Table of Contents

GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM................................................................5

CHAPTER 1...............................................................................................................................5

1.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM....................................................................5

1.3. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM..................................................................................6

CHAPTER 2...............................................................................................................................7

HARDWARE USED.................................................................................................................7

2.1. ATmega328.................................................................................................................7

2.1.1. Technical specifications.......................................................................................7

2.2. Temperature sensor(LM-35).......................................................................................8

2.2.1. Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?.......................................................8

2.2.2. What Does an LM35 Do?  How does it work?....................................................9

2.2.3. How Do You Use An LM35?  (Electrical Connections).....................................9

2.3. Heart beat sensor.......................................................................................................10

2.3.1. What do you mean by Heartbeat?......................................................................11

2.3.2. Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat....................................................................11

2.3.3. Principle of Heartbeat Sensor.............................................................................11

2.3.4. Working of a Heartbeat Sensor..........................................................................12

2.4. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)......................................................13

2.5. LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR)....................................................................................14

2.6. GSM INTERFACE...................................................................................................15

1. Um interface..........................................................................................................15

2. Abis interface.........................................................................................................16

3. A interface..............................................................................................................16

4. B interface..............................................................................................................16

5. C interface..............................................................................................................16

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 6. D interface..............................................................................................................16

7. E interface..............................................................................................................17

8. F interface..............................................................................................................17

9. G interface..............................................................................................................17

10. H interface..............................................................................................................17

11. I interface...............................................................................................................17

2.7. FEATURES AND DESCRIPTION OF HARWARE COMPONENTS...................17

2.7.1. TEMPERATURE SENSOR-LM35D................................................................17

2.7.2. LCD DISPLAY..................................................................................................18

2.7.3. BUZZER............................................................................................................19

2.7.4. SWITCHES........................................................................................................20

2.7.5. HEARTBEAT SENSOR....................................................................................21

2.7.6. LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)....................................................................21

2.7.7. BLOOD PRESSURE SENSOR.........................................................................23

2.7.8. GUI DESIGN.....................................................................................................25

2.7.9. GSM MODULE.................................................................................................25

2.7.10. Microcontroller(ATmega328)........................................................................27

CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................................28

HIGHLIGHTING FEATURES OF THE PROJECT...............................................................28

3.1. APPLICABLE CONDITIONS.................................................................................28

3.2. DS1307 RTC (REAL-TIME CLOCK)..................................................................29

3.3. A/D CONVERTER...................................................................................................30

3.4. System Design...........................................................................................................31

3.5. Design and implementation.......................................................................................32

3.6. Hardware Implementation.........................................................................................32

1) Temperature sensor:.....................................................................................................32

2) Heart beat sensor:.........................................................................................................33

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 3) Blood Pressure sensor:................................................................................................33

4) ATmega8 Microcontroller...........................................................................................33

5) GSM Modem...............................................................................................................34

CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................35

MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega328)...................................................................................35

4.1.Key parameters for ATmega328....................................................................................35

4.2. Introduction to ATmega32 (AVR Series) 8bit Microcontroller............................37

4.2.1. Arduino Digital and Analog I/O Pins.................................................................42

4.2.2. Arduino Analog I/O...........................................................................................42

4.3. PWM – Pulse Width Modulation..............................................................................43

4.4. APPLICATIONS.......................................................................................................43

CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................44

GSM MODULE AND SENSORS...........................................................................................44

5.1 GSM MODULE........................................................................................................44

5.2 GSM Modem Principle..............................................................................................45

FACTS OF GSM MODEM:............................................................................................45

5.3 GSM Data Calls:........................................................................................................46

5.4 SENSORS..................................................................................................................49

Sensor deviations.............................................................................................................50

Resolution........................................................................................................................51

CHAPTER 6.............................................................................................................................53

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION............................................................................................53

6.1 FUTURE SCOPE......................................................................................................54

6.2. CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................54

REFRENCES...........................................................................................................................56

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No table of figures entries found.

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 GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER 1
1.1. INTRODUCTION

Constant monitoring of the human’s body parameters such as temperature, pulse rate, oxygen
etc. is a difficult task. Also in intensive care units it is necessary to monitor continuously the
patient’s health parameters and keep their record. There is possibility of human errors.There
are some shortcomings present in existing system. Currently there are number of health
monitoring systems available for the ICU patients which can be used only when the patient is
on bed.This system has wiring complexities.Such systems become difficult where the
distance between System and PC is more. The available systems are huge in size. Regular
monitoring of patient is not possible once he/she is discharged from hospitals.These systems
cannot be used at individual level.Hence to remove human errors and to lessen
excessiveburden of continuously monitoring patient’s health from doctor’s head, we are
proposing health monitoring system using GSM. The objective of Health monitoring system
is to have quantitative assessment of important Physiological variables of patients during
critical conditions.The system we designed is used for measuring continuously automatically
the values of the patient's important physiological parameters such as body
temperature,oxygen in room and heartbeat.

1.2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM

Various physiological signals such as body temperature,heartbeat and oxygen level are
continuously monitored with this system.Various types of transducers are used to sense these
bioelectrical signals. To sense the body temperature we have used LM35 of national
instruments because it is cheap in rate and its size is small enough to fit on patient’s
body.Heart beat sensor is one type of sensor which monitors the heart beat pulses for every
minute. It will check the heart beat pulses and the same data will be given to AT mega 328.
This heart beat sensor is designed to give digital output of heat beat when a finger is placed
inside it. This digital output can be connected to AT mega 328 directly to measure the Beats
per Minutes.All the signals from transducers are weak signals hence these signals are
processed and amplified to desired level with the help of signal conditioner and computer
display and then compares these values with thehard coded values given to AT mega

5
328.These values arestored in memory of controller. If measured values cross the limit of
reference values then AT mega 328 sends SMS to a particular mobile number stored in
memory through GSM modem.AT mega 328 continuously displays these variables on the
computer screen. The output of instrumentation amplifier is given to analog to digital
converter. These converted digital signals are then fed to ATmega328 which displays these
respective values on computer display and then compares these values with the hard coded
values given to AT mega 328. These values are stored in memory of AT mega328. If
measured values cross the limit of reference values then ATmega328 sends SMS to a
particular mobile number stored in memory through GSM modem. ATmega328 continuously
displays these variables on the computer Display.

Also if the person wishes to send his report, he can do so on a regular basis by
specifying his choice through keyboard.ATmega328 continuously does this work, thus
providing a real time monitoring of heart beat, body temperature and blood pressure of the
patient.

1.3. WORKING OF THE SYSTEM

In the first step, we sense the heart rate and body temperature using respective sensors. Then,
convert the analog data to digital using on chip ADC and compare the sensor values with the
reference value using AT meag328. Next step is to send message through GSM to mentioned
mobile number. This mobile will be connected with the computer in hospital. The normal
and abnormal conditions will be identified through the use of red and green circular objects
on the screen. Meanwhile the data will also be stored on the patient side.

