Digital & Integration - North Africa

Issue °11
February 21

Geoscience Newsletter

Welcome,

North Africa Geoscience Team is pleased to share with you February Digital
& Integration (D&I) edition of D&I North Africa Newsletter – Geoscience

This newsletter objective is to share with you Geoscience workflows,

Technology news and latest webinars.

Keep Safe and Stay Home

D&I Support Team
Dear Customers, and Users,

The recent challenges faced by our industry require us all to focus on efficiency and collaboration.
Schlumberger digital and integration (D&I) team is committed to enhance customer performance
through digital solutions driven efficiency and results oriented integrated solutions. With a focus on
customer performance the D&I team will deliver an outstanding service experience and value
creation for you.

We look forward to support you in all your endeavors in every way possible.

Best Regards,

Chères Utilisatrices et Chers Utilisateurs,

Les défis récents auxquels notre industrie est confrontée nous obligent tous à nous concentrer sur
l'efficacité et la collaboration. L'équipe Schlumberger Digital and Integration (D&I) s'est engagée à
améliorer les performances de ses clients grâce à des solutions digitales et des solutions
intégrées axées sur l'efficacité et les résultats. En mettant l'accent sur la performance client,
l'équipe D&I vous offrira une expérience de service exceptionnelle et une création de valeur.

Nous sommes impatients de vous soutenir dans tous vos efforts de toutes les manières possibles.

Très cordialement,

Sourabh Shukla

North Africa Digital Subsurface Solutions (DSS)

Digital Operations Solution Manager
Digital & Integration - North Africa

Agenda

Technical Workflow

Analysis & Interpretation

Digital Offering

Technical Papers

Did You Know Series

Maintenance & Support

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 Digital & Integration - North Africa

Technical Alert
To all users and licenses admins,
Please ensure all installations of CodeMeter Runtime are upgraded to version
7.10b or higher.
The versions of the CodeMeter previously distributed by Schlumberger on the
Software Download Center (6.6 and 6.9 – Windows and Linux OS), contain some
CVEs highlighted by Wibu.
As such, we recommend that all customers with these drivers update to version
7.10b and higher where the CVE has been resolved.

The installer can be downloaded

Details of all the CVEs are documented

If you need any assistance please feel free to contact us via support portal or by
mail here
D&I North Africa Newsletter Technical
Issue n°11 February 21 Workflow
Geometrical Modeling
With the Geometrical modeling process, you can generate properties by using pre-defined system variables,
such as Cell volume, Seismic resampling, Zone index, and so on. Each cell gets a numerical value
Why

corresponding to the selected system variable. These properties are important in processes such as Volume
calculation and Mathematical operations on petrophysical properties. Geometrical modeling is not restricted
to simple geometrical properties, it also covers more complex property distribution.

Choose the method to create your geometrical property

Different methods are organized under three different colors,
representing the type of property that is created:
Continuous & Discrete properties
` Continuous property - example QC tools
Discrete property – Index properties
Go to help page to find details about each property

• Use Cell Volume or Cell Inside out to QC cells orthogonality

before property modeling step
How

Cell Volume Cell Inside out

• Use the Zone Index to create a Zones property that can be used for filtering or perform calculations
( Porosity – Permeability or other), zone specific.

Zone hierarchy
D&I North Africa Newsletter Analysis &
Issue n°11 February 21 Interpretation
Borehole Geology workflow and applications
The Borehole images (FMI, OBMI, Quanta-Geo and UBI) are used to determine the structural dip of the
formations penetrated by the well, the direction of in-situ horizontal stresses and analyze the fractures and
faults (especially those of sub-seismic scale). In addition, and with the integration of open hole logs and
available cores/oriented full-bore core description, the images are used as facies identification and
depositional environment interpretation.

