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 The safer , easier way to help you pass any IT exams. 

Exam : 201-450

Title : LPIC-2 Exam 201, Part 1 of

2, version 4.5

Version : V8.02

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1.In capacity planning exercises, which tools assist in listing and identifying processes of interest?
(Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. acpid
B. lsof
C. pstree
D. telinit
Answer: B, C

2.In the following output from top, which processes contribute to the percentage of time that the CPU
spends in the state of wa?
Tasks: 193 total, 1 running, 190 sleeping, 2 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 0.5%us, 0.3%sy, 0.0%ni, 98.2%id, 1.0%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.0%si, 0.0%st
A. Processes waiting for user interaction.
B. Processes that were already closed and are waiting to be launched again.
C. Processes that have not been scheduled yet because they haven't been fully loaded into RAM or are in
swap.
D. Processes waiting for IO operations to complete.
Answer: D

3.In the below example output, which columns detail the percent of time the CPU spent running
non-kernel code and the percent of time the CPU spent running kernel code? (Choose TWO correct
answers.)
# vmstat 1 100
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 359 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1117 577 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 366 0 0 100 0
A. id
B. us
C. wa
D. sy
Answer: B, D

4.In the following output, what percentage of time was the CPU waiting for pending I/O?
# vmstat 1 100
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 359 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1117 577 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 366 0 0 100 0
A. 0

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B. 100
C. 35.9
D. 57.7
E. 36.6
Answer: A

5.Which commands below are useful to collect data about remote filesystem connections? (Choose TWO
correct answers.)
A. pidstat
B. nfsiostat
C. sadf
D. cifsiostat
Answer: B, D

6.In the following output, the load averages represent the system load averages for what time frames?
12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 24.71, 35.31
A. 1, 5 and 15 minutes
B. 1, 15 and 30 minutes
C. 1, 15, and 30 seconds
D. 15, 30 and 60 minutes
E. 15, 30 and 60 seconds
Answer: A

7.When planning a web server which of the following choices will impact system sizing? (Choose THREE
correct answers.)
A. How many concurrent users are expected.
B. Which hardware vendor has better Linux support.
C. What type of content will be served.
D. What scripting languages will the web server support.
E. Will the OS install be CD, DVD or network based.
Answer: A, C, D

8.What mechanism does collectd use to gather monitoring information on systems?

A. It uses a library of plugins.
B. A master server connects to a collectd service on each machine to retrieve the information.
C. It collects its own information on each server and sends that to a master server.
D. It makes SNMP queries to the clients being monitored.
Answer: A

9.Which of the following tools are used to measure memory usage? (Choose THREE correct answers.)
A. mpstat
B. pstree
C. sar
D. top

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E. vmstat
Answer: C, D, E

10.Which of the following is a side effect of extensive usage of swap space?

A. The root filesystem may become full because swap space is always located on the system root
partition.
B. The overall system performance may degrade because of heavy hard disk use and memory
reorganization.
C. Since processes always exist completely in either RAM or swap, regular RAM may become unused if
the kernel does not move processes back from the swap space to memory.
D. The memory may become fragmented and slow down the access to memory pages. However, this can
be kept to a minimum by the regular use of memfrag -d.
E. Applications need to restart because their virtual memory addresses change to reflect memory
relocation to the swap address area.
Answer: B

11.In this example output, which descriptions match the purpose of the free, buff and cache columns?
(Choose THREE correct answers.)
# vmstat 1 100
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 359 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1117 577 0 0 100 0
0 0 0 282120 134108 5797012 0 0 0 0 1007 366 0 0 100 0
A. Used swap space
B. RAM available for filesystem buffers
C. Available free RAM
D. RAM used for buffers
E. RAM used for filesystem cache
Answer: C, D, E

12.In the following output, what is the 5 minute load average for the system?
# uptime
12:10:05 up 18 days, 19:00, 2 users, load average: 0.47, 24.71, 35.31
A. 0.47
B. 24.71
C. 35.31
D. There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 0.47 and 24.71.
E. There is no 5 minute interval. It is some value between 24.71 and 35.31.
Answer: B

13.Which of the following commands will provide the PIDs of the processes sorted by which are using the
most CPU cycles on the Linux system?

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A. top
B. uptime
C. ps aux
D. vmstat
E. freemem
Answer: A

14.Which command will report information on memory usage, paging and block input/output?
A. free
B. memshow
C. ps
D. top
E. vmstat
Answer: E

15.When is historical data of resource usage important? (Select THREE correct answers.)
A. Predicting when resources will need to be increased.
B. Selecting a computer vendor.
C. Identifying processes killed during out of memory occurrences.
D. Diagnosing capacity problems.
E. Troubleshooting a software problem.
Answer: A, D, E

16.What option in the collectd configuration file is required in order to define what to start monitoring?
A. LoadModule
B. Module
C. Plugin
D. LoadPlugin
Answer: D

17.Which of the following terms are used to describe 3.x kernel releases? (Choose TWO correct
answers.)
A. beta
B. final
C. longterm
D. prerelease
E. stable
Answer: C, E

18.According to the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS), what is the path to the Linux kernel source and
may be a symbolic link to the real Linux source code? (Please specify the full path with no version
information.)
Answer: /usr/src/linux, /usr/src/linux/

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19.After installing a compiled kernel, it can not find any modules that are needed to be loaded. What
make target was likely missed while installing the kernel?
Answer: make modules_install, modules_install

