
occupation etc. The respondents were aware of the participation and the reason for which we
came, and that their response would be used as material for our report. Participation was
voluntary, which meant that they could renounce providing any information at any time without

14
reasons. This is a sample the socio-economic characteristics information gotten from residents
living in Isade.

15
 QUESTIONNAIRE ON SETTLEMENT REGROUPING TOWADRS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ISADE-PAMPA
COMMUNITIES, IJEBU-ODE, OGUN STATE
The questions below are in respect of the above issue, kindly supply the necessary information
required by filling or ticking where appropriate. Information supplied will be treated
confidentially.
1. Name of the community: …………………………………………

2. Respondent’s Status: (i) Residents (ii) CDA Chairman (iii) Bale (iv) Religious Leader
(v) Secretary

A. General- Socio Economic Characteristics of the Respondent

3. Gender of Respondent: (i) Male (ii) Female
4. Marital Status: (i) Never Married (ii) Married (iii) Divorced (iv) Separated (v) Widowed
5. Age: (i) 15-24yrs (ii) 25-34yrs (iii) 35-44yrs (iv) 45-54yrs (v) 55-64yrs (vi) 65years and
above
6. Educational Level: (i) No Formal Education ii) Primary (iii) Jnr. Secondary (iv) Snr.
Secondary (v) Tertiary (vi) Islamic School
7. Family size: Actual …………… {Male …………….. Female ………………}
8. Status in the family: (i) Father (ii) Mother (iii) Child (iv) Other relation (v) Maid

9. Employment Status: (i) Employer (ii) Employee (iii) Self-Employed

10. Occupation: (i) Civil Servant (ii) Farmer (iii) Artisan (iv) Transporter (v)
Unemployed
11. Average Monthly Income:(i) < N18,000 (ii) N18,000 – N50,000 (iii) N50,001-N100,000
(iv) Above N100,000 (vi) Don’t know
12. Building type: (i) Bungalow (ii) Storey building

13. Apartment: (i) Roomy (ii) Flat (ii) Duplex (iv) Mixed

14. Total number of apartments in the building: …………………….

15. Building Roof Material: (i) Zinc (ii) Aluminum (iii) Asbestos (iv) Palmfront

16. Building Roof Type: Flat (ii) Hip (iii) Gable

17. Status in the community: (i) Indigene (ii) Non-Indigene

18. Non-Indigene (Tribe): ……………YORUBA…………………………………………….

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19. Major source of water supply for drinking: (i) OGSWC (ii) Borehole (iii) Well (iv) Stream
(v) Sachet Water

20. Major source of water supply for washing: (i) OGSWC (ii) Borehole (iii) Well (iv) Stream
(v) Sachet Water

21. Major source of power supply: (i) IBEDC (ii) Generator (iii) Solar/Inverter

22. Alternative source of power: (i) IBEDC (ii) Generator (iii) Solar/Inverter

23. Length of stay in the community? (i) < 1yr (ii) 1-2yrs (iii) 2-5yrs (iv) 5-10yrs (v) Above
10yrs (vi) Not Applicable
24. What community association do you actively belong? (i) CDA (ii) Traders Association (iii)
Political (iv) Religious (v) Others (Specify)……none……………………………………..

25. What are your significant contributions to the community? ……

donations…………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………

17
 QUESTIONNAIRE ON SETTLEMENT REGROUPING TOWADRS
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN ISADE-PAMPA
COMMUNITIES, IJEBU-ODE, OGUN STATE
The questions below are in respect of the above issue, kindly supply the necessary information
required by filling or ticking where appropriate. Information supplied will be treated
confidentially.
1. Name of the community: …………………………………………

2. Respondent’s Status: (i) Residents (ii) CDA Chairman (iii) Bale (iv) Religious Leader
(v) Secretary

A. General- Socio Economic Characteristics of the Respondent

3. Gender of Respondent: (i) Male (ii) Female
4. Marital Status: (i) Never Married (ii) Married (iii) Divorced (iv) Separated (v) Widowed
5. Age: (i) 15-24yrs (ii) 25-34yrs (iii) 35-44yrs (iv) 45-54yrs (v) 55-64yrs (vi) 65years and
above
6. Educational Level: (i) No Formal Education ii) Primary (iii) Jnr. Secondary (iv) Snr.
Secondary (v) Tertiary (vi) Islamic School
7. Family size: Actual ………7…… {Male …5………….. Female ……2…………}
8. Status in the family: (i) Father (ii) Mother (iii) Child (iv) Other relation (v) Maid

9. Employment Status: (i) Employer (ii) Employee (iii) Self-Employed

10. Occupation: (i) Civil Servant (ii) Farmer (iii) Artisan (iv) Transporter (v) Unemployed
11. Average Monthly Income:(i) < N18,000 (ii) N18,000 – N50,000 (iii) N50,001-N100,000
(iv) Above N100,000 (vi) Don’t know
12. Building type: (i) Bungalow (ii) Storey building

13. Apartment: (i) Roomy (ii) Flat (ii) Duplex (iv) Mixed

14. Total number of apartments in the building: …………………….

15. Building Roof Material: (i) Zinc (ii) Aluminum (iii) Asbestos (iv) Palmfront

16. Building Roof Type: Flat (ii) Hip (iii) Gable

17. Status in the community: (i) Indigene (ii) Non-Indigene

18. Non-Indigene (Tribe): ………………………………………………………….

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19. Major source of water supply for drinking: (i) OGSWC (ii) Borehole (iii) Well (iv) Stream
(v) Sachet Water

20. Major source of water supply for washing: (i) OGSWC (ii) Borehole (iii) Well (iv) Stream
(v) Sachet Water

21. Major source of power supply: (i) IBEDC (ii) Generator (iii) Solar/Inverter

22. Alternative source of power: (i) IBEDC (ii) Generator (iii) Solar/Inverter

23. Length of stay in the community? (i) < 1yr (ii) 1-2yrs (iii) 2-5yrs (iv) 5-10yrs (v) Above
10yrs (vi) Not Applicable
24. What community association do you actively belong? (i) CDA (ii) Traders Association (iii)
Political (iv) Religious (v) Others (Specify)…………………………………………..