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 CHAPTER 2

HARDWARE USED

2.1. ATmega328

The ATmega328 is a single chip micro-controller created by Atmel and belongs to the
megaAVR series.The Atmel 8-bit AVR RISC-based microcontroller combines 32 KB ISP
flash memory with read-while-write capabilities, 1 KB EEPROM, 2 KB SRAM, 23 general
purpose I/O lines, 32 general purpose working registers, three flexible timer/counters with
compare modes, internal and external interrupts, serial programmable USART, a byte-
oriented 2-wire serial interface, SPI serial port, 6-channel 10-bit A/D converter (8-channels in
TQFP and QFN/MLF packages), programmable watchdog timer with internal oscillator, and
five software selectable power saving modes. The device operates between 1.8-5.5 volts. The
device achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz.TheArduino Uno is a
microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14 digital input/output
pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator,
a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything
needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or
power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it
features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

2.1.1. Technical specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

7
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V

Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Figure 1 ATmega328

2.2. Temperature sensor(LM-35)

LM35 temperature sensor is used to measure the temperature and connected to MCU.This
sensor unit works under low power DC input of 5V which is controlled by a mini
transformer.

2.2.1. Why Use LM35s To Measure Temperature?

 You can measure temperature more accurately than a using a thermistor.

 The sensor circuitry is sealed and not subject to oxidation, etc.

8
  The LM35 generates a higher output voltage than thermocouples and may not require
that the output voltage be amplified.

2.2.2. What Does an LM35 Do?  How does it work?

 It has an output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature.

 The scale factor is .01V/oC
 The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming and maintains an
accuracy of  +/-0.4 oC at room temperature and +/- 0.8 oC over a range of 0 oC to
+100 oC.
 Another important characteristic of the LM35DZ is that it draws only 60 micro amps
from its supply and possesses a low self-heating capability. The sensor self-heating
causes less than 0.1 oC temperature rise in still air.

The LM35 comes in many different packages, including the following.

 TO-92 plastic transistor-like package,

 T0-46 metal can transistor-like package
 8-lead surface mount SO-8 small outline package
 TO-202 package. (Shown in the picture above)

2.2.3. How Do You Use An LM35?  (Electrical Connections)

Here is a commonly used circuit.  For connections refer to the picture above.

In this circuit, parameter values commonly used are:

 Vc = 4 to 30v
 5v or 12 v are typical values used.
 Ra = Vc /10-6
 Actually, it can range from 80 KW to 600 KW , but most just use 80 KW.

9
a circuit board.

FIGURE 2.2.:TEMPERATURE SENSOR LM-35

2.3. Heart beat sensor

Heart Beat Sensor consists of a super bright red LED and light detector. With each heart
pulse the detector signal varies. This variation is converted to electrical pulse. This signal is
amplified and triggered through an amplifier which outputs +5V logic level signal. The
output signal is also indicated on top by a LED which blinks on each heartbeat. The signals

10
 are analog which are converted into digital by ADC (Analog-Digital Converter), suitable for
the MCU.

2.3.1. What do you mean by Heartbeat?

A person’s heartbeat is the sound of the valves in his/her’s heart contracting or expanding as
they force blood from one region to another. The number of times the heart beats per minute
(BPM), is the heart beat rate and the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies
close to the skin is the pulse.

2.3.2. Two Ways to Measure a Heartbeat

o Manual Way: Heart beat can be checked manually by checking one’s pulses at two
locations- wrist (the radial pulse) and the neck (carotid pulse). The procedure is to place the
two fingers (index and middle finger) on the wrist (or neck below the windpipe) and count
the number of pulses for 30 seconds and then multiplying that number by 2 to get the heart
beat rate. However pressure should be applied minimum and also fingers should be moved up
and down till the pulse is felt.

o Using a sensor: Heart Beat can be measured based on optical power variation as light
is scattered or absorbed during its path through the blood as the heart beat changes.

2.3.3. Principle of Heartbeat Sensor

The heartbeat sensor is based on the principle of photo phlethysmography. It measures the
change in volume of blood through any organ of the body which causes a change in the light
intensity through that organ (a vascular region). In case of applications where heart pulse rate
is to be monitored, the timing of the pulses is more important. The flow of blood volume is
decided by the rate of heart pulses and since light is absorbed by blood, the signal pulses are
equivalent to the heart beat pulses.

There are two types of photophlethysmography:

Transmission: Light emitted from the light emitting device is transmitted through any
vascular region of the body like earlobe and received by the detector.

Reflection: Light emitted from the light emitting device is reflected by the regions.

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2.3.4. Working of a Heartbeat Sensor

The basic heartbeat sensor consists of a light emitting diode and a detector like a light
detecting resistor or a photodiode. The heart beat pulses causes a variation in the flow of
blood to different regions of the body.  When a tissue is illuminated with the light source, i.e.
light emitted by the led, it either reflects (a finger tissue) or transmits the light (earlobe).
Some of the light is absorbed by the blood and the transmitted or the reflected light is
received by the light detector. The amount of light absorbed depends on the blood volume in
that tissue. The detector output is in form of electrical signal and is proportional to the heart
beat rate.

This signal is actually a DC signal relating to the tissues and the blood volume and the AC
component synchronous with the heart beat and caused by pulsatile changes in arterial blood
volume is superimposed on the DC signal. Thus the major requirement is to isolate that AC
component as it is of prime importance.

To achieve the task of getting the AC signal, the output from the detector is first filtered using
a 2 stage HP-LP circuit and is then converted to digital pulses using a comparator circuit or

12
using simple ADC. The digital pulses are given to a microcontroller for calculating the heat
beat rate, given by the formula-

BPM(Beats per minute) = 60*f

Where f is the pulse frequency

FIGURE 2.3:HEARTBEAT SENSOR

2.4. ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC)

ADC is used as a signal conditioner, which is given as an input to the micro controller.Most
of the information carrying signals such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure and time
are available in analog form. However, for processing, transmission and storage purpose, it is
often more convenient to express such signals in digital form. When expressed in digital
form, they provide better accuracy and reduce noise.The A to D conversion is a quantizing
process whereby an analog signal is converted into equivalent binary word.ADCs are
classified into two general groups based on the conversion techniques. One involves
comparing a given analog signal with the internally generated reference voltages. This group
includes successive approximation, dual slope technique and flash A to D type converters.
Another techniqueinvolves changing an analog signal into time or frequency and comparing

13
these new parameters against known values. This group includes integrator converter and V
to F converter.Interfacing ADC’s with micro controller can be done using: ADC family.

FIGURE 2.4:ADC CONVERTER

2.5. LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR)

FIGURE 2.5:LCD DISPLAY(MONITOR)

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2.6. GSM INTERFACE

GSM interface is the additional feature provided for this system. It is used as a enhancement.
In this project the present readings taken through the sensors are given to the GSM modem
for further manipulations and calculations.The network structure is defined within the GSM
standards. Additionally each interface between the different elements of the GSM network is
also defined. This facilitates the information interchanges can take place. It also enables to a
large degree that network elements from different manufacturers can be used. However as
many of these interfaces were not fully defined until after many networks had been deployed,
the level of standardization may not be quite as high as many people might like.

1. Um interface  

The "air" or radio interface standard that is used for exchanges between a mobile (ME) and a
base station (BTS / BSC). For signalling, a modified version of the ISDN LAPD, known as
LAPDm is used.

2. Abis interface  

This is a BSS internal interface linking the BSC and a BTS, and it has not been totally
standardised. The Abis interface allows control of the radio equipment and radio frequency
allocation in the BTS.

