Republic of the Philippines

City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

PROJECT LIFE CYCLE

MODULE NO: 2

I. INTRODUCTION

Many systems are built to easy, improve and transform organizations. Some
organizations have many departments which run systems which are independent
of each other. And systems built sometimes, may not have an abstract view
(architecture) which leads to failure of system interoperability. There is need to
have architectural view of the system as a priority to help in the design to avoid
the likeliness of system failure.

II. LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After completion of this module, students should be able to:

• To understand the sequential phases of a project life cycle.

• To understand what happens in each phase of a project.
• To understand how different kind of contract stretches over different phases of
a project.
• To understand how the level of effort changes over the life cycle of a project.
• To understand how the level of influence and the cost of change are change
over the life cycle of a project.

III. TOPICS AND KEY CONCEPTS

What is a Project Life Cycle?

Whether you’re working on a small project with modest business goals or a large,
multi-departmental initiative with sweeping corporate implications, an
understanding of the project management life cycle is essential.

A project life cycle is the sequence of phases that a project goes through from its
initiation to its closure. The number and sequence of the cycle are determined by
the management and various other factors like needs of the organization involved
in the project, the nature of the project, and its area of application. The phases have
a definite start, end, and control point and are constrained by time. The project
lifecycle can be defined and modified as per the needs and aspects of the
organization.

Page | 1
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Even though every project has a definite start and end, the particular objectives,
deliverables, and activities vary widely. The lifecycle provides the basic foundation
of the actions that has to be performed in the project, irrespective of the specific
work involved.

Benefits of Project Life Cycle:

1. It provides a structure for project delivery.

2. It improves communication and understanding between team members.
3. It enables progress to be tracked across the organization/team.
4. It provides for the progressive evolution of the project.
5. It enables structured reviews that support governance.

It provides a structure for project delivery.

The project life cycle provides a structured approach for the delivery of the project.
This allows everyone working on the project to identify and monitor how the
project is progressing; and whether there are any issues with particular aspects of
the deliverables. It also has clearly defined activities and outputs for each phase
and the assigned responsibilities. This provides a common roadmap for teams to
follow.

It improves communication and understanding between team members.

Aims communication and helps define roles within the project organization as it
provides a framework for the project that is visible and understood by all members
of the project. Also, roles and responsibilities can be assigned according to the
project phase. This makes it easy for people to understand what they should be
doing in each phase.

It enables progress to be tracked across the organization/team.

Allows the project manager to link progress directly to each phase and recognize
the completion of each phase.

It provides for the progressive evolution of the project.

The phases within the project lifecycle provide an understanding of the evolution
of the project, being able to identify areas that need greater attention at different
times such as risk management in the early stages and more Project Evaluation
Reviews during the Implementation stage. With each stage, the project detail is
elaborated in more detail. The costs estimates are improved and the plans refined
in more detail.

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Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

It enables structured reviews that support governance.

These regular reviews also provide increased confidence for the stakeholders in
confirming early successes and confirmation that the project is still viable and on
plan – alternatively these can be escape routes, if the project is no longer viable.

The Phases of Project Life Cycle

A standard project typically has the following four major phases. Taken together,
these phases represent the path a project takes from the beginning to its end and
are generally referred to as the project life cycle.

Termination Initiation
Phase Phase

Execution Planning
Phase Phase

First Phase: Initiation

During the first of these phases, the initiation phase, the project objective or need
is identified; this can be a business problem or opportunity. An appropriate
response to the need is documented in a business case with recommended
solution options. A feasibility study is conducted to investigate whether each
option addresses the project objective and a final recommended solution is
determined. Issues of feasibility and justification addressed.

The primary requirements include information such as:

• Project Purpose, Vision, Mission and Goals.

• Measurable objectives and success criteria.
• Elaborated project description, conditions and risks.
• Concerned users/stakeholders.

Page | 3
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Second Phase: Planning

The next phase, the planning phase, is where the project solution is further
developed in as much detail as possible and the steps necessary to meet the
project’s objective are planned. In this step, the team identifies all of the work to
be done. The project’s tasks and resource requirements are identified, along with
the strategy for producing them. This is also referred to as “scope management.”
A project plan is created outlining the activities, tasks, dependencies, and time
frames.

The purpose of this phase is to lay down a detailed strategy of how the project has
to be performed and how to make it a success.

Project Planning consists of two (2) parts:

1. Strategic Planning - the overall approach to the project is developed.

2. Implementation Planning - the ways to apply those decisions are sought.

Third Phase: Execution or Implementation

In this phase, the decisions and activities defined during the planning phase are
implemented. During this phase, the project manager has to supervise the project
and prevent any errors from taking place. This process is also termed as monitoring
and controlling. After satisfaction from the customer, sponsor, and stakeholder’s
end, he takes the process to the next step.

Fourth Phase: Termination or Closing

During the final closure, or completion phase, the emphasis is on releasing the
final deliverables to the customer, handing over project documentation to the
business, terminating supplier contracts, releasing project resources, and
communicating the closure of the project to all stakeholders. The last remaining
step is to conduct lessons-learned studies to examine what went well and what
didn’t. Through this type of analysis, the wisdom of experience is transferred back
to the project organization, which will help future project teams.