25. What are your significant contributions to the community? Since………since becomimg the
bale I have provided water for the community for free , contributed for the attainment of the
transformer.………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…

B. CDA Chairman

26. Name of the CDA:………………………………………………………….

27. How many CDA is in the village?............................

28. Is your CDA registered? (i0 Yes (ii) No

29. If No, Why?:……………………………………………………………………………….

30. State specific role(s) of your CDA towards development in the area?

31. How can you describe the CDA's relationship with other CDAs and the village head?

32. State specific challenges of the CDA in the area?

33. CDA/Village population (approximate). Adult ____ Children ____

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C. Bale
34. History of the settlement. My family has been living here for over 200 years, although I
never met my grandparents, I was told that prior to the adaptation of Christianity and Islam the
patron god was OSANYI and in its forest, non-indigens although they could enter they could
never leave the forest without the help of an indigene

35. Awareness of regrouping concept. No

36. What is your advice towards the regrouping concept?

37. What are the basic needs of the settlement? School, better health care, better roads,
government financial assistance, Power, supply.

38. Is there available land for such needs? Yes

39. Will you be making land available for such needs? Yes, we would. we already portioned out
an area which we intend to use for a market.

40. How many CDAs are within your domain? There is one CDA in my domain.

41. How can you describe your relationship with the CDA(s) as it affects development in the
area? My relationship with the CDA is good as we meet biweekly and contribute a certain
amount monthly

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3.10 ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
The key source of income for the Isade community is land and agricultural activities.

Cassava, kola nut, corn, and other major crops are grown by a significant percentage of the
population.] Palm cultivation is one of the most economically important agricultural activities.

The product is processed in small scale and then sent to oil factories in nearby towns for further
processing and packaging for final consumption. Cassava cultivation is also an important
agricultural activity. Corn is another agricultural product. Isade community engages itself as a
means of livelihood in selling of lands, and also livestock and peasant farming. There are people
who collects the raw materials and send them to merchandisers for processing.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

CONCLUSION

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS

In several ways, today's research field has a transitional feel to it. In essence, Isade Community
has a traditional rural feel to it. For years, the rural character has remained unchanged. However,
I believe that with technological advances and an increase in rural development programs, such
as the one currently underway in the Imota community, Isade Community can still experience
significant growth. Steps must be taken to revive Isade Community for it to participate in
becoming one of the nation's active sources of dependable income; otherwise, a systematic and
continuous migration mechanism would turn the promising region into an abandoned rural area.

Other ideas and strategies we would like to propose in response to the looming challenges in
Isade Community rural region include:
 Isade Community should be awarded more recognition in terms of budgetary provision of
social and economic activities.
 The production needs of the community center around poor infrastructural facilities and ,
inadequate extension services and lack of financial credit. Therefore, feeder roads are
needed to effectively link and integrate peasants scattered all over with the urban centers
to enable them to evacuate their products from their farms.
 Isade Community also needs adequate water supply for irrigation, domestic and
commercial activities.
 Security should be provided in Isade Community at strategic and sensitive areas to reduce
the rate of chaos.
 Facilities such as health services, electricity supply, and basic infrastructure needed to
foster the development of Isade Community.
 Finally, there is need for change of attitudes on the part of the residents of I Isade
Community particularly peasant farmers and landowners to embrace the virtues of hard
work, commitment, integrity, transparency, and accountability in the conduct of business.

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4.2 CONCLUSION

As can be seen from the preceding study, Isade Community as a rural community has gotten its
fair share in the scheme of things. Even though the majority of the problems in the region are
self-created or exacerbated by a reckless attitude and mismanagement of resources, the research
and study area remain potentially suitable for growth if only a few steps are taken. Despite the
area's long history of human influence and interference, certain natural areas of the land still
exist. For natural and cultural geological reasons, the geographical area may also be brought
back to life.

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"Land and Sustainable Development Goal | UNCCD".www.unccd.int. Archived from the

original on 13 April 2019.Retrieved 13 April 2019.

Moseley, Malcolm J. (2003). Rural development: principles and practice (1. publ.ed.). London:

SAGE. p.5. ISBN 978-0-7619-4766-0.

OECD,DAC1 Official and Private Flows. The calculation is Net Private Grants / ODA.

Physical Presence On The Study Area: Group I

Rural development research: a foundation for policy (1. publ. ed.). Westport: Greenwood Press.

1996. ISBN 978-0-313-29726-7.

UN Sustainable Development Summit Report 2018.

Ward, Neil; Brown, David L. (1 December 2009) "Placing the Rural in Regional Development".

Regional Studies.43 (10): 1237–1244.10.1080/00343400903234696.

2Urban Planning and Architecture Design for Sustainable Development, UPADSD 14- 16

October 2015. “Concept of Village Regrouping as an Alternative Strategy for Sustainable Micro

Regional Development” by Abba Saleh Department of Geography, Federal University Gashua,

P.M.B 1005 Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria.

Chike, Agu Cletus. “RURAL BANKING: A STRATEGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN

NIGERIA - AN APPRAISAL / LES BANQUES ET LA CAMPAGNE: UNE STRATEGIE DE

DEVELOPPEMENT RURAL AU NIGERIA.” Savings and Development, vol. 7, no. 1, 1983,

pp. 45–62. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/25829833.

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