3. A interface 

The A interface is used to provide communication between the BSS and the MSC. The
interface carries information to enable the channels, timeslots and the like to be allocated to
the mobile equipments being serviced by the BSSs. The messaging required within the
network to enable handover etc to be undertaken is carried over the interface.

4. B interface 

The B interface exists between the MSC and the VLR . It uses a protocol known as the
MAP/B protocol. As most VLRs are collocated with an MSC, this makes the interface purely
an "internal" interface. The interface is used whenever the MSC needs access to data
regarding a MS located in its area.

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 5. C interface  

The C interface is located between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G. When a call originates
from outside the network, i.e. from the PSTN or another mobile network it ahs to pass
through the gateway so that routing information required to complete the call may be gained.
The protocol used for communication is MAP/C, the letter "C" indicating that the protocol is
used for the "C" interface. In addition to this, the MSC may optionally forward billing
information to the HLR after the call is completed and cleared down.

6. D interface  

The D interface is situated between the VLR and HLR. It uses the MAP/D protocol to
exchange the data related to the location of the ME and to the management of the subscriber.

7. E interface  

The E interface provides communication between two MSCs. The E interface exchanges data
related to handover between the anchor and relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.

8. F interface 

The F interface is used between an MSC and EIR. It uses the MAP/F protocol. The
communications along this interface are used to confirm the status of the IMEI of the ME
gaining access to the network.

9. G interface 

The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs and uses the MAP/G protocol to
transfer subscriber information, during e.g. a location update procedure.

10.H interface 

The H interface exists between the MSC the SMS-G. It transfers short messages and uses the
MAP/H protocol.

16
 11.I interface

The I interface can be found between the MSC and the ME. Messages exchanged over the I
interface are relayed transparently through the BSS.

Although the interfaces for the GSM cellular system may not be as rigorouly defined as many
might like, they do at least provide a large element of the definition required, enabling the
functionality of GSM network entities to be defined sufficiently.

2.7. FEATURES AND DESCRIPTION OF HARWARE COMPONENTS

2.7.1. TEMPERATURE SENSOR-LM35D

The LM35 series are precision integrated-circuit temperature sensors, whose output voltage is

linearly proportional to the Celsius (Centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in ° Kelvin, as the user is not required to
subtract a large constant voltage from its output to obtain the convenient Centigrade scaling.
The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical accuracies
of ± 1/4°C at room temperature and ± 3/4°C over a full -55 to +150°C temperature range.

Low cost is assured by trimming and calibration at the water level. The LM35's low
output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make interfacing to readout
or control circuitry especially easy. It can be used with single power supplies, or with plus
and minus supplies. As it draws only 60 µA from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less
than 0.1°C in still air. The LM35 is rated to operate over a -55° to +150°C temperature range,
while the LM35C is rated for a -40° to +110°C range (-10° with improved accuracy). The
LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages, while the LM35C,
LM35CA, and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package. The
LM35D is also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic TO
220 package.

FEATURES

Calibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade) Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor 0.5°C
accuracy guaranteeable (at +25°C) Rated for full -55° to +150°C range Suitable for remote

17
applications.Low cost due to wafer-level trimming Operates from 4 to 30 volts Less than 60
µA current drain Low self-heating, 0.08°C in still air Nonlinearity only ± 1/4°C typical Low
impedance output,0.1 for 1 mA load Typical Applications DS005516-4 DS005516-3. Basic
Centigrade Temperature Sensor (+2°C to +150°C) Choose R1 = -VS/50 µA V OUT = +1,500
mV at +150°C = +250 mV at +25°C = -550 mV at -55°C.

2.7.5. HEARTBEAT SENSOR

The sensor unit consists of an infrared light-emitting-diode (IR LED) and a photo diode,
placed side by side, and the fingertip is placed over the sensor assembly,. The IR LED
transmits an infrared light into the fingertip, a part of which is reflected back from the blood
inside the finger arteries. The photo diode senses the portion of the light that is reflected back.
The intensity of reflected light depends upon the blood volume inside the fingertip. So, every
time the heart beats the amount of reflected infrared light changes, which can be detected by
the photo diode. With a high gain amplifier, this little alteration in the amplitude of the
reflected light can be converted into a pulse.

2.7.6. LED(LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator
lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lighting. Introduced as a practical
electronic component in 1962,early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, butmodern versions
are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with veryhigh
brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are
abletorecombine with holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This
effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of
the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. An LED is usually small
in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated optical components are used to shape its radiation
pattern and assist in reflection.LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light
sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller
size, faster switching, and greater durability and reliability. LEDs powerful enough for room
lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than
compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output.

Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation

lighting,automotive lighting (particularly indicators) and in traffic signals. The compact size

18
of LEDs has allowed new text and video displays and sensors to be developed, while their
high switching rates are useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are
also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions,
DVD players, and other electronic devices.

FIGURE 2.8:LED

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 2.7.7. oxygen sensor

 Low Power, Long Life

 Suitable for Battery-Powered Use

The UV Flux Oxygen sensor measures ambient O2 levels in 0-25%. Unlike traditional
electrochemical oxygen sensors, by using UV light is sensor has a lifetime measured in years
instead of months. This makes it perfect for portable, medical, industrial or many other
applications.
The UV Flux sensor is both oxygen pressure and temperature compensated, enabling accurate
operation over a wide environmental range without the need for additional system
components.
Applications

 Oxygen Detection
 Portable Equipment
 Breathing Apparatus
 Medical or Lab Equipment
Free Easy-to-use GasLab® Software

This device uses GasLab® software for setup, calibration, data logging, and real-time data
analysis. GasLab® makes it easy to export data into a .CSV file that can be imported into any
industry-standard software or spreadsheet. GasLab® runs on Windows XP or higher, and free
to use with our products.

Specifications

 Oxygen Measuring Range: 0-25%

 Response Rate: T90 <30s (Typical)
 Sampling Rate: 1 Sample/sec
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 Accuracy: Better than 2% at full scale
 Resolution: 0.10% / 0.1mbar
 Lifetime: > 5 years
 Temperature Accuracy: +/- 2 degrees C
 Operating Temperature: -30°C to +60°C
 Barometric Pressure Range: 500 to 1200 mbar
Electrical / Mechanical

 Voltage: 4.5 - 5.5 VDC

 Current: < 6mA (streaming @ 1 Sample/sec), < 17mA Peak
 Interface: UART

2.7.8. GUI DESIGN

In computing, a graphical user interface (GUI) is a type of interface that allows users to
interact with electronic devices through graphical icons and visual indicators such as
secondary notation, as opposed to text-based interfaces, typed command labels or text
navigation. GUIs were introduced in reaction to the perceived steep learning curve of
command-line interfaces (CLIs), which require commands to be typed on the keyboard.

The actions in a GUI are usually performed through direct manipulation of the
graphical elements. In addition to computers, GUIs can be found in hand-held devices such as
MP3 players, portable media players, gaming devices and smaller household, office and
industry equipment. The term "GUI" tends not to be applied to other low-resolution types of
interfaces with display resolutions, such as video games or not restricted to flat screens, like
volumetric displays because the term is restricted to the scope of two-dimensional display
screens able to describe generic information, in the tradition of the computer science research
at the PARC (Palo Alto Research Center).