20.A new kernel version needs to be compiled to use a new feature. If the old kernel configuration file is
available, which make target creates a configuration file for the new kernel based on the configuration of
the old kernel?
Answer: oldconfig, make oldconfig

21.After configuring a new kernel, what file under /usr/src/linux/ contains the configuration?
Answer: /usr/src/linux/.config, .config

22.How can the kernel parameter for the maximum size of the shared memory segment (shmmax) be
changed to 2GB (2147483648 Bytes) on a running system? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. Edit /etc/shmmax and set the parameter to 2147483648.
B. sysctl shmmax=2147483648
C. sysctl kernel.shmmax=2147483648
D. echo 2147483648 > /proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
E. export kernel.shmmax=2147483648
Answer: C, D

23.What is the correct parameter to pass to the kernel at boot time to force it to use only one of the
available processors?
A. maxcpus=1
B. usecpus=1
C. smpcpus=1
D. vcpumx=1
Answer: A

24.Which commands are used to load modules into the Linux kernel? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. insmod
B. loadmod
C. kernload
D. modprobe
E. probemod
Answer: A, D

25.Which directory contains the system-specific udev rule files? (Specify the absolute path including the
directory name)
Answer: /etc/udev/rules.d, /etc/udev/rules.d/

26.What is a key difference between a zImage and bzImage kernel image?

A. zImage is compressed using gzip, bzImage is compressed using bzip2.
B. zImage is for 2.6 series kernels, bzImage is for 3.x series kernels.

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C. zImage is limited to 64k, bzImage has no such restriction.

D. zImage gets loaded completely into low memory. bzImage will load into high memory once low
memory is full.
Answer: D

27.Which of the following command sequences can be used to extract files contained in a initramfs file
(/boot/initramfs) which is used by the kernel at boot time?
A. cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gzip -c /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd
/tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -i < /tmp/initramfs
B. cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd
/tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -i < /tmp/initramfs
C. cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mount /tmp/initramfs /mnt/ -o loop -t
initramfs
D. cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mkdir /tmp/initramfs.dir ; cd
/tmp/initramfs.dir ; cpio -e /tmp/initramfs
E. cp /boot/initramfs /tmp/initramfs.gz; gunzip /tmp/initramfs.gz; mount /tmp/initramfs /mnt/ -o loop -t initrd
Answer: B

28.On a server running the 3.4.50-11 Linux kernel, which file in the /boot directory contains the kernel
configuration parameters?
A. config-linux-3.4.50-11
B. config-3.4.50-11
C. system-3.4.50-11
D. vmlinuz-3.4.50-11
E. rc.config-3.4.50-11
Answer: B

29.Which archive format is used to create an initramfs image?

A. gzip
B. tar
C. RAR
D. cpio
E. bzip2
Answer: D

30.A database application requires a maximum shared memory segment (shmmax) of 2GB (2147483648
Bytes). Which configuration file should be modified to set this kernel parameter permanently? (Specify the
full name of the file, including path.)
Answer: /etc/sysctl.conf

31.What information does the file modules.dep provide?

A. A list of all modules, compiled or not, that are available to the kernel.
B. A list of modules trusted by the installed kernel.
C. A list of devices and their module name.

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D. A list of all compiled modules and their dependencies.

E. A list of modules the kernel needs to run.
Answer: D

32.Which command is used to unload a single module currently loaded by the kernel without unloading
any modules that it depends upon? (Specify the command with or without path information)
Answer: rmmod, /sbin/rmmod

33.What is the purpose of the command udevadm monitor?

A. It listens to kernel events produced by a udev rule and print information to the console.
B. It monitors the /dev directory for new devices.
C. It monitors the udev process and prints performance statistics to the console.
D. It communicates with D-Bus to setup new devices.
Answer: A

34.How is the source code for the main Linux kernel modules distributed?
A. It is included with the Linux kernel source code.
B. The kernel modules are downloaded on demand as they are used during compilation.
C. The kernel modules have their own release cycle and can be maintained separately from the Linux
kernel source.
D. It is provided as a separate download alongside the Linux kernel source code of the same version.
Answer: A

35.Which keyword is used in the /etc/inittab file to define the SysV-init default system runlevel?
Answer: initdefault

36.Which option to the update-rc.d command will cause the removal of all symlinks to /etc/rcX.d/*test2
even when the script /etc/init.d/test2 still exists?
A. -d
B. -f
C. -n
D. -r
Answer: B

37.If all of the following files and/or symlinks exist in a SysV-init runlevel directory, which of the following
will be executed first when booting the system directly into the runlevel?
A. S99lpi
B. K99lpi
C. PRE-S99lpi
D. S98lpi
E. S99a-lpi
Answer: D

38.After changing the default runlevel in the SysV-init configuration file, the system boots in a different

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than intended runlevel. Where else could this different runlevel be defined?
A. In the /etc/sysctl.conf
B. In the boot loader configuration file
C. In the /etc/runlevel file
D. In the /boot/initramfs file
E. In the /etc/rc.d/rc.local file
Answer: B

39.Why is the root file system mounted read-only during boot and remounted with write permission later
on?
A. Because if problems with the root file system are detected during the boot, fsck can be run, without risk
of damage.
B. Because this way crackers cannot collect information about root with boot sniffers.
C. To avoid writing to the disk, unless the root password is known.
D. To avoid other operating systems overwriting the Linux root partition.
E. Because the disk has its own write protection that cannot be changed by the operating system.
Answer: A