Page | 4
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Systems Development Project

In developing a system project, development can follow two (2) models:

1. Predictive Model
2. Adaptive Model

Predictive Model

Predictive Modeling assumes you can predict the complete workflow. It involves
fully understanding the final product and determining the process for delivering it.
In this form of project life cycle, you determine the cost, scope, and timeline in the
early phases of the project.

Example of Predictive:

1. Waterfall Model - It assumes various phases in the SDLC that can occur
sequentially, which implies that one phase leads into the next phase. In simple
words, in waterfall model, all the phases take place one at a time and do not
overlap one another.

2. Spiral Model - shows that software is developed using an iterative or spiral

approach rather than a linear approach.

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Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

3. Incremental Release Model - provides for progressive development of

operational software.

4. RAD Model - used to produce systems quickly without sacrificing quality.

Adaptive Model

Approaches have a mix of incremental and iterative development. It involves adding

features incrementally and making changes and refinements according to feedback.
In other words, the work can easily adapt to the changing requirements based on
new feedback received from the client.

Example of Adaptive:

1. Agile - focuses on achieving the desired end goal by quickly adapting the
dynamic business requirements. It puts more focus on the present requirement
and leaves room for future scope of the project.

2. Extreme Programming (XP) – Develop program in pairs and must write the
tests for their own code. XP teams include developers, managers, and users.

3. Scrum - Repetitions of iterative development are referred to as sprints, which

normally last thirty days. Teams often meet every day for a short meeting,
called a scrum, to decide what to accomplish that day. Works best for object-
oriented technology projects and requires strong leadership to coordinate the
work.

Project Life Cycle vs Product Life Cycle

Product life cycle and project life cycle sound quite similar, but in fact, are very
different from one another. It's important to distinguish the stages of a product
life cycle and project life cycle to understand how they are related. This will help
you to integrate both into your business plans with maximum effectiveness.

Product
Life Cycle Project
Life Cycle

Page | 6
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Product Life Cycle

A product life cycle focuses on organic sales numbers. The product life cycle
represents the amount of revenue a product generates over time, from its
inception to the point where it is discontinued. A product life cycle is a conceptual
map of where a product's sales are and where they may be headed. However, it
has no input on what to do with the product.

In the development stage, the product isn't yet being sold, so there is no revenue.
During introduction, sales are small as people begin to try the product.

Project Life Cycle

Project life cycle are more related to plans and processes over a limited period of
time. A project life cycle measures the work that goes into a project from beginning
to end. Project life cycle examples include marketing campaign, design and
production of products, and adopting new technology in a business. It's easy to
distinguish the stages of a product life cycle by looking at how the process works. A
project life cycle is all about action. In project life cycle examples, the business
typically maps out the steps needed to complete a project with specific targeted
results.

Why have Project Phases and Feedbacks/Reviews?

• A project should successfully pass through each of the project phases in

order to continue on to the next
• Reviews or Feedbacks (also called phase exits or kill points) should occur
after each phase to evaluate the project’s progress, likely success, and
continued compatibility with organizational goals.

IV. TEACHING AND LEARNING MATERIALS RESOURCES

Visual Representation such as:

1. PowerPoint Presentations
2. SmartArt Tools
3. Photographs

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Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

V. LEARNING TASKS

For Lecture:

Activity 2: Project Life Cycle

Instruction: Individually, think of a three (3) system project proposal and indicate
your plans according to the following phases of Project Life Cycle. Briefly define your
goals and tasks that you need to do in every phases.

Proposal 1: __________________________________________

Brief Description:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Proposal 2: __________________________________________

Brief Description:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Proposal 3: __________________________________________

Brief Description:
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

Page | 8
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Initiation Phase

Planning Phase

Execution Phase

Termination Phase

For Laboratory: Proposed Project for System Integration and Architecture

Presentation of Project System and Team Composition

Content of the presentation:

1. Title of the Project

2. Detailed Description of the Project
3. Detailed Description and Features of Sub-systems
4. Project Leader/Manager Profile
5. Team Composition Profile

Page | 9
Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City
www.gordoncollege.edu.ph

Note: All team members should be present during the said presentation.
Attendance per tentative team will be checked. Participation is a must.

Choose one (1) student who will be presenting.

To the Project Leader, submit/post the presentation file in our GC LAMP

Classroom.

To the Team Members, type your name (LN, FN, MI) in the posted presentation
file.

VI. REFERENCES

• Sage A.P. and Rouse, W.B. Handbook of Systems Engineering and

Management, John Wiley & Sons, 1999.
• https://pressbooks.bccampus.ca/fdaddey/chapter/chapter-2-the-project-
life-cycle-phases/
• https://opentextbc.ca/projectmanagement/chapter/chapter-3-the-project-
life-cycle-phases-project-management/
• https://smallbusiness.chron.com/pmp-tools-techniques-40961.html

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Systems Integration and Architecture
Ms. Denise Lou B. Punzalan

2ND SEMESTER 2020-2021, NOT FOR SALE: EXCLUSIVE FOR GORDON COLLEGE ONLY