2.7.9. GSM MODULE

This is a GSM/GPRS-compatible Quad-band cell phone, which works on a frequency of

850/900/1800/1900MHz and which can be used not only to access the Internet, but also for
oral communication (provided that it is connected to a microphone and a small loud speaker)
and for SMSs. Externally, it looks like a big package (0.94 inches x 0.94 inches x 0.12
inches) with L-shaped contacts on four sides so that they can be soldered both on the side and
at the bottom. Internally, the module is managed by an AMR926EJ-S processor, which

21
controls phone communication, data communication (through an integrated TCP/IP stack),
and (through an UART and a TTL serial interface) the communication with the circuit
interfaced with the cell phone itself.The processor is also in charge of a SIM card (3 or 1,8 V)
which needs to be attached to the outer wall of the module.In addition, the GSM900 device
integrates an analog interface, an A/D converter, an RTC, an SPI bus, an I²C, and a PWM
module. The radio section is GSM phase 2/2+ compatible and is either class 4 (2 W) at 850/
900 MHz or class 1 (1 W) at 1800/1900 MHz.The TTL serial interface is in charge not only
of communicating all the data relative to the SMS already received and those that come in
during TCP/IP sessions in GPRS (the data-rate is determined by GPRS class 10: max. 85,6
kbps), but also of receiving the circuit commands (in our case, coming from the PIC
governing the remote control) that can be either AT standard or AT-enhanced
SIMComtype.The module is supplied with continuous energy (between 3.4 and 4.5 V) and
absorbs a maximum of 0.8 A during transmission.

Features

 E-GSM 900/1800 MHz and GSM 1800/1900 with GSM Phase 2 / 2+.
 Output Power Class 4 (2W) at GSM850/900 MHz and Class 1 (1W) at
GSM1800/1900 MHz.
 Control via AT commands (ITU, GSM,GPRS and manufacturersupplementary)
 Supply Voltage range: 3.22 V - 4.2 V,nominal: 3.8 V.
 Power consumption: Idle mode: <1.8mA, speech mode: 200 mA (average)
 Dimensions (mm): 3 x 20 x 20 andweight (g): 3.2 (including shielding)

The GSM module offers the advantages asbelow

 Ultra small size (22x22x3 mm),lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrate

 Low power consumption
 R&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF,FCC, PTCRB, IC
 Full RS232 on CMOS level with flowcontrol (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR,DSR,
DCD, RI).
 Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack ,Embedded FTP and SMTP Client
 High performance on low price.

22
 FIGURE 2.10. GSM MODULE

2.7.10. Microcontroller(ATmega328)

ATMega328 is the ATMEL Microcontroller on which Arduino UNO is based.This will let us
realize our small project without using a full size Arduino board. To make this
microcontroller working with the Arduino IDE you need a 16Mhz crystal, a 5 V power
supply and a serial connection.

23
 CHAPTER 3

HIGHLIGHTING FEATURES OF THE PROJECT

By using this prototype circuit containingmicrocontroller,GSM Modem, computer and other
hardware circuit so that the messages can be transferred at fixed time intervals to the
corresponding medical expert to given ecessary precautions to take care about the patient.

This system has the following features:

i.AT mega328 MCU consumes low power with suitable devices for interconnection.

ii. Continuous monitoring of patients is done which is simple by using GSM network.

The device is designed to provide a continuous access to a person’s heart rate, oxygen level
in room in accordance with other gases and temperature monitoring & inform through
wireless communication. The heartbeat sensor which detects heart beat is interfaced to
microcontroller.

.The goal of the project is to reduce the hospitalization and assistance cost. Health monitoring
application is mainly proposed to provide alerts for medical health monitoring staff for the
patients when needed.The device can be improved in certain areas as listed below:

i. A graphical LCD can be used to display a graph of the change of heart rate over time.

ii. Sound can be added to the device so that a sound is output each time a pulse is received.

iii. Serial output can be attached to the device so that the heart rates can be sent to a PC for
further online or offline analysis which is already used in this project.
iv. The Whole health monitoring system, which we have proposed can be integrated into a
small compact unit which is portable. This will help the patients to easily carry this device
with them wherever they go. The VLSI technologies will greatly come handy in this regard.

3.1. APPLICABLE CONDITIONS

Patient monitoring system can be defined as the system used for monitoring physiological
signals that includes the parameters like electro-cardio graph (ECG), respiratory signals,
invasive and noninvasive blood pressure, body temperature, gases related parameters,
etc.Patient monitoring systems are considered as a part of M-health technology. These can

24
also be named as m-health or mobile health. These systems are used for practice of medical
and public health with the help of mobile devices. These monitoring systems can be used
onsite or remotely.Patient monitoring is applicable in different situations when a patient is in
the following conditions:

 In unstable physiological regulatory systems – for instance, in the case of overdose of

anesthesia.
 In a life threatening condition – for instance, when there is an indication of heart
attack in a patient.
 In a situation leading to the developing of a risky life threatening condition.
 In a critical physiological state.

Patient monitoring is not a new system in health care as it was first started in the year 1625
for monitoring the body temperature and blood pressure of patients. Subsequently, this
system has begun to find its usage and acceptance for monitoring different types of
physiological parameters and health related aspects that are being performed until now.

3.2. A/D CONVERTER

The temperature sensor LM35 provides the analog output signal in mV range for the sensed
temperature of body but Microcontroller ATmega328 can’t recognize this analog signal. So
for that MCP3202 12-bit serial A/D converter is used here so that it can convert this analog
signal into digital format so that controller can recognize this signal and can do further
processing. The MCP3202 12-bit Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC) combines high
performance and low power consumption in a small package, making it ideal for embedded
control applications. The MCP3202 features a successive approximation register (SAR)
architecture and an industry-standard SPI™ serial interface, allowing 12-bit ADC capability
to be added to any microcontroller. The MCP3202 features 100k samples/second, 2 input
channels, low power consumption (5nA typical standby, 550 µA max. active), and is
available in 8-pin PDIP, SOIC and TSSOP packages. Applications for the MCP3202 include
data acquisition, instrumentation and measurement, multi-channel data loggers, industrial
PCs, motor control, robotics, industrial automation, smart sensors, portable instrumentation
and home medical appliances.

25
FIGURE 3.2:ADC CONVERTER

3.3. System Design

In this process, design and implementation of Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area
Sensor Network” is done with modules of data sensing, data processing and data
communication. Three sensors are contained in data sensing module such as temperature
sensor, heart rate sensor and pressure sensor. Temperature sensor is used to measure the body
through external skin. Heartbeat sensor is used to measure the function of heart by blood flow
through Finger. Pressure sensor is used to measure the blood pressure of human being. The
output of each sensor is interfaced with Analog to Digital circuit (ADC) pins of
microcontroller. Data processing module consists of Microcontroller which is a high and
needed to communicate the PC and mobile of data communication module for prescribing
medicine through VB and sending SMS through information gateway, LCD is used as a
display unit in connection with microcontroller displaying the current details of physiological
parameters.Currently, the wireless body area sensor network for heart rate, pressure,
temperature, respiration monitoring system is successfully designed for applications us

1. Heartbeat sensor

2. Temperature sensor

3.Blood pressure sensor

The “Patient Health Monitoring Sensor Network” detects various parameters of people and
assists them to overcome the critical health condition. The various parameter of the patient is
shown in Patient Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area Sensor Network Blue Eyes
Intelligence Engineering & Sciences Publication Pvt. Ltd. s v unit or the network coverage

26
area is left, the message can be stored, retrieved and sent when entered the network.. The
GSM Modem supports popular "AT" command by which user can able to develop
application 300S module is used which has SIM card and used with respective number for
sending emergency messages about the condition of patient to doctor.