40.In case the file containing the Linux kernel is lost, what happens when the system is booting?
A. The system starts normally since the bootloader copies the kernel to the master boot record of the hard
disk.
B. Instead of the kernel, the initramfs is loaded and instructed to mount the root filesystem and reinstall
the kernel from the original package or from source.
C. The bootloader mounts the root filesystem read-only and launches /bin/sh directly in order to allow the
administrator to reinstall the kernel.
D. Without a kernel a system cannot boot and, depending on the bootloader, an error is displayed.
Answer: D

41.Which file tells GRUB the paths of the filesystem partitions in both Linux format and in the GRUB
syntax? (Specify the file name only with no path information)
Answer: device.map

42.Where is the LILO boot loader code typically installed on a system with only a single Linux installation
and no other operating systems?
A. In the master boot record.
B. In the boot sector.
C. In the /boot directory.
D. At the start of the kernel.
Answer: A

43.What is the functionality that PXE provides?

A. The ability to boot a computer using its network interface.
B. The ability to launch an remote X11 desktop on a computer.
C. The ability to verify a system's configuration after completing the boot process.

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D. The ability to verify a system's configuration before completing the boot process.
Answer: A

44.What happens if the Linux kernel can't mount the root filesystem when booting?
A. An error message is shown and the administrator is asked by the kernel to specify a valid root
filesystem to continue the boot process.
B. An error message is shown and the system reboots after a keypress.
C. An error message is shown and the system boots in maintenance mode.
D. An error message is shown showing which device couldn't be mounted or informing that init couldn't be
found.
E. An error message is shown stating that the corresponding kernel module couldn't be loaded.
Answer: D

45.Please enter the complete path to the main SysV init process configuration file.
Answer: /etc/inittab

46.What is the full path to the directory which contains the scripts (or links to the original scripts) to run
while the system boots to SysV-init runlevel 2?
Answer: /etc/rc2.d, /etc/rc2.d/, /etc/init.d/rc2.d, /etc/init.d/rc2.d/

47.A system with SysV-init has a service installed called apache2. Which file controls the start and stop of
this service and is referenced by the various runlevel directories?
A. /etc/init.d/apache2
B. /etc/rc2.d/70apache2
C. /etc/rc2.d/apache2
D. /etc/rc2.d/apache2.start
Answer: A

48.During booting, when the Linux kernel loads an initramfs file, which command from the initramfs will be
executed first, if present?
A. /init
B. /initrd
C. /linuxrc
D. /rc.local
E. /sbin/init
Answer: A

49.A Linux server is running in single user mode for regular maintenance. Which commands are used to
restore the server to its usual runlevel? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. telinit 0
B. shutdown -r now
C. sync
D. shutdown -h now
E. reboot

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Answer: B, E

50.A server requires a GRUB2 boot option which will always boot to runlevel 1. Which line of a GRUB2
configuration file starts the beginning of the settings needed to make this new choice available?
A. initrd
B. linux
C. menuentry
D. runlevel
Answer: B

51.Which command is used to install a new LILO boot loader?

A. lilo
B. lilo-config
C. lilo-install
D. install-lilo
Answer: A

52.What are the main network services used by the PXE protocol? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. DNS
B. DHCP
C. HTTP
D. TFTP
E. NFS
Answer: B, D

53.Which files are updated as devices are mounted and unmounted to provide information on the
currently mounted devices and the options used? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. /proc/dtab
B. /etc/mtab
C. /etc/fstab
D. /proc/mounts
E. /proc/devices
Answer: B, D

54.Consider the following /etc/fstab file:

/dev/hda1 swap swap defaults 0 0
/dev/hda2 / ext2 defaults 1 1
/dev/hda3 /home ext2 defaults 1 2
none /proc proc defaults 0 0
/dev/sdb1 /media/usb0 vfat user,noauto 0 0
What is one of the possible commands that an ordinary (non-root) user can use to mount the /dev/sdb1
partition on the /media/usb0 mount point? (Please enter the command with all parameters and/or options
but without any file system type options.)
Answer: mount /dev/sdb1, mount /media/usb0, /bin/mount /dev/sdb1, /bin/mount /media/usb0, mount

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/media/usb0/, /bin/mount /media/usb0/

55.After a lot of write operations, the administrator want to ensure that the kernel flushes the file system
buffers to disk. Which command will accomplish this? (Specify ONLY the command without any path or
parameters.)
Answer: sync

56.What does a 0 in the last field (fsck order) of /etc/fstab indicate about the filesystem?
A. The filesystem should be checked before filesystems with higher values.
B. The filesystem should be checked after filesystems with higher values.
C. The filesystem check counter is ignored.
D. The filesystem has been disabled from being checked and mounted on the system.
E. The filesystem does not require an fsck check when being mounted.
Answer: E

57.Which command turns an existing ext2 filesystem non-destructively into an ext3 filesystem? (Specify
ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer: /sbin/tune2fs, tune2fs

58.Which command is used to create a ISO9660 filesystem? (Specify ONLY the command without any
path or parameters.)
Answer: mkisofs, genisoimage

59.What is the purpose of the smartd daemon?

