UNIT – 1

1. Enumerate the various sources of error encountered in a measurement system?

2. Draw the block diagram of the measuring system and explain the each stage with their Functions?
3. a) How the performance characteristics of an instrument are classified?
b) Explain clearly the difference between Accuracy and Precision?
4. Define the following
(a) Arithmetic mean (b) Median (c) Standard deviation (d) Variance
5. (a) Define the following terms
i. Speed of response ii. Lag iii. Fidelity iv. Dynamic error?
(b) Define ‘dynamic error’ and show how it differs with the type of input signal applied to the system.
6. (a) What is meant by stability of a measuring system ? Indicate which class of instruments are required to be more
stable.
(b) Distinguish between ‘static’ and ‘dynamic’ characteristics of a measuring system and state the relevance of each in
a measuring process.
7. (a) Define ‘drift’, ‘threshold value’ and ‘dead-band’ of a measuring system and give an example for each.
(b) Distinguish between ‘range’ and ‘span’ of an instrument.

UNIT – 2
1. a) Explain the common forms of periodic signals with their wave forms?
b) What is complex form representation of periodic signal
2. Describe the process of modulation and the techniques usually adopted?
3. Explain the techniques of pulse-time modulation and pulse code modulation and their relative merits?
4. Define ‘Laplace’ and ‘Fourier’ transforms and indicate the conditions under which each is applicable.
5. Explain the dynamic behavior of the input conditions of standard test signals.
6. What are side bands of a modulated signal and explain their presence in the AM and FM signals?

UNIT – 3
1. (a) What are the uses of LVDT?
(b) Draw sketches of typical applications of LVDT.
(c) Explain how a linear characteristic is obtained for the capacitive displacement transducers.
(d) Briefly explain various modes of operation of piezoelectric crystals.
2. Explain the following characteristics of the thermistors
(a) Resistance temperature characteristics (b) Voltage current (c) Current time
3. (a) What are the various materials used for the manufacture of strain gauges? Mention their characteristics.
(b) Discuss in detail about the bonded metal foil strain gauges.
4. Describe the different criteria for selection of transducers for a particular application? List the advantages of
Electrical transducers?
5. a) Explain the operation of a thermocouple for the measurement of temperature?
b) Explain in detail about photo voltaic and photo conductive cells?
6. a)Write about the characteristics and choice of transducers?
b) Discuss in detail the operation of a synchros?

UNIT – 4
1. With a neat block diagram explain the ramp type digital voltmeter?
2. a) Explain with a neat block diagram of a dual slope digital voltmeter.
b) A dual slope integrating type of A/D converter has an integrating capacitor of 0.1 microfarad and a resistance
of 100k.ohms. If the reference voltage is 2v, and the output of an integrator is not to exceed 10v, what is the
maximum time the reference voltage can be integrated?
3. Write short notes on:
a)Digital phase angle meter b) Integrating type DVM
4. With a neat block diagram explain the microprocessor based ramp type digital voltmeter.
5. (a) State the advantages of digital voltmeters over other voltmeters?
(b) How the Digital voltmeters are classified? Explain them?
6. Explain how the basic principle of successive approximation type DVM is similar to the simple example of
determination of weight of an object.

UNIT – 5
1. a) Why is a delay line used in the vertical section of the oscilloscopes?
b) What are the advantages of dual trace over dual beam for multiple-trace oscilloscopes?
2. a) How does the digital storage oscilloscope differ from the conventional storage oscilloscope using a
storage cathode ray tube?
b) An electrically deflected CRT has a final anode voltage of 2000 V and parallel deflecting
plates 1.5 cm long and 5mm apart. If the screen is 50 cm from the centre of deflecting plates, find beam
speed, deflection sensitivity of the tube and the deflection factor of the tube?
3. Describe in details the construction and working of an analog type storage oscilloscope. Explain the principle of
secondary emission?
4. a) What are the different types of amplifiers used for CROs? Describe the basis on which they are classified?
b) Write the important specifications of CRO for instrumentation applications?
5. (a) Derive an expression for the vertical deflection of an electron beam in the CRT.
(b) The deflection sensitivity of an oscilloscope is 35 v/cm. If the distance from deflection plates to CRT screen is
16cm, length of the deflection plate is 2.5cm and the distance between the deflecting plates is 1.2cm. What is the
acceleration anode voltage?
6. (a) Write the important specifications of CRO for instrumentation applications. What selection factors are necessary for
selecting a CRO.
(b) Calculate the velocity of an electron beam in an oscilloscope if the voltage applied to its vertical deflection plates is
2000v. Also calculate the cut off frequency if the maximum transit time is 1/4th of a cycle. The length of horizontal plates
is 50mm.