3.5. Design and implementation

In this process, design and implementation of “Patient Wireless Body Area Sensor ne with
modules of data sensing, data processing and data communication. Three sensors are
contained in data sensing module such as temperature sensor, heart rate sensor and pressure
sensor. Temperature sensor is used to measure the body temperature through external skin.
Heartbeat sensor is used to measure the function of heart by blood flow through Finger.
Pressure sensor is used to measure the blood pressure of human being. The output of each
sensor is interfaced with Analog to circuit (ADC) pins of microcontroller. Data processing
module consists of Atmel AVR 8-bit which is a high-performance RISC CPU and needed to
communicate the PC and mobile of data communication module for prescribing medicine
through VB and sending SMS through information gateway, LCD is used as a display unit in
connection with microcontroller for displaying the current details of physiological
parameters.

3.6. Hardware Implementation

1) Temperature sensor:

Several temperature sensing techniques are currently in widespread usage. The most common
of these are RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, and sensor ICs. The right one for your
application depends on the required temperature range, linearity, accuracy, cost, features, and
ease of designing the necessary support circuitry. In this section we discuss the characteristics
of the most common temperature sensing techniques. But the cost of real time temperature
sensor is not affordable. Hence in this project we used a potentiometer to display body
temperature. By using this we are showing a prototype how it can works when we use an
LM35 sensor.

The normal body temperature of a person varies depending on gender, recent activity, food
and fluid consumption, time of day, and, in women, the stage of the menstrual cycle. Normal

27
body temperature can range from 97.8 degrees F (or Fahrenheit, equivalent to 36.5 degrees C,
or Celsius) to 99 degrees F (37.2 degrees C) for a healthy adult.

2) Heart beat sensor:

The human heart is a muscular organ that provides a continuous blood circulation throughthe
cardiac cycle and is one of the most vital organs in the human body. The heart is divided
intofour main chambers: the two upper chambers are called the left and right atria and two
lowerchambers are called the right and left ventricles. There is a thick wall of muscle
separating theright side and the left side of the heart called the septum. Normally with each
beat the rightventricle pumps the same amount of blood into the lungs that the left ventricle
pumps out intothe body. Physicians commonly refer to the right atrium and right ventricle
together as the rightheart and to the left atrium and ventricle as the left heart.The electric
energy that stimulates the heart occurs in the sinoatrial node which produces adefinite
potential and then discharges, sending an impulse across the atria. In the atria theelectrical
signal move from cell to cell while in the ventricles the signal is carried by specializedtissue
called the Purkinje fibers which then transmit the electric charge to the myocardium.
For a human aged 18 or more years, a normal resting heart rate can be anything between 60
and 100 beats per minute. Usually the healthier or fitter you are, the lower your rate. A
competitive athlete may have a resting heart rate as low as 40 beats per minute. According to
the National Health Service, UK, the following are ideal normal pulse rates at rest, in bpm
(beats per minute):Newborn baby · Baby aged from 1 to 12 months - 80 to 140 aged from 1
to 2 years - 80 to Toddler/young child aged 2 to 6 years - 75 to · 120 · Child aged 7 to 12
years - 75 to 110 · Adult aged 18+ years - 60 to 100 · Adult athlete - 40 to 60

3) Blood Pressure sensor:

4) ATmega8 Microcontroller

The ATmega8 microcontroller is used due to CMOS 8-bit microcontroller and high density
non memory technology. The Flash Program memory can be reprogrammed In-System
through an SPI (serial port interface), by a conventional nonprogrammer, or by an On-chip
boot program running on the AVR core. The data from the microcontroller is also sent to the
GSM

28
5) GSM Modem

GSM modem is a global system for mobile communication provides short message services.
The 160 alphanumeric characters can be send in a message. If there is a power off of
subscribers v unit or the network coverage area is left, the message can be stored, retrieved
and sent when entered the network.. The GSM Modem supports popular "AT" command by
which user can able to develop application quickly. The product SIM-300S module is used w
SIM card and used with respective number for sending emergency messages about the
condition of patient to doctor.

29
 CHAPTER 4

MICROCONTROLLER (ATmega328)

A microcontroller (sometimes abbreviated µC, uC or MCU) is a small computer on a

single integrated circuit containing a processor core,memory,and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of Ferroelectric
RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROMis also often included on chip, as well as a typically small
amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose
applications.Microcontrollers are used in automatically controlled products and devices, such
as automobile engine control systems, implantable medical devices, remote controls, office
machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded systems. By reducing the size
and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output
devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more devices and
processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems.

Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at clock rate frequencies

as low as 4 kHz, for low power consumption (single-digit milliwatts or microwatts). They
will generally have the ability to retain functionality while waiting for an event such as a
button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping (CPU clock and most
peripherals off) may be just nanowatts, making many of them well suited for long lasting
battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles, where they
may need to act more like a digital signal processor (DSP), with higher clock speeds and
power consumption.

4.1.Key parameters for ATmega328

Parameter Value

Flash (Kbytes):32 Kbytes

Pin Count:32

Max. Operating Freq. (MHz):20 MHz

30
CPU:8-bit AVR

# of Touch Channels:16

Hardware QTouchAcquisition:No

Max I/O Pins:23

Ext Interrupts:24

USB Speed:No

USB Interface:No

SPI:2

TWI (I2C):1
UART:1
Graphic LCD:No
Video Decoder:No
Camera Interface:No
ADC channels:8
ADC Resolution (bits):10
ADC Speed (ksps):15
Analog Comparators:1
Resistive Touch Screen:No
DAC Resolution (bits):0
Temp. Sensor:Yes
Crypto Engine:No
SRAM (Kbytes):2
EEPROM (Bytes):1024
Self ProgramMemory:YES
External Bus Interface:0
DRAM Memory:No
NAND Interface:No
picoPower:No
Temp. Range (deg C):-40 to 85
I/O Supply Class:1.8 to 5.5

31
Operating Voltage (Vcc):1.8 to 5.5
FPU:No
MPU / MMU:no / no
Timers:3
Output Compare channels:6
Input Capture Channels:1
PWM Channels:6
32kHz RTC:Yes
Calibrated RC Oscillator:Yes
Watchdog:Yes
CAN:0
LIN:0
Ethernet:0
Debug Interface:debugWIRE
I2S:No
RTC:Counter

4.2. Introduction to ATmega32 (AVR Series) 8bit Microcontroller

In our days, there have been many advancement in the field of Electronics and many cutting
edge technologies are being  developed every day, but still 8 bit microcontrollers have its
own role in the digital electronics market dominated by 16-32 & 64 bit digital devices.
Although powerful microcontrollers with higher processing capabilities exist in the market,
8bit microcontrollers still hold its value because of their easy-to-understand-operation, very
much high popularity, ability to simplify a digital circuit, low cost compared to features
offered, addition of many new features in a single IC and interest of manufacturers and
consumers.Today’s microcontrollers are much different from what it were in the initial stage,
and the number of manufacturers are much more in count than it was a decade or two ago. At
present some of the major manufacturers are Microchip (publication: PIC microcontrollers),
Atmel (publication: AVR microcontrollers), Hitachi, Phillips, Maxim, NXP, Intel etc.  Our
interest is upon ATmega32. It belongs to Atmel’s AVR series micro controller family.
Let’s see the features.

