Scribd
Upload
69 views

CH15

1. Contemporary psychologists discuss cultural differences in terms of values, attitudes, and beliefs. 2. Ekman's research found that the emotion's magnitude varies by location, though the basic emotions are universal. 3. For a social system to have a culture, its members have to agree with one another about shared meanings.

Uploaded by

Şterbeţ Ruxandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
69 views

CH15

1. Contemporary psychologists discuss cultural differences in terms of values, attitudes, and beliefs. 2. Ekman's research found that the emotion's magnitude varies by location, though the basic emotions are universal. 3. For a social system to have a culture, its members have to agree with one another about shared meanings.

Uploaded by

Şterbeţ Ruxandra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

1.

Contemporary psychologists discuss cultural differences in terms of:


a. values, norms and beliefs.
b. values, attitudes and behaviour.
*c. values, attitudes and beliefs.
d. values, norms and behaviour.

2. According to Ekman’s research into the universality of basic emotions:


a. only four of the emotions can be considered truly universal.
b. members of collectivist cultures show more happiness.
*c. the emotion’s magnitude varies by location.
d. members of collectivist cultures show more anger.

3. For a social system to have a culture, its members have to:


*a. agree with one another about shared meanings.
b. disagree with one another about shared meanings.
c. be members of multiple groups.
d. understand social behaviour.

4. The theory that proposes that different life forms have arisen as adaptations
to differing challenges is known as:
a. acculturation theory.
b. post-materialist theory.
c. interdependence theory.
*d. eco-cultural theory.

5. Hofstede (1980) believed that it was crucial to know the distribution of


values and beliefs of:
a. individuals.
*b. nations.
c. cultures.
d. communities.

6. Hofstede’s cultural dimensions were individualism-collectivism, power-


distance, cultural masculinity-femininity and:
a. quantity-quality.
*b. uncertainty avoidance.
c. embeddedness versus autonomy.
d. mastery versus harmony.

7. According to Hofstede (1980), Guatemala, Ecuador, Panama and


Venezuela scored highest on:
a. power-distance.
b. cultural masculinity-femininity.
c. individualism.
*d. collectivism.

8. A criticism of cultural social psychological research claims that the samples


are all WEIRD, that is, white, educated, ___________, rich and democratic.
a. individualistic.
b. independent.
*c. industrialized.
d. ignorant.

9. Hofstede’s methodology has been criticized. Which of the following is not


an example of a valid criticism of his work?
a. He used a questionnaire designed for other purposes.
b. The words used in the survey may not have had the same meaning in each
culture.
c. His measurement of individualism-collectivism comprised four items.
*d. There is a pattern of acquiescent responding across the data set.

10. Schwartz theorized that people develop values relating to three basic
problems. These are survival as an individual, the welfare and survival of
groups and ____________:
a. mastery versus harmony.
*b. coordination of social interaction.
c. power-distance.
d. uncertainty avoidance.

11. Which of the following are characteristic of a culture in which inequality is


accepted and deference is given to one’s seniors?
*a. Hierarchy versus egalitarianism values.
b. Mastery versus harmony values.
c. Embeddedness versus autonomy values.
d. Uncertainty avoidance values.

12. The tendency for people to respond to questionnaires in ways that they
have learned is more typical of English speakers rather than in ways that are
more typical of their own culture is evidence of:
a. cultural oversensitivity.
b. acquiescent responding.
*c. experimental priming.
d. intercultural bias.

13. If a person pays attention to a key element of a situation and focus on the
effect that this element has on the situation, they could be said to have what
kind of cognitive style?
a. Holistic.
*b. Analytic.
c. Individualistic.
d. Collectivist.

14. A study by Norenzayan, Choi, and Nisbett (2002) demonstrated people’s


tendency to explain another person’s behaviour in terms of their personal
traits than in terms of the circumstances in which the behaviour occurs. This is
known as:
a. acculturation.
b. cognitive style.
*c. correspondence bias.
d. depersonalization.

15. The proposal that people from East Asia simply have less need for self-
enhancement has been negated by which of the following?
a. The type of measure used often influences the answer obtained.
b. The better than average effect is just as strong for Japanese people as it is
for Americans.
c. Self-enhancement has been seen to vary between situations amongst
Chinese Americans.
*d. All of the above.

16. Cultural understanding of which emotions should be expressed openly is


termed:
a. performance rules.
*b. display rules.
c. emotional rules.
d. presentation rules.

17. Trafimow, Triandis, and Goto (1991) primed students to think about either
their families or their individuality. Their results demonstrated the following:
a. independence and interdependence remained stable.
*b. independence and interdependence varied over time.
c. independence and interdependence became stronger.
d. independence and interdependence became weaker.