A. It is a user space daemon used for reading smart cards and integrated circuit chips.
B. It attempts to automatically repair file systems upon a failed file system check.
C. It monitors process activity and helps the kernel decide which processes to kill when the kernel
overcommits.
D. It monitors certain disk drives and attempts to predict when they will fail.
Answer: D

60.Which of the following are common Linux filesystem types used for root partitions? (Choose THREE
correct answers.)
A. ext4
B. VFAT
C. NTFS
D. XFS
E. Btrfs
Answer: A, D, E

61.What is the main template file used by autofs?

A. default.maps
B. auto.conf
C. auto.master

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D. autofs.master
Answer: C

62.Which directory in /dev/disk/ can be used to determine the UUID of a connected hard disk?
Answer: /dev/disk/by-uuid, by-uuid, /dev/disk/by-uuid/

63.What keyword is missing in the following line from /etc/fstab in order to make a USB flash device
writeable by the user fred when mounted:
/dev/sda1 /mnt/usbflash vfat defaults,users,______=fred,umask=022, 0 0
(Provide the option name only without any settings)
Answer: uid

64.Due to extreme system use, a Linux system requires some additional swap space. To initialize 5GB of
additional swap space, which combination of commands should be used?
A. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; mount /tmp/swapfile
B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
C. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; swapon
/tmp/swapfile
D. touch -5G /tmp/swapfile; swapon /tmp/swapfile
E. mkswap /tmp/swapfile 512000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
Answer: C

65.Which of the following best describes the format of the /etc/fstab file?
A. device name; filesystem type; mount point; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
B. device name; mount point; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
C. device name; mount point; mount options; filesystem type; dump filesystem; fsck order
D. mount point; filesystem type; device name; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
E. mount point; device name; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
Answer: B

66.How can the label root be added to the ext2 filesystem on /dev/sda1?
A. relabel /dev/sda1 root
B. tune2fs -L root /dev/sda1
C. echo 'root' > /proc/fs/sda1/label
D. labelfs --device /dev/sda1 root
Answer: B

67.Which of the following is a CD-ROM filesystem standard?

A. OSI9660
B. ISO9660
C. SR0FS
D. ISO8859
E. ROM-EO
Answer: B

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68.What component of a system does smartd monitor?

A. CPU
B. RAM
C. Hard drives
D. Ethernet traffic
Answer: C

69.Where would fsck put any unreferenced file or file fragments on a ext4 filesystem?
A. recover
B. lost+found
C. back
D. lost
Answer: B

70.The main configuration file for autofs has this entry:

/home /etc/auto.home
What is the meaning of the /etc/auto.home file?
A. It has the indirect maps for the mounting of file systems.
B. It has configuration information, such as passwords and keys, for the remote file server.
C. It has configuration information on settings for the /home mount point.
D. It is the holds the SSL key to allow authentication to the remote file server.
Answer: A

71.What is the minimum number of disks required in a fully redundant RAID5 array?
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. 5
Answer: C

72.Which of the following commands is used to set up a RAID volume?

A. makerd
B. mdadm
C. mkfs.raid
D. makeraid
E. rdconfig
Answer: B

73.The IDE hard drive /dev/hda does not have DMA enabled. Which command must be run to enable
DMA on it?
A. hdparm -d /dev/hda

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B. hdparm --dma /dev/hda

C. hdparm --dma /dev/hda1
D. hdparm -d /dev/hda1
E. hdparm -d 1 /dev/hda
Answer: E

74.The correct command sequence to create and mount logical volumes on a Linux system is:
A. lvcreate, pvcreate, vgcreate, mkfs, mount
B. pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mkfs, mount
C. vgcreate, lvcreate, pvcreate, mount, mkfs
D. mkfs, pvcreate, vgcreate, lvcreate, mount
E. pvcreate, lvcreate, vgcreate, mkfs, mount
Answer: B

75.What command will remove a physical volume from a volume group? (Specify ONLY the command
without any path or parameters.)
Answer: vgreduce, /sbin/vgreduce

76.Which of the following is an example path to a Linux software RAID array?

A. /dev/raid0
B. /dev/rd1
C. /dev/pr0
D. /dev/md1
Answer: D

77.What mount option must be used in /etc/fstab when mounting an iSCSI target?
A. _santarget
B. iscsi
C. waitiscsi
D. _netdev
Answer: D

78.What command is used to make an exact copy, at a single point in time, of a logical volume for backup
purposes?
A. lvsnap
B. lvsnapshot
C. lvcreate
D. lvcopy
E. lvclone
Answer: C

79.Which directory in /dev/disk/ can be used to determine the UUID of a connected hard disk?
Answer: /dev/disk/by-uuid, by-uuid, /dev/disk/by-uuid/

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80.What keyword is missing in the following line from /etc/fstab in order to make a USB flash device
writeable by the user fred when mounted:
/dev/sda1 /mnt/usbflash vfat defaults,users,______=fred,umask=022, 0 0
(Provide the option name only without any settings)
Answer: uid

81.Due to extreme system use, a Linux system requires some additional swap space. To initialize 5GB of
additional swap space, which combination of commands should be used?
A. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; mount /tmp/swapfile
B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
C. dd if=/dev/zero of=/tmp/swapfile bs=1024 count=5120000; mkswap /tmp/swapfile; swapon
/tmp/swapfile
D. touch -5G /tmp/swapfile; swapon /tmp/swapfile
E. mkswap /tmp/swapfile 512000; swapon /tmp/swapfile
Answer: C

82.Which of the following best describes the format of the /etc/fstab file?
A. device name; filesystem type; mount point; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
B. device name; mount point; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
C. device name; mount point; mount options; filesystem type; dump filesystem; fsck order
D. mount point; filesystem type; device name; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
E. mount point; device name; filesystem type; mount options; dump filesystem; fsck order
Answer: B

83.How can the label root be added to the ext4 filesystem on /dev/sda1?
A. relabel /dev/sda1 root
B. tune2fs -L root /dev/sda1
C. echo 'root' > /proc/fs/sda1/label
D. labelfs --device /dev/sda1 root
Answer: B

84.Which of the following is a CD-ROM filesystem standard?