32
PIN count: Atmega32 has got 40 pins. Two for Power (pin no.10: +5v, pin no. 11: ground),
two for oscillator (pin 12, 13), one for reset (pin 9), three for providing necessary power and
reference voltage to its internal ADC, and 32 (4×8) I/O pins.
About I/O pins: ATmega32 is capable of handling analogue inputs. Port A can be used as
either DIGITAL I/O Lines or each individual pin can be used as a single input channel to the
internal ADC of ATmega32, plus a pair of pins AREF, AVCC & GND (refer to ATmega32
datasheet) together can make an ADC channel.No pins can perform and serve for two
purposes (for an example: Port A pins cannot work as a Digital I/O pin while the Internal
ADC is activated) at the same time. It’s the programmers responsibility to resolve the conflict
in the circuitry and the program. Programmers are advised to have a look to the priority tables
and the internal configuration from the datasheet.
Digital I/O pins: ATmega32 has 32 pins (4portsx8pins) configurable as Digital I/O pins.
Timers: 3 Inbuilt timer/counters, two 8 bit (timer0, timer2) and one 16 bit (timer1).
ADC: It has one successive approximation type ADC in which total 8 single channels are
selectable. They can also be used as 7 (for TQFP packages) or 2 (for DIP packages)
differential channels. Reference is selectable, either an external reference can be used or the
internal 2.56V reference can be brought into action.  There external reference can be
connected to the AREF pin.
Communication Options:  ATmega32 has three data transfer modules embedded in it. They
are
 Two  Wire Interface
 USART
 Serial Peripheral Interface

33
Atmega32 pin diagram

Analog comparator:  On-chip analog comparator is available. An interrupt is assigned for

different comparison result obtained from the inputs.
External Interrupt: 3External interrupt is accepted. Interrupt sense is configurable.

34
Memory:  It has 32Kbytes of In-System Self-programmable Flash program memory, 1024
Bytes EEPROM, 2Kbytes Internal SRAM. Write/Erase Cycles: 10,000 Flash / 100,000
EEPROM.
Clock: It can run at a frequency from 1 to 16 MHz. Frequency can be obtained from external
Quartz Crystal, Ceramic crystal or an R-C network. Internal calibrated RC oscillator can also
be used.
More Features: Up to 16 MIPS throughput at 16MHz. Most of the instruction executes in a
single cycle. Two cycle on-chip multiplication. 32 × 8 General Purpose Working Registers
Debug: JTAG boundary scan facilitates on chip debug.
Programming: Atmega32 can be programmed either by In-System Programming via Serial
peripheral interface or by Parallel programming. Programming via JTAG interface is also
possible. Programmer must ensure that SPI programming and JTAG are not be disabled
using  fuse bits; if the programming is supposed to be done using SPI or JTAG.

35
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF Atmega328

36
4.2.1. Arduino Digital and Analog I/O Pins

Digital pins
Pins 0 – 7: PORT D [0:7]
Pins 8 – 13: PORT B [0:5] 
Pins 14 – 19: PORT C [0:5] (Arduino analog pins 0 – 5) 
digital pins 0 and 1 are RX and TX for serial communication 
digital pin 13 connected to the base board LED 
Digital Pin I/O Functions
 pinMode(pin, mode)
Sets pin to INPUT or OUTPUT mode 
Writes 1 bit in the DDRx register 
 digitalWrite(pin, value)
Sets pin value to LOW or HIGH (0 or 1) 
Writes 1 bit in the PORTx register 
 int value = digitalRead(pin)
Reads back pin value (0 or 1)
Read 1 bit in the PINx register

4.2.2. Arduino Analog I/O

Analog input pins: 0 – 5

Analog output pins: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11 (digital pins)
 Analog input functions
intval = analogRead(pin)
Converts 0 – 5v.voltage to a 10-bit number (0 – 1023)
Don’t use pinMode
analogReference(type)
Used to change how voltage is converted (advanced) 
 Analog output
analogWrite(pin, value)
value is 0 – 255
Generates a PWM output on digital pin (3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)
@490Hz frequency

37
4.3. PWM – Pulse Width Modulation

 Use one wire to represent a multi-bit value.

 A clock with a variable duty cycle.
 Duty cycle used to represent value.
 We can turn it into a analog voltage using an integrating filter.

4.4. APPLICATIONS

Today the ATmega328 is commonly used in many projects and autonomous systems where
a simple, low-powered, low-cost micro-controller is needed. Perhaps the most common
implementation of this chip is on the popular Arduino development platform, namely
the Arduino Uno and Arduino Nano models.

38
 CHAPTER 5

GSM MODULE AND SENSORS

5.1 GSM MODULE

A GSM module is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM card, and operates over
a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a mobile phone. From the mobile operator
perspective, a GSM modem looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the computer to use the GSM
modem to communicate over the mobile network.  While these GSM modems are most
frequently used to provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used for
sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth
connection, or it can be a mobile phone that provides GSM modem capabilities.
For the purpose of this document, the term GSM modem is used as a generic term to refer to
any modem that supports one or more of the protocols in the GSM evolutionary family,
including the 2.5G technologies GPRS and EDGE, as well as the 3G technologies WCDMA,
UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA.
A GSM modem exposes an interface that allows applications such as NowSMS to send and
receive messages over the modem interface. The mobile operator charges for this message
sending and receiving as if it was performed directly on a mobile phone. To perform these
tasks, a GSM modem must support an “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving
SMS messages, as defined in the ETSI GSM 07.05 and and 3GPP TS 27.005 specifications.
GSM modems can be a quick and efficient way to get started with SMS, because a special
subscription to an SMS service provider is not required. In most parts of the world, GSM
modems are a cost effective solution for receiving SMS messages, because the sender is
paying for the message delivery.
A GSM modem can be a dedicated modem device with a serial, USB or Bluetooth
connection, such as the Falcom Samba 75. (Other manufacturers of dedicated GSM modem
devices include Wavecom, Multitech and iTegno.  We’ve also reviewed a number of modems
on our technical support blog.) To begin, insert a GSM SIM card into the modem and connect
it to an available USB port on your computer.