Workflow Prior to any interpretation, a quality control of the

The multiple borehole images results are obtained borehole image is needed.
using the following workflow showed in Figure 1.
2. Images Processing
The primary purpose of processing the raw borehole
Images data is to convert the raw acquisition data into
the best visual representation. The proper conditioning
is achieved using certain correction algorithms
mentioned below:
-Apply speed corrections.
-Adjust inclinometry channels.
-Detect and correct bad buttons.
-Convert ultrasonic/acoustic scanner time
measurements to radius (for UBI image).
-Equalize the response of micro-resistivity buttons.
Figure 1: Borehole images Workflow -Compute color thresholds for display.
-Image normalization (Static & Dynamic Images)
1. Log Quality Control
The first and critical step before starting any data 3. Images Interpretation
processing is to check the quality and validity of the The processing of Images is followed by interactive dip
used data. picking and classification. The dip picking enables to
compute the dip of bedding planes, fracture or any
1.1. GPIT Quality Control other planar feature (Figure 2). The dips can be further
To assess the validity of logged inclinometry data, a utilized to perform advanced geological interpretation.
comparison is made between log-derived geomagnetic
components from GPIT (General Purpose Inclinometry
Tool) against those output by the IGM (Interim
Geomagnetic Model). This comparison is always made
in the acquisition unit and again later in the data
processing center.
This is a critical step to validate the image orientation
(from the magnetometer) and correct the depth
matching (from the accelerometer).

1.2. Borehole Image Log Quality Control

The image quality is affected by a numerous borehole
conditions: Mud density, Hole shape, Sticking,
borehole breakout, pad contact for the electrical tools, Figure 2: Classification scheme of dips
Borehole artifact …
D&I North Africa Newsletter Analysis &
Issue n°11 February 21 Interpretation
Borehole Geology workflow and applications

3.1. Structural Analysis

Structural analysis is usually performed using bedding
dips interpreted from the images. Structural dip
analysis is performed using sedimentary dips
interpreted in lithologies deposited in low energy
setting since it is assumed that these dips were sub-
horizontal immediately following deposition and,
therefore, reflect present tectonic tilting.
Figure 4: Stress Induced Features in the Borehole

3.3. Fracture Analysis

Fractures are planar (or near-planar) features with no
apparent displacement across their planes. Fractures
can be closed (no aperture), open (aperture, and filled
by drilling mud) or filled/ cemented (contain mineral
cements such as resistive calcite or quartz or
conductive pyrite or clay minerals).
On the micro-resistivity images, fractures either appear
dark (conductive – filled with conductive mineral, clay
or can be either open and contain water-based drilling
mud for FMI) or whitish (resistive – can be either open
and contain oil-based drilling mud for OBMI or be
cemented by calcite or quartz). Therefore, on the
electrical images, although conductive/resistive open
and filled/cemented fractures cannot be distinguished.
Figure 3: Structural Dip Corroboration with other logs (UBI, Stoneley) and
indeed dynamic tests are therefore required for full
analysis.
3.2. In-Situ Stress Analysis On the UBI acoustic amplitude image, dark (low
Drilling-induced features are caused by stress acoustic amplitude) indicates open or clay-filled
concentration around the wellbore with the drilling fractures, and whitish/ light color (high acoustic
process as the local source of stress. Rotation of the amplitude) indicates mineral cemented fractures. On
bit, excessive weight on bit, high mud weights and the transit time image, open fractures are dark.
indeed the lithology itself can all cause induced (Figures 5 & 6)
features to form.
A validation of the existing with a Mechanical Earth
Model (MEM) by comparing the wellbore stability
prediction with the induced features is straight-forward
in (sub-) vertical wells, where borehole breakouts are
aligned along the minimum horizontal stress direction
(σh). Drilling-induced fractures are aligned along the
maximum horizontal stress direction (σH) and are
perpendicular to the breakout orientation (Figure 4).
Figure 5: Fracture Identification From Borehole Images
D&I North Africa Newsletter Analysis &
Issue n°11 February 21 Interpretation
Borehole Geology workflow and applications
Facies identification often starts with a detailed core
description. Core description is based on a number of
features such as lithology, grain size, texture,
sedimentary structures, bed geometry, contacts, color,
diagenesis and fossil type. (Figure 8)