A. OSI9660
B. ISO9660
C. SR0FS
D. ISO8859
E. ROM-EO
Answer: B

85.What component of a system does smartd monitor?

A. CPU
B. RAM
C. Hard drives
D. Ethernet traffic

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Answer: C

86.Where would fsck put any unreferenced file or file fragments on a ext4 filesystem?
A. recover
B. lost+found
C. back
D. lost
Answer: B

87.The main configuration file for autofs has this entry:

/home /etc/auto.home
What is the meaning of the /etc/auto.home file?
A. It has the indirect maps for the mounting of file systems.
B. It has configuration information, such as passwords and keys, for the remote file server.
C. It has configuration information on settings for the /home mount point.
D. It is the holds the SSL key to allow authentication to the remote file server.
Answer: A

88.Which file in /proc contains information on the status of local software RAID devices?
A. /proc/raidstat
B. /proc/mdstat
C. /proc/raidstatus
D. /proc/mdstatus
E. /proc/raid/status
Answer: B

89.Which single command will simulate a failed device within a RAID 5 array?
A. mdadm --remove /dev/md0 /dev/sdd1
B. mdadm --zero-superblock /dev/sdf3
C. mdadm --force-fault /dev/md2 /dev/sde2
D. mdadm --fail /dev/md0 /dev/sdc1
E. mdadm /dev/md0 --offline /dev/sdc1
Answer: D

90.Which RAID level value must be used with Linux software RAID in order to create an array of mirrored
devices?
A. 1
B. 5
C. 6
D. container
E. mirrorstripe
Answer: A

91.A system has one hard disk and one CD writer which are both connected to SATA controllers. Which

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device represents the CD writer?

A. /dev/hdb
B. /dev/sdd
C. /dev/scd1
D. /dev/sr0
E. /dev/sr1
Answer: D

92.What is the purpose of the command vgextend?

A. Extend a volume group's footprint on disk.
B. Add physical volumes to an existing volume group.
C. Increase the number of days between scheduled error checking.
D. Create a volume group which uses all available space on disk.
Answer: B

93.Which two LVM commands are missing from the following sequence which is used to create a logical
volume and make use of it on a Linux system?
pvcreate, ___________, __________, mkfs, mount
A. lvcreate, mdadm
B. lvcreate, vgcreate
C. lvmcreate, vgcreate
D. vgcreate, lvcreate
E. vgcreate, mdadm
Answer: D

94.What are the options to node.startup in the iscsid.conf file? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. login
B. initiate
C. manual
D. discover
E. automatic
Answer: C, E

95.What action should be performed after increasing the size of a logical volume?
A. Run vgresize.
B. Increase the size of the filesystem used for the logical volume.
C. Run lvresize.
D. Remount the logical volume.
Answer: B

96.Considering the following kernel IP routing table below, which of the following commands must be
used to remove the route to the network 10.10.1.0/24? (Select TWO answers)
Kernel IP routing table
Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface

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203.0.113.162 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 UH 0 0 0 ppp0

172.16.87.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0
192.168.246.0 0.0.0.0 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth1
10.10.1.0 192.168.246.11 255.255.255.0 UG 0 0 0 eth1
127.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 255.0.0.0 U 0 0 0 lo
0.0.0.0 203.0.113.162 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 ppp0
A. ip net delete 10.10.1.0/24
B. route del 10.10.1.0/24
C. route del -net 10.10.1.0/24
D. route del 10.10.1.0/24 gw 192.168.246.11
E. ip route delete 10.10.1.0/24
Answer: C, E

97.Which of the following files are used to resolve hostnames to IP addresses? (Choose TWO correct
answers.)
A. /etc/systems
B. /etc/hosts
C. /etc/network
D. /etc/dns.conf
E. /etc/resolv.conf
Answer: B, E

98.Which of the following commands will list the IPv4 neighbors of the current system? This includes IP
and MAC addresses. (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. arp
B. ifconfig -lv eth0
C. netstat -al
D. ip neigh show
Answer: A, D

99.The following is an excerpt from the output of tcpdump -nli eth1 'udp':
13:03:17.277327 IP 192.168.123.5.1065 > 192.168.5.112.53: 43653+ A? lpi.org. (25)
13:03:17.598624 IP 192.168.5.112.53 > 192.168.123.5.1065: 43653 1/0/0 A 198.51.100.42 (41)
Which network service or protocol was used?
A. FTP
B. HTTP
C. SSH
D. DNS
E. DHCP
Answer: D

100.Which program lists information about files and network connections opened by processes? (Specify
ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer: lsof, /usr/bin/lsof

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101.Running tcpdump -nli eth1 'tcp' shows the following output:

14:41:53.694538 IP 10.1.52.145.51738 > 24.215.7.162.143: Flags [.], ack 33051, win 1002, options
[nop,nop,TS val 36789130 ecr 1746004159], length 0
What is the source IP address of this packet? (Please specify the answer in digits and dots ONLY.)
Answer: 10.1.52.145

102.A correctly formatted entry has been added to /etc/hosts.deny to prevent certain clients from
connecting to a service but this is having no effect. What could be the cause of this? (Choose TWO
correct answers.)
A. tcpd needs to be sent the HUP signal.
B. The service needs to be restarted.
C. The machine needs to be restarted.
D. There is a conflicting entry in /etc/hosts.allow.
E. The service does not support tcpwrapper.
Answer: D, E

103.A network client has an ethernet interface (eth0) configured with an IP address in the subnet
192.168.0.0/24. This subnet has a router, with the IP address 192.168.0.1, that connects this subnet to
the Internet. What needs to be done on the client to enable it to use the router as its default gateway?
(Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. route add default gw 192.168.0.1 eth0
B. ifconfig eth0 defaultroute 192.168.0.1
C. ip route add default via 192.168.0.1 dev eth0
D. echo defaultroute 192.168.0.1 >> /etc/resolv.conf
E. route add defaultgw=192.168.0.1 if=eth0
Answer: A, C

104.The users of the local network complain that name resolution is not fast enough. Enter the command,
without the path or any options, that shows the time taken to resolve a DNS query.
Answer: dig, time dig, time host, time nslookup

105.Which command can be used to scan a specified network looking for IP addresses that appear to be
in use?
A. nmap
B. tcpdump
C. ip
D. netscan
E. hostdiscover
Answer: A

106.What is incorrect about these entries in /etc/hosts which could be causing host name lookup
problems with host2?
host1 192.168.1.12

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host2 192.168.1.12
A. Two host names are using the same IP address.
B. The server doing the query is on a different subnet.
C. The fields are out of order.
D. host2 is not a fully qualified domain name.
Answer: C

107.Which of the following wireless tools can be used to check the wireless network link quality? (Choose
TWO correct answers.)
A. iwconfig
B. iwlink
C. iwscan
D. iwifi
E. iw
Answer: A, E

108.Which of the following commands can be used to list IPv4 addresses and MAC addresses for IP
devices that the system has seen on the local network?
A. arp
B. ifconfig
C. ipadm
D. iwlist
Answer: A

109.What is the command to add another IP address (192.168.1.2) to a network interface (eth0) that
already has (at least) one IP address in the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet?
A. ip add addr 192.168.1.2/32 dev eth0
B. ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.2 netmask 255.255.255.255
C. ip addr add 192.168.1.2/32 dev eth0
D. ipconfig eth0 192.168.1.2
Answer: C

110.According to the tcpdump output below, what is the IP address of the client host?
02:12:40.511 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: S 3838532429:3838532429(0) win 5840 <mss
1460,sackOK,timestamp 31325740,nop,wscale 2>
02:12:40.511540 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: S 1209330085:1209330085(0) ack
383853 2430 win 5792 <mss 1460,sackOK,timestamp 11553457 3132574,nop,wscale 0>
02:12:40.511755 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: . ack 1 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp 3
132574 11553457>
02:12:40.515122 IP 192.168.246.1.22 > 192.168.246.11.1045: P 1:26(25) ack 1 win 5792
<nop,nop,timestamp 11553460 3132574>
02:12:40.515511 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: . ack 26 win 1460 <nop,nop,timestamp
3132578 11553460>
02:12:40.515952 IP 192.168.246.11.1045 > 192.168.246.1.22: P 1:23(22) ack 26 win 1460

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<nop,nop,timestamp 3132578 11553460>

Answer: 192.168.246.11

111.The following is an excerpt from the output of tcpdump -nli eth1:

13:03:17.277327 IP 192.168.123.5.1065 > 192.168.5.112.21: Flags [.], ack 1 (truncated)
13:03:17.598624 IP 192.168.5.112.21 > 192.168.123.5.1065: Flags [P.], seq (truncated)
Which network service or protocol was used?
A. FTP
B. HTTP
C. SSH
D. DNS
E. DHCP
Answer: A

112.Which of the following commands can be used to script interactions with various TCP or UDP
services?
A. ftp
B. nc
C. tcpdump
D. strings
E. wget
Answer: B

113.Which /etc/hosts.allow entries will permit access to sshd for users from the 192.168.1.0/24 subnet?
(Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. sshd : 192.168.1.
B. sshd : 192.168.1
C. sshd : 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0
D. sshd : 192.168.1.0/255.255.255.0
E. sshd : 192.168.1.0
Answer: A, D

114.What should be done to ensure a client machine uses the recursive nameserver running on the IP
address 192.168.0.1? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. Add nameserver 192.168.0.1 to /etc/resolv.conf.
B. Run route add nameserver 192.168.0.1.
C. Run ifconfig eth0 nameserver 192.168.0.1.
D. Ensure that the dns service is listed in the hosts entry in the /etc/nsswitch.conf file.
E. Run bind add nameserver 192.168.0.1.
Answer: A, D

115.What should be done after updating the configuration file for syslogd in order to make the changes
become effective? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. No action is required, syslogd will notice the updated configuration file after a few minutes.

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B. Send the HUP signal to the syslogd process.