39
A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and
software driver to connect to a serial port or USB port on your computer. Any phone that
supports the “extended AT command set” for sending/receiving SMS messages, as defined
in ETSI GSM 07.05 and/or 3GPP TS 27.005, can be supported by the Now SMS & MMS
Gateway. Note that not all mobile phones support this modem interface.
Due to some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones, using a dedicated GSM
modem is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is more of an issue with MMS
messaging, where if you wish to be able to receive inbound MMS messages with the
gateway, the modem interface on most GSM phones will only allow you to send MMS
messages. This is because the mobile phone automatically processes received MMS message
notifications without forwarding them via the modem interface.
It should also be noted that not all phones support the modem interface for sending and
receiving SMS messages. In particular, most smart phones, including Blackberries, iPhone,
and Windows Mobile devices, do not support this GSM modem interface for sending and
receiving SMS messages at all at all. Additionally, Nokia phones that use the S60 (Series 60)
interface, which is Symbian based, only support sending SMS messages via the modem
interface, and do not support receiving SMS via the modem interface.

5.2 GSM Modem Principle

FACTS OF GSM MODEM:

 The GSM/GPRS Modem comes with a serial interface through which the modem can be
controlled using AT command interface. An antenna and a power adapter are provided.The
basic segregation of working of the modem is as under:

•Voice calls

•SMS 

•GSM Data calls 

• GPRS

Voice calls: 

Voice calls are not an application area to be targeted. In future if interfaces like a microphone
and speaker are provided for some applications then this can be considered.

40
SMS:

SMS is an area where the modem can be used to provide features like:
• Pre-stored SMS transmission, these SMS can be transmitted on certain trigger events in an
automation system.

• SMS can also be used in areas where small text information has to be sent. The transmitter
can be an automation system or machines like vending machines, collection machines or
applications like positioning systems where the navigator keeps on sending SMS at particular
time intervals
• SMS can be a solution where GSM data call or GPRS services are not available

5.3 GSM Data Calls:

  Data calls can be made using this modem. Data calls can be made to a normal PSTN
modem/phone line also (even received). Data calls are basically made to send/receive data
streams between two units either PC’s or embedded devices. The advantage of Data calls
over SMS is that both parties are capable of sending/receiving data through their terminals.
Some points to be remembered in case of data calls:

• The data call service doesn’t come with a normal SIM which is purchased but has to be

requested with the service provider (say Airtel).

• Upon activation of data/fax service you are provided with two separate numbers i.e. the
Data call number and the Fax service number.

• Data calls are established using Circuit Switched data connections.

• Right now the speed at which data can be transmitted is 9.6 kbps.
• The modem supports speeds up to 14.4 kbps but the provider give a maximum data rate of
9.6 kbps during GSM data call.

• Technologies like HSCSD (high Speed Circuit Switched Data) will improve drastically the
data rates, but still in pipeline.

Full Type Approved Quad Band Embedded GSM Module (GSM  850/900 1800/1900) with
AT command set and RS232 interface on CMOS level.
41
This GSM wireless data module is the ready a solution for remote wireless applications,
machine to machine or user to machine and remote data communications in all vertical
market applications.

The GSM module offers the advantages as below

 Ultra small size (22x22x3 mm), lightweight (3.2 g) and easy to integrate
 Low power consumption
 R&TTE type approval plus CE, GCF, FCC, PTCRB, IC
 Full RS232 on CMOS level with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS, CTS, DTR, DSR,
DCD, RI)
 Embedded TCP/IP Stack UDP/IP Stack , Embedded FTP and SMTP Client
 High performance on low price

Smallest size designed for tiny applications

Tracking (people, animals, people), container tracking, PDA, POS terminal, PCMCIA cards,
AMR

Pin to Pin upgrade policy to save your developing investments High level technical
support to help you in the integration of your solution

 Exhaustive product documentation

 Evaluation kit and reference design
 Quick technical assistance by dedicated e-mail services and user forum
 Deep technical assistance by dedicated engineering support
 RD support and certification lab for all your needs

Product Features

 E-GSM 900/1800 MHz and GSM 1800/1900 with GSM Phase 2 / 2+

 Output Power Class 4 (2W) at GSM 850/900 MHz and Class 1 (1W) at GSM
1800/1900 MHz
 Control via AT commands (ITU, GSM, GPRS and manufacturer supplementary)
 Supply Voltage range: 3.22 V - 4.2 V, nominal: 3.8 V
 Power consumption: Idle mode: <1.8 mA, speech mode: 200 mA (average)

42
  Dimensions (mm): 3 x 20 x 20 and weight (g): 3.2 (including shielding)

Interfaces

 Power supply nominal 3,8 V

 10 general purposes I/O ports  and serial bi-directional bus on CMOS 2,8 V
 External SIM
 Analogue audio for microphone, speaker and hands free set plus digital voice
interface
 RS232 on CMOS 2,8 V (One RS232 (2,8V) with flow control (RX, TX, CTS, RTS,
CTS, DTR, DSR, DCD, RI), baud rate 300 - 115.200 bps, autobauding  1200 - 
57.600 bps
 50 Ohm antenna connector

Audio

 Telephony and emergency calls (Half Rate (HR), Full Rate (FR), Enhanced Full Rate
(EFR))
 Echo cancellation and noise reduction
 DTMF
 Handset operations and basic handsfree operation

SMS

 SMS Mobile Originated (MO), Mobile Terminated (MT) and Cell Broadcast (CB -

DRX)

GPRS, data and Fax

 Circuit Switched Data (CSD) up to 14.4 kbps

 Fax Group 3
 Packed Data (GPRS class B, class 10) up to 115 kbps

GSM Supplementary Services

 Call Barring and Call Forwarding

 Advice of Charge

43
  Call Waiting and Call Hold
 Calling Line Identification Presentation (CLIP)
 Calling Line Identification Restriction (CLIR)
 Unstructured SS Mobile Originated Data (USSD)
 Closed User Group

Other Features

 SIM Phonebook management

 Fixed Dialling Number (FDN)
 SIM Toolkit class 2
 Real time clock
 Alarm management

5.4 SENSORS

A sensor is a transducer whose purpose is to sense (that is, to detect) some characteristic of

its environs. It detects events or changes in quantities and provides a corresponding output,
generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermocouple converts temperature
to an output voltage. But a mercury-in-glass thermometer is also a sensor; it converts the
measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a
calibrated glass tube.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons (tactile
sensor) and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base, besides innumerable
applications of which most people are never aware. With advances in micromachinery and
easy-to-use microcontroller platforms, the uses of sensors have expanded beyond the more
traditional fields of temperature, pressure or flow measurement, [1] for example into MARG
sensors. Moreover, analog sensors such as potentiometers and force-sensing resistors are still
widely used. Applications include manufacturing and machinery, airplanes and aerospace,
cars, medicine and robotics.

A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the input
quantity being measured changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm
when the temperature changes by 1 °C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C (it is basically the slope
Dy/Dx assuming a linear characteristic). Some sensors can also have an impact on what they

44
measure; for instance, a room temperature thermometer inserted into a hot cup of liquid cools
the liquid while the liquid heats the thermometer. Sensors need to be designed to have a small
effect on what is measured; making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce
other advantage. Technological progress allows more and more sensors to be manufactured
on a microscopic scale as microsensors using MEMS technology. In most cases, a
microsensor reaches a significantly higher speed and sensitivity compared
with macroscopic approaches

Classification of measurement errors

A good sensor obeys the following rules

 Is sensitive to the measured property only

 Is insensitive to any other property likely to be encountered in its application
 Does not influence the measured property

The sensitivity is then defined as the ratio between output signal and measured property. For
example, if a sensor measures temperature and has a voltage output, the sensitivity is a
constant with the unit [V/K]; this sensor is linear because the ratio is constant at all points of
measurement.