Figure 6: Fracture Analysis

3.4. Palaeocurrent Analysis

Interpretation of palaeocurrents from cross-bedding Figure 8: Facies identification from cores
depends to a large degree on the type of sand body
e.g. shoreface, channel, mouth-bar etc. Based on log In order to fill the absence of core and/or to complete
profiles of the study intervals; especially for the sands, the gaps between cores; electrical borehole image can
combined with the facies description and the cross- give very good outputs related to sedimentology
bedding characteristics (type, style and orientations). (sorting index, facies analysis, and depositional
Figure 7 environment etc.).
The integration and combination of the results based
on detailed core description, borehole imaging and
open hole logs allow detailed sedimentary results
(facies, depositional environment, palaeocurrent
direction). Figure 9

Figure 7: Palaeocurrent Analysis

3.5. Facies Interpretation

The high resolution of image logs (especially the
electrical tools) enables the detection of thin sandstone
layers, sedimentological and facies analysis. These
thin sandstone layers cannot be detected by
conventional tools because the thickness of these
layers is less than the resolution of these conventional
tools.
Figure 9: Advanced Sedimentology Analysis
D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Digital Offering

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D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Digital Offering

Brilliant minds from upstream oil and gas share their experiences and discuss
project successes using digital solutions to solve everyday challenges.
The COVID-19 pandemic is changing the way we all work—we are all adapting
and finding new ways to connect. To keep you up-to-date with our latest
solutions for achieving business continuity during these challenging times we are
launching the Living Digital webinar series.
Understand the approach taken by Schlumberger domain experts to help solve
customer challenges enabled by the latest digital solutions.

Date Topic Registration

Using machine learning to enhance
January 26 Details
geophysics workflows
Advanced Edge Analytics and
February 24 Automated Control Using Agora and Details
Sensia: Ecuador Case Study
Supporting the global energy
March 2 Details
transition with digital solutions
Seismic Recovery Optimization
March 24 Details
Solutions

For all details and full recordings click here

D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Digital Offering

Take a short break to listen to the new episode of the Living Digital
Podcast Series.

Episode 4: Digital Leadership: Expanding The Boundaries Here

We brought together executives from Chevron,

Conoco Philips, Microsoft, IBM and Schlumberger for a
discussion on partnering to accelerate digital
transformation in the energy industry—originally
recorded for our online conference in October 2020.
Hear first hand from some of the biggest names in
energy and tech as they discuss how digital
technology will continue to impact our industry.
D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Technical Papers

Reconstructing Sedimentary Depositional Environment with Borehole

Imaging and Core: A Case Study from Eastern Offshore India
Chandramani Shrivastva and Sanchita Ganguly, Schlumberger; and Zuber Khan, GSPC

Abstract
Establishing the depositional sedimentary environment is the most important task for
exploration geologists to model the reservoir heterogeneities. Interpretation of borehole
images has been the key to better understanding of the sedimentary environment in the
study area in Krishna-Godavari basin (KG basin) along the east coast of India. The present
study aims at reconstructing sedimentary depositional environment with the help of image
logs and cores and other available data set. Data analysis and integration of borehole
images in 9 wells of the study area present a detailed insight into the different architectural
elements of the sedimentary environment envisaged. This study helps in static modeling of
the reservoir with better understanding of process sedimentology that controls the reservoir
properties of sands. Etc…

Conclusion
The integration of core and borehole images has been instrumental in developing an
understanding of the depositional sedimentary environment in the KG basin of Eastern
Offshore India. Core and images complement each other and compensate for each other
where either of the two is not available. This study shows that the sand facies varies from
channel to tidal channel, then sand bars & heterolithics in between, blocky sands and deltaic
sands. These vertically stacked facies could therefore be laterally associated with each other
indicating a fluvial to shallow marine depositional environment. Etc…
Article Here
D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Did You Know ?

Using MPS method to build realistic facies models

MultiPoint Statistics simulation (MPS) is a very powerful algorithm that can reproduce any
type of geological environment. In Petrel, MPS method has key attractive advantages: ease
of use and accessibility to non-MPS experts.