18. Studies of same-sex adolescent friendships among ethnic groups have


shown:
a. Interdependence predicted feeling closer to one’s best friend.
b. Interdependence predicted having a smaller number of other friends.
c. Interdependence predicted having more rules about how to speak to third
parties about one’s best friend,
*d. All of the above.

19. Several replications of Milgram’s (1974) studies of obedience have been


reported in different nations but some have yielded higher rates of obedience
while others have yielded lower rates. This may be because...
a. some cultures emphasize hierarchy more than others.
b. none of the replications followed Milgram’s procedure.
c. variations in obedience are likely to be affected by more than just
nationality.
*d. All of the above.

20. Teams are often made up of people from a variety of different cultural
backgrounds. Mosakowski (2000) has proposed that effective multicultural
teams will be those that:
*a. can establish a shared culture.
b. comprise of just two cultural backgrounds.
c. only meet virtually.
d. value assertiveness.

21. Adair and Brett examined the extent to which intercultural negotiators
modified their behaviour. Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Negotiators from individualistic nations showed more direct exchange of
information.
b. Negotiators from collectivist nations used indirect information exchange
more frequently.
*c. Intercultural negotiations achieved more joint gain.
d. An effective cross-cultural negotiator requires a person to be willing to
adapt their behaviour.

22. According to Inglehart and Baker (2000), a post-materialist is likely to


agree with which of the following statements?
a. My economic security is of paramount importance.
b. You cannot trust many people.
c. I have never signed a petition.
*d. I am in favour of new technologies

23. What is a term which defines the process of two cultural groups coming
into contact and causing changes in one or both parties?
a. Migration.
b. Embeddedness.
*c. Acculturation.
d. Integration.

24. What factor(s) create and sustain differences in cognitive styles?


a. contemporary languages.
b. cultural norms.
c. environmental challenges.
*d. All of the above.

25. Migrants face a variety of options regarding the extent to which they wish
to take on the norms and values of the culture they have moved to and retain
the values and behaviours of their country of origin. Choosing to participate in
the majority culture and discarding the values and behaviours of their country
of origin is known as:
a. integration.
b. marginalization.
c. separation.
*d. assimilation.

26. A culture can be said to exist when the members of that system do not
agree with each other about the meaning of what is going on around them
and engage in widespread debate.
a. T
*b. F
27. Hofstede (1980) reasoned that a nation’s culture can simply be
considered as the average of the attributes of the members of the nation.
a. T
*b. F

28. Individualist nations are those in which people describe themselves in


ways that emphasize their autonomy from others.
*a. T
b. F

29. Spain, Turkey, Greece and Portugal were found to be the most collectivist
nations by Hofstede (1980).
a. T
*b. F

30. Although Hofstede’s dimensions have been highly influential, his work has
been criticized for methodological shortcomings.
*a. T
b. F

31. Mastery versus harmony values are those characteristics of a culture in


which achievement is sought, rather than harmony.
*a. T
b. F

32. In cross-cultural studies, the use of local language enhances validity.


*a. T
b. F

33. Japanese people tend to associate friendship with intimacy, while


Westerners link it with inclusion.
a. T
*b. F

34. Nisbett (2003) has proposed that members of Western nations tend to
process information in more analytic ways.
*a. T
b. F

35. Cultural differences in cognitive style tend to stem from differences in


ability to make particular types of judgment.
a. T
*b. F

36. People in Japan are more likely to think of themselves as interdependent


with those around them.
*a. T
b. F
37. People from East Asia are more likely to attribute their successes to luck
or help from others and take the blame for failure.
*a. T
b. F

38. Interdependence is negatively correlated with embarrassment.


a. T
*b. F

39. Independence and interdependence are fixed and do not vary over time.
a. T
*b. F

40. Interdependence is associated with having a smaller number of friends.


*a. T
b. F

41. Research has found a preference for a charismatic leadership style in


individualistic Anglo nations.
*a. T
b. F

42. The need to maintain the honour of one’s group is only salient in
collectivist cultures.
a. T
*b. F

43. Differences in negotiating styles have been observed cross—culturally,


with Americans being more avoidant.
a. T
*b. F

44. Negotiators from collectivist cultures adapt their behaviour more during
intercultural negotiation.
*a. T
b. F

45. In recent decades, almost all countries have become more affluent.
*a. T
b. F

46. Post-materialists tend to be in favour of recycling.


*a. T
b. F

47. The values of a few individualistic nations are becoming more widespread
across the world as a whole.
*a. T
b. F
48. Acculturation describes the process in which two cultural groups come
together but no change occurs in either party.
a. T
*b. F

49. In a collectivist culture, identity is derived from group membership.


*a. T
b. F

50. n a collectivist culture, intimate relationships are construed in relation to


their relevance to group identities.
*a. T
b. F

You might also like