For an analog sensor signal to be processed, or used in digital equipment, it needs to be

converted to a digital signal, using an analog-to-digital converter.

Sensor deviations

If the sensor is not ideal, several types of deviations can be observed:

 The sensitivity may in practice differ from the value specified. This is called a

sensitivity error.
 Since the range of the output signal is always limited, the output signal will eventually
reach a minimum or maximum when the measured property exceeds the limits. The full
scale range defines the maximum and minimum values of the measured property.
 If the output signal is not zero when the measured property is zero, the sensor has an
offset or bias. This is defined as the output of the sensor at zero input.
 If the sensitivity is not constant over the range of the sensor, this is called non
linearity. Usually this is defined by the amount the output differs from ideal behavior
over the full range of the sensor, often noted as a percentage of the full range.

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 If the deviation is caused by a rapid change of the measured property over time, there
is a dynamic error. Often, this behavior is described with a bode plot showing sensitivity
error and phase shift as function of the frequency of a periodic input signal.
 If the output signal slowly changes independent of the measured property, this is
defined as drift (telecommunication). Long term drift usually indicates a slow
degradation of sensor properties over a long period of time.
 Noise is a random deviation of the signal that varies in time.
 Hysteresis is an error caused by when the measured property reverses direction, but
there is some finite lag in time for the sensor to respond, creating a different offset error
in one direction than in the other.
 If the sensor has a digital output, the output is essentially an approximation of the
measured property. The approximation error is also called digitization error.
 If the signal is monitored digitally, limitation of the sampling frequency also can
cause a dynamic error, or if the variable or added noise changes periodically at a
frequency near a multiple of the sampling rate may induce aliasing errors.
 The sensor may to some extent be sensitive to properties other than the property being
measured. For example, most sensors are influenced by the temperature of their
environment.

All these deviations can be classified as systematic errors or random errors. Systematic errors
can sometimes be compensated for by means of some kind of calibration strategy. Noise is a
random error that can be reduced by signal processing, such as filtering, usually at the
expense of the dynamic behavior of the sensor.

Resolution

The resolution of a sensor is the smallest change it can detect in the quantity that it is
measuring. Often in a digital display, the least significant digit will fluctuate, indicating that
changes of that magnitude are only just resolved. The resolution is related to
the precision with which the measurement is made. For example, a scanning tunneling
probe (a fine tip near a surface collects an electron tunneling current) can
resolve atoms and molecules.

Types of sensors

 Temperature Sensor

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 Pressure sensor
 Ultrasonic sensor
 The acceleration sensor
 Displacement sensor
 Holzer switch sensor
 Infrared sensor
 Heartbeat sensor
 Pulse rate sensor
 Chemical sensor
 Bio sensor
 Temperature sensor

There are various types of sensors.Some are described above and the one’s we used in our
project are blood pressure sensor,heartbeat sensor and temperature sensor.

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 CHAPTER 6

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

In case of emergency and dangerous situations we have to alert the doctor immediately.
Forthis we are using a GSM based network for doctor to patient communication in the
hospital andeven to communicate and indicate the status of the patient through SMS. This
way ofcommunication is actually done with the GSM network. Each patient will be given this
module and with the help of this module the patient health condition ismonitored and if there
is any change in the condition of the health then it immediately sends thatchanged data
through GSM to the local system where the main module is connected to thecomputer to
maintain the status of the patient.The heart beat is monitored with the pulse rate of the body.
The high intensity light sensorsenses the expansion and contraction of the heart with the help
of the nerves. That beam willtransmit the signal to the receiver and the minute change in the
pulse is noticed as the heartbeat.If there is any change in the pulses then it is noticed as the
change in the heart and then thecontroller will get a disturbed pulse count which indicates the
fault or malfunction of the heart.The controller is fixed for a no. of pulses initially. If there is
any change in the any of the pulsecount then it considers as a malfunction of the heart and
then it transmits the pulse count with the patients ID to the doctor in the hospital and at the
same to it sends a sms to a fixed number in themicrocontroller. This is convenient process to
monitor the patients’ health conditions form any ofthe distance we present. Since we are
using the networks like GSM this makesthe user to communicate for internal system and as
well as to the longer distances.

Currently, the wireless body area sensor network for heart rate, blood pressure and
temperature sensor monitoring system is successfully designed for applications as

1. Heartbeat sensor

2. Temperature sensor

3. oxygen

The “Patient Health Monitoring Sensor Network” detects various parameters of people and
assists them to overcome the critical health condition.

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Advantages
 GSM technology enables doctor to monitor the patients conditions even sitting in
his room.
 Doctor will get call when patients body temperature and heart beat rises so that he can
takeprecautionary .measures even though he will be in remote place.
 Patient care takers can monitor the equipment easily.

6.1 FUTURE SCOPE

Monitoring the patient’s condition can be done by using biomedical telemetry method where
there is a mobile communication between microcontrollers. The temperature, heart beat and
blood pressure are all sensed by using the appropriate sensors which are placed near the
patient’s body thatis under investigation. The biomedical telemetry system consists of
temperature sensor, heart beatsensor, pressure sensor, A/D converter, signal conditioning
circuit, microcontroller, data cable mobile phone, LCD display. The temperature sensor is
used to sense the temperature value of thepatient’s body.The sensed output is given to A/D
converter where the analog signal is converted to digitalsignal. The digital output is given to
microcontroller. The microcontroller delivers the signal formobile phone through data cable.
Then the signal is transmitted to other mobile through GSMnetwork. The receiver mobile
receives the signal and it is given for a PC. The signal from data cableis given to PC and the
value gets displayed using monitor. The pressure sensor is used to sense the pressure value of
the patient’s body .The sensed output is given to A/D converter where the analogsignal is
converted to digital signal. The digital output is given to microcontroller.The microcontroller
delivers the signal for mobile phone through data cable. Then the signal istransmitted to other
mobile through GSM network. The receiver mobile receives the signal and it isgiven for a
PC. The signal from data cable is given to PC and the value gets displayed usingmonitor.
Heart beat can be sensed by using heart beat sensor which is then given to a
signalconditioning circuit. This unit delivers a train of pulses to microcontroller and the value
getsdisplayed using LCD display.

6.2. CONCLUSION

We successfully completed this project “GSM BASED HEALTH MONITORING

SYSTEM” under the guidance of our respected supervisor and group mates.
We assure that all the equipments are purchased by our own and are 100% working.

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The primary objective of this project is to develop a reliable, efficient and easily deployable
remote patient monitoring system that can play a vital role in providing basic health services
to the remote population and elderly patients. This project enables transmission of the system
body parameters which is sensed from remote patient to the server PC by using wireless
transmission technology - GSM. Using GSM, the doctor is notified and he will receive SMS
on his mobile phone in case any parameter goes beyond the normal specified range. The main
focus of this system is that the people can overcome the critical situation and be cautious of
their health condition.

This indeed is an easy, practical, inexpensive and yet veryeffective way for transmitting vital
information to the healthcare staff and healthcare providers.

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