Theory of MPS
MultiPoint Statistics (MPS) simulation is a facies modeling technique that uses conceptual
geological models as 3D training images to generate geologically realistic reservoir models
conditioned to well data.
It combines the ability to reproduce geological shapes, similarly to object-based methods, with
the speed and exact data-conditioning of variogram based techniques. Thus MPS enables you
to produce models with considerably more geological complexity and perfect data conditioning.
MPS extracts facies patterns from a conceptual training image that displays the type of facies
elements believed to be present in the reservoir, and then reproduces in the model the patterns
that fit the reservoir well data. The training image is the main geological concept introduced in
this approach.
The training image concept: The new MPS method is derived from the original Snesim
algorithm, and is based on the use of search mask, patterns and multi-grids concepts.
A training image is a 3D conceptual model of the reservoir geology. It aims at capturing the
range of possible dimensions and shapes of the facies elements believed to be present in the
subsurface, as well as the spatial relationships among the different facies.
The difference between a training image and the MPS model is the conditioning to the well
data. Training images are not conditioned to any data, they are purely conceptual geological
models that only provide geometrical information about facies elements. A MPS simulation is
the process that performs the conditioning by building models that honor well data.
Training images can be generated in many ways in Petrel:
▪ Simulating an unconditional facies model using any facies modeling methods such
as object modeling, Truncated Gaussian Simulation with trends...
▪ Drawing directly on your training image property with the interactive facies
modeling tools
▪ Creating user-defined objects with the User-defined objects dialog, and then
running an object modeling unconstrained simulation.
You can estimate facies dimensions from well log data and good quality seismic. You can also
obtain them from analogs (outcrop data) and reservoir databases.
It is critical to correctly define inter-facies relationships, it can be inferred from core data
analysis and geological interpretation.

If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us on [email protected]

D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Did You Know ?

Using MPS method to build realistic facies models

The MPS simulation workflow:

For MPS simulation, the mandatory input data is a grid and a set of well log facies upscaled
in the grid.
▪ First, you will create a training image that displays the type of facies elements
expected to be present in the subsurface.
▪ Second, you will define optional proportion and geometrical constraints to
impose non-stationarity features (local variations of facies element azimuth for
example) in the reservoir, if needed.
▪ Finally, you will run the MPS simulation: it extracts facies patterns from the
training image and reproduces the patterns that fit the actual reservoir well
facies data, while honoring any imposed proportion and geometrical constraints.

Training Image

Training image created using facies

paint option on a blank property for
each layer intersected by geobody.
Geometry and azimuth captured in
training image

MPS Modelling

MPS with pattern object used

No Rotation applied as Training
Image has this included

If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us on [email protected]

D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Did You Know ?

Using MPS method to build realistic facies models

MPS Result
• Results show the MPS algorithms strengths.

• Stacked lobes with the correct geometry that can be compared to the geobody. They
are geologically realistic

If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us on [email protected]

D&I North Africa Newsletter
Issue n°11 February 21 Did You Know ?

Using MPS method to build realistic facies models

Advantages of the new MPS method

❖ New intuitive user interface
Once the training image is built, there is only one unique step needed to create an MPS
model. The new MPS method can be found in the Facies modeling process.
❖ Targeted for geologists, not for MPS experts
The new MPS method is distance-based: it is using project units, in opposition to the MPS
method with pattern objects which is using cell numbers. This is essential to acknowledge
when using different grids for the training image property and the simulation property as the
pattern will be reproduced using the real distance not the number of cells. Prior to running
any MPS simulation, it is recommended to check that the real size of the training image
bodies are the ones you want to reproduce.
❖ Geologically realistic facies models
Non-stationary conceptual model can be reproduced using external local constraints:
▪ Proportion constraints to control the spatial distribution of the facies elements,
that is, to decrease or increase locally the fraction of a given facies.
▪ Geometrical constraints to modify locally the geometry of the facies patterns to
be simulated.
❖ MPS realization result
▪ Honor the target fractions (within tolerance): The target fractions can be honored
within 1% with the new MPS method
▪ Reproduce the TI patterns
▪ Fast performance

If you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact us on [email protected]

D&I North Africa Newsletter Maintenance
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D&I North Africa Newsletter
Contact Us
Issue n°11 February 21
Software Versions
Petrel 2020.4
Techlog 2020.2.2
PetroMod 2020.1
GeoX 2020.2

Download link: Software Download Center

Dear,

This was the February edition of the North Africa Geoscience Newsletter.

If you liked these workflows, if you have questions or need help implementing them, please
do not hesitate to contact us on [email protected]

Keep Safe and Stay Home,

D&I Support Team

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