UNIT – 6
1. a)Explain the principle and working of True RMS voltmeter with a block diagram?
b) What are the differences between peak reading and RMS voltmeters?
2. a) Mention a few applications of heterodyne wave analyzers?
b) Explain the principle and operation of basic spectrum analyzer with a neat block diagram?
3. a) Explain the working of frequency selective wave analyzer with a neat block diagram?
b) What is harmonic distortion? What are the types of distortion? Discuss them?
4. (a) Explain the principle and operation of Inter Modulation Distortion analyzer with block diagram.
(b) Explain the phase angle measurement with vector impedance meter.
5. (a) A coil was tested using a Q meter and the following information was obtained. At a frequency of 3 MHz, the value
of the capacitance to give maximum resonance was 251pF while at 6 MHz it was 50pF. Calculate the self capacitance of
the Coil.
(b) Derive an expression for the Q factor of an unknown element using parallel connection.
6. (a) Explain the principle and working of peak reading voltmeter with a neat block diagram.
(b) A coil of unknown impedance is connected in series with a capacitor of 224μFand an ammeter of negligible
impedance is connected to a variable frequency of constant voltage and negligible impedance. The frequency was
adjusted both above and below the resonance frequency till the reading of the ammeter was reduced to 70.7% of its value
at resonance. This occurred at the frequencies of 876 and 892 kHz. Determine effective resistance, inductance and Q of
the coil.

UNIT – 7
1. (a) Explain about the following strain gauges.
i. evaporation deposited thin metal strain gauges.ii. semi conductor strain gauges.
(b) A single strain-gauge having a resistance of 120 is mounted on a steel cantilever beam at a distance of 0.15m from
the free end. An unknown force F iapplied at the free end produces a deflection of 12.7mm of the free end. The change in
the gauge resistance is found to be 0.152. The beam is 0.25m long with a width of 20mm and a depth of 3mm.the young’s
modulus for steel is 200GN/m2. Calculate the gauge factor.
2. Write short notes on the following:
(a) Temperature compensation of Strain gauge (b) Cantilever elastic element for force measurement
(c) Calibration of motion measuring devices.
3. a) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of dc tachometer generation and ac tachometer
generator
b) A variable reluctance type tachometer has 60 rotor teeth. The counter records 3600 counts per second. Determine
the speed in rpm.
4. a) Explain the measurement of angular velocity using D.C. tachometer generator.
b)A shaft is to transmit power up to 44kw at a constant speed of 25 revolutions per second and it is proposed that the
torque be sensed by pair of torque strain gauges bonded to a speciallymachined portion at the shaft. The gauges are
to be connected push pull in an equiarmed voltage sensitive bridge, the output of which is to be calibrated in power
units. If the maximum strain value of the gauges is 0.0015, their resistance is 120ohm and gauge factor is 2.1.
Calculate. The diameter of steel shaft to which they should be bonded its modulus of elasticity is 200x10 9N/m
 1. The o/p voltage at full power if the excitation voltage at the bridge is 6v.
2.The sensitivity of the bridge in v/kW
5. a) Define gauge sensitivity and derive expression for it?
b) The strain gauge having a gauge factor of 2 is connected in a bridge circuit having an excitation voltage 8 V. The
resistance are equal. It is subjected to a strain of 0.006. If this output is to represent 2/3 rd of full scale deflection of a
recorder, What should be the gain of the amplifier. The full scale input voltage of the recorder is 1 V?
6. (a) Mention a few devices that are used for the measurement of displacement.
(b) Describe following absorption type dynamometers used for torque.
i. Electrical generator ii. Eddy current type.

UNIT – 8
1.What is the principle of ultrasonic flow meter. Explain the operation of ultrasonic flow meter
with neat sketch.
2. a) Explain the principle of thermo couple vacuum gauge?
b) Explain the measurement of vacuum using pirani gauge?
3. a) Describe pressure measurement Piezoelectric transducers with neat sketches?
b) Discuss about the radiation receiving elements used in Radiation pyrometers
4. Write short notes on the following
i. Electromagnetic flow meter ii. Inductive method of liquid level measurement iii) Thermocouples
5. (a) Classify the various types of pressure measuring instruments.
(b) Describe pressure measurement using the following:
i. LVDT ii. photoelectric transducers iii. Oscillation transducers.
6. (a) Describe the principle and operation of Knudsen gauge with a neat sketch.
(b) Describe the operation of Ionization gauges for pressure measurement.
7. (a) It is required to design a resistance thermometer using a nickel wire of 0.002mm diameter. The thermometer
resistance at 0 0C is to be 100. How long the wire should be? The resistivity of nickel is 8.7 × 10 - 6 cm at 0 0C and the
temperature coefficient of the resistance is 0.0068 0 /C
(b)a chromel-alumel thermocouple is assumed to have nearly operating range up to 1100 0C with emf (ref 0 0C) 45.14 mV
at this temperature. The thermo- couple is exposed to a temperature of 840 0C. The portentiometer is used as the cold
junction and the temperature is estimated to be 25 0C. Calculate the
emf indicated on the potentiometer.
8. (a) Explain the construction and principle of operation of selective radiation pyrometer
(b) In a radiation pyrometer, the energy emitted from a piece of metal is measured. The temperature is found to be 1065c
assuming surface emissivity of 0.82.It was later found that the true emissivity is 0.72. Calculate the error in
thetemperature measurement