C. Restart the syslogd service.
D. Run the command syslogd -u.
Answer: B, C

116.Which of the following filter keywords for tcpdump specify the transfer direction for network packets?
(Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. source
B. src
C. dest
D. src or dst
E. both
Answer: B, D

117.Under which of the following circumstances would the command ping output the string (DUP!)?
A. When the ICMP packets are send to a broadcast address and multiple hosts respond.
B. When the host being sent ICMP packets is on a different network.
C. When the router responds to the ICMP packet in addition to the host receiving the ICMP packets.
D. When the host sending the ICMP packet is the same host as the one receiving the ICMP packets.
Answer: A

118.What does the -p3 option to the patch command do?

A. It will strip off path information from each file mentioned in the patch file up to and including the third /
character.
B. patch continues execution as long as there are three or fewer errors.
C. It instructs patch to look up to three lines of context before or after the declared line in the original file
for a match.
D. patch will keep three previous versions of each file in the output to prevent loss of change history.
E. It instructs patch to conform more strictly to the POSIX standard.
Answer: A

119.When a makefile is included in a source code package, what are commonly defined targets in the
file?
A. CFLAGS, CPPFLAGS, LIBS, LDFLAGS
B. clean, install, uninstall
C. PATHS, DESTDIR, LIBS, LDFLAGS
D. prefix, exec_prefix, bindir, mandir
Answer: B

120.Which of the following commands will securely copy the directory ./fyf/ to /var/tmp/ on the remote host
deltaur using the remote user account kevin?
A. rsync -a -e ssh kevin@deltaur:/var/tmp/ fyf/
B. rsync -a -u kevin -e ssh fyf/ deltaur:/var/tmp/
C. rsync -a -u kevin -e ssh deltaur:/var/tmp/ fyf/

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D. rsync -a -e ssh fyf/ kevin@deltaur:/var/tmp/

Answer: D

121.Which of the following are common backup systems used in Linux? (Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. Amanda
B. Bacula
C. DrBackup
D. BREWBackup
E. SARcheck
Answer: A, B

122.Which file contains the text message that is displayed after logging into the console? (Specify the
full name of the file, including path.)
Answer: /etc/motd

123.The following command has just been run successfully:

cd /opt; tar xvf /dev/nst0;
What will happen if the command sequence is run again?
A. An error saying that there is no tape present is generated because the tape has been ejected after
being used.
B. The contents of /opt will be restored again.
C. The entire contents of /opt will be replaced with the contents of the next file on the tape.
D. The contents of /opt will have additional content added from the next file on the tape.
Answer: D

124.Which of the following files will be looked for and used by GNU make, if one of them exists, unless a
different file is specified on the command line when trying to compile software from source code? (Choose
TWO correct answers.)
A. configure
B. config.h.in
C. makefile
D. Makefile
E. Makefile.in
Answer: C, D

125.A regular user, joe, has just run:

./configure && make && make install
to build and install a program. However, the installation fails. What could be done to install the program?
(Choose TWO correct answers.)
A. Install the binaries manually with suinstall.
B. Run make install with root privileges.
C. Do not run ./configure in order to maintain the default configuration for correct installation.
D. Rerun ./configure with a --prefix option where the user has permissions to write.
E. Run make install_local to install into /usr/local/.

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Answer: B, D

126.What is the device name for the first SCSI tape drive on a system when used without automatic
rewinding after each write operation? (Please specify the full path to the device.)
Answer: /dev/nst0

127.Which of the following commands will erase the contents of the /dev/sdb3 partition?
A. rm /dev/sdb3
B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb3
C. dd of=/dev/zero if=/dev/sdb3
D. umount /dev/sdb3
Answer: B

128.Which file contains the message that is displayed above the login prompt of the system console?
(Specify the full name of the file, including path.)
Answer: /etc/issue

129.Which one of these directories should not be backed up?

A. /backup
B. /etc
C. /opt
D. /proc
E. /var/log
Answer: D

130.Which of the following commands erases the contents of the /dev/sdb3 partition?
A. rm /dev/sdb3
B. dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb3
C. dd of=/dev/zero if=/dev/sdb3
D. umount /dev/sdb3
Answer: B

131.What command is used to send messages to all users currently logged in? (Specify ONLY the
command without any path or parameters.)
Answer: wall

132.Which of the following commands restores only those files containing lpi in their name from the
archive lpifiles.tar.gz?
A. tar xvzf lpifiles.tar.gz --wildcards ‘*lpi*’
B. tar xvzwf lpifiles.tar.gz ‘*lpi*’
C. tar -xvfz lpifiles.tar.gz --deep ‘*lpi*’
D. tar -xvzf lpifiles.tar.gz --subdirs ‘*lpi*’
E. tar xvzf lpifiles.tar.gz --globbing ‘*lpi*’
Answer: A

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133.What command discards unused blocks on a mounted file system in order to support SSD devices?
(Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer: fstrim

134.What information is found in the following excerpt from the file /proc/mdstat? (Choose two.)

