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Analog Signals: Signal Analysis and Mixing

This document discusses signal analysis and mixing. It defines analog and digital signals and discusses their characteristics. It also discusses signal analysis in both the time and frequency domains using tools like oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers. The document covers Fourier analysis and its use in analyzing periodic signals. It also discusses mixing signals, which can be done linearly or nonlinearly, and the effects this has on the signals like harmonic distortion, frequency multiplication, and intermodulation distortion. Modulation is described as a desired form of nonlinear mixing.

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Vladimir Godalming
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
99 views

Analog Signals: Signal Analysis and Mixing

This document discusses signal analysis and mixing. It defines analog and digital signals and discusses their characteristics. It also discusses signal analysis in both the time and frequency domains using tools like oscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers. The document covers Fourier analysis and its use in analyzing periodic signals. It also discusses mixing signals, which can be done linearly or nonlinearly, and the effects this has on the signals like harmonic distortion, frequency multiplication, and intermodulation distortion. Modulation is described as a desired form of nonlinear mixing.

Uploaded by

Vladimir Godalming
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2

Signal Analysis and Mixing


Analog Signals

- Electrical signals of which amplitude changes continuously with respect to time with no
breaks or discontinuities.

Sine Wave

- The most basic analog Signal

Digital Signals

- Electrical signals that are described as discrete; their amplitude maintains constant level
for a prescribed period of time and then it changes to another level with respect to time
with no breaks or discontinuities.

Binary Signal

- Digital signal with only two levels possible.

Quaternary Signal

- Digital signal with four levels possible.

Signal Analysis

- Is the mathematical analysis of the frequency, bandwidth, and voltage level of a signal.

Periodic Wave

- A signal that repeats at a uniform rate.

Time-domain Representation

- A description of signal with respect to time.

Oscilloscope

- A time-domain instrument that shows signal waveforms.

Signal Waveform

- The display on the cathode ray tube (CRT) that shows the shape and instantaneous
magnitude of the signal with respect to time.

Frequency Domain Representation

- A description of signal with respect to its frequency.

Spectrum Analyzer CHAPTER 2


- A frequency-domain instrument that shows amplitude-versus-frequency plot.

Nonsinusoidal /Complex Wave

Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals Through Advanced 5th Edition


1 By Wayne Tomasi
December 2010
Signal Analysis and Mixing
- Any repetitive wave that is comprised of more than one harmonically related sine or
cosine wave.

Fourier Series

- A mathematical tool that allows us to move back and forth between the time and
frequency domains. It is used in signal analysis to represent the sinusoidal components
of nonsinusoidal periodic waveforms.

Periodic Waveform

- Waveform comprised of an average dc component and a series of harmonically related


sine or cosine wave.

Harmonic

- Is the integral multiple of the fundamental frequency.

Fundamental Frequency

- Is the first harmonic and is equal to the frequency (repetition rate) of the waveform.

Even Function

- A periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about the vertical axis, it is said to have axes,
or mirror, symmetry.

- Satisfies the condition

Odd Function

- A periodic voltage waveform is symmetric about a line midway between the vertical axis
and the negative horizontal axis and passing through the coordinate origin, it is said to
have point, or skew, symmetry.

- Satisfies the condition

Half-Wave Symmetry

- A periodic voltage waveform is such that the waveform for the first half cycle repeats itself
except with the opposite sign for the second half cycle. CHAPTE R 2
- Satisfies the condition

Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals Through Advanced 5th Edition


2 By Wayne Tomasi
December 2010
Signal Analysis and Mixing
Frequency Spectrum

- Consists of all the frequencies contained in the waveform and their respective amplitudes
plotted in the frequency domain.

Bandwidth

- Calculated by subtracting the lowest frequencies to the highest frequencies.

Duty Cycle

- The ratio of the active time of the pulse to the period of the waveform.

Electrical Power

- The rate at which energy is dissipated, delivered, or used, and is a function of the square
of the voltage or current.

Or

Discrete Fourier Transform

- A Fourier transform where a time-domain signal is sampled at discrete times.

Fast Fourier Transform

- A new algorithm of Fourier transform developed by Cooley and Turkey in 1965 where the
computing time is proportional to n log 2n rather than n 2 .

Mixing

- The process of combining two or more signals

Linear Summing

- Occurs when two or more signals combine in a linear device, such as a passive network
or a small-signal amplifier. Also called linear mixing.

Linear Amplifier

- An amplifier where the output is simply the original input signal amplified by its gain.

Nonlinear Mixing
CHAPTER 2
- Occurs when two or more signals are combined in a nonlinear device such as a diode or
large-signal amplifier.

Harmonic Distortion

- Undesired generation of multiples or harmonics of that frequency.


Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals Through Advanced 5th Edition
3 By Wayne Tomasi
December 2010
Signal Analysis and Mixing
Frequency Multiplication

- Desired generation of multiples or harmonics of that frequency.

Cross Products

- The sum and difference of the two original frequencies.

Intermodulation Distortion

- The generation of any unwanted cross-product frequency when two or more frequencies
are mixed in a nonlinear device.

Modulation

- Desired cross products produced by mixing in a nonlinear device.

Electronic Communications Systems, Fundamentals Through Advanced 5th Edition


4 By Wayne Tomasi
December 2010

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