A. One of the disks in /dev/md0 has failed and a spare disk is used to recreate full redundancy
B. The spare disk /dev/sda1 is used to restore full redundancy after the current recovery
C. The information [UU_] means, that the raid is missing one disk and is not fully redundant
D. The device is using version 1.2 metadata to allow LILO and GRUB Legacy to use /dev/md0 as the boot
partition. This would not have been necessary with GRUB2
E. The information [3/2] means that 3 RAID disks belong to the array and 2 disks are spare. Together they
equal the number of available disks
Answer: A, C

135.Which command is used to make an exact copy, at a single point in time, of a logical volume while still
allowing the original logical volume to be updated?
A. lvcclone
B. lvcreate
C. lvm2
D. lvsnap
E. lvsnapshot
Answer: B

136.Which of the following commands creates a Btrfs subvolume named volume in/mnt?
A. btrfs subvolume add –n volume /mnt
B. btrfs create subvolume /mnt volume
C. btrfs-subvolume create /mnt/volume
D. btrfs subvolume new volume /mnt
E. btrfs subvolume create /mnt/volume
Answer: E

137.What is the purpose of a system mount unit?

A. It is used by the command systemd-mount and allows users to mount partitions to mount points of their
choice
B. It is used only to mount network file systems to local mount points. It cannot be used for local media

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C. It is created by the command systemd-fstab-generator to integrate entries from /etc/fstab into the
system boot process
D. It is used by the command mount when using system to mount and unmount file systems
Answer: A

138.What command ensures that the file systems are written to disk after a lot of write operations?
(Specify ONLY the command without any path or parameters.)
Answer: sync

139.Which sub command to crypsetup shows information about an encrypted LUKS partition?
A. luksDump
B. luksInfo
C. luksDebug
D. luksLS
E. luksShow
Answer: A

140.Which of the following init systems comes along with an own UEFI boot loader?
A. systemd
B. SysVinit
C. Upstart
D. OpenRC
E. launchd
Answer: A

141.What effect does the –f option to the update-rc.d command have on files in the /etc/rcX.d/ and
/etc/init.d/ directories?
A. It will force the removal of the symlinks in /etc/rcX.d/ even when the links are read only
B. It will remove both the symlinks in /etc/rcX.d/ and the init script in /etc/init.d/
C. It will remove the init script in /etc/init.d/ and the symlinks in /etc/rcX.d/ and update the package
information of installed files
D. It will force the removal of symlinks in /etc/rcX.d/ even if the corresponding init script still exists in
/etc/init.d/
Answer: D

142.Which command is used to install a GRUB boot loader into the master boot record?
A. grub-install
B. grub-mkconfig
C. grub-install-mbr
D. grub-glue-mbr
E. grub-mbr-setup
Answer: A

143.Which directory contains system-specific systemd unit files? (Specify the full path to the directory.)

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Answer: /lib/systemd/system

144.A Linux server running systemd booted to rescue.target for maintenance. Which commands are used
to restore the server to its usual target? (Choose two.)
A. telinit 0
B. systemctl default
C. sync
D. systemctl emergency
E. systemctl reboot
Answer: A, B

145.Which is the main configuration file for the SystemV init process? (Specify the full name of the file,
including path.)
Answer: /etc/inittab

146.What is the purpose of an initramfs during the Linux system start?

A. It loads required modules and starts sub sytems like LVM to make the root file system accessible to the
kernel
B. It moves the kernel from normal system memory to initram memory to speed up kernel access
C. It copies the root file system’s content to RAM to speed up the system and reduce writes to disk
D. It creates a ram disk to store volatile data for directories like /tmp to reduce writes to disk
Answer: A

147.Which of the following is a userspace application used to modify EFI entries on a Linux system?
A. efieditor
B. configefi
C. efimanager
D. efiboottmgr
E. efibootedit
Answer: D

148.In which directory tree are files modified when changing kernel parameters using the command
sysctl?
A. /sys/kernel/
B. /proc/kernel/
C. /proc/sys/
D. /lib/sys/
E. /sys/proc/
Answer: C

149.After the downloading patch-4.6.4.xz from http://kernel.org, what are the next steps to prepare the
build of a version 4.6.4 Linux kernel? (Choose two.)
A. Uncompress the file and move the resulting directory to /usr/src/linux
B. Apply the patch file to the kernel source directory containing kernel version 4.6.0

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C. Apply the patch file to the kernel source directory containing kernel version 4.6.3
D. Uncompress the file using xz to get the uncompressed patch file
E. Use patch to apply the uncompressed patch file to the source directory of any previous kernel version
Answer: D, E

150.After manually compiling and installing a new kernel, what has to be done regarding the initramfs?
A. To initramfs is independent of the kernel and should not be modified unless the hardware configuration
of the machine has changed
B. Since the initramfs contains kernel modules, a new initramfs must be built for the new kernel
C. During the compilation of the Linux kernel, a new initramfs is built automatically. The new initramfs only
needs to be installed
D. The system should be restarted since the initramfs reconfigures itself for the new kernel during the
startup of the system
Answer: C

151.Which of the following commands displays the physical path of the kernel module named dummy?
A. modprobe –i dummy
B. modinfo –n dummy
C. modpath –v dummy
D. depmod –n dummy
E. modshow –p dummy
Answer: A

152.In the output of sar –b, what does tps stand for?
A. Terrabyte per second
B. Traffic per second
C. Transfers per second
D. Total data per second
E. Terrabit per second
Answer: C

153.Which of the following properties should be recorded in order to monitor the quality of a network link?
(Choose two.)
A. Bandwidth in both directions
B. Number of nodes using the link
C. Effective Latency
D. Number of IPv4 and IPv6 packets
E. Number of used TCP ports
Answer: A, C

154.In order to gather performance data with sar over a longer period of time, which command should be
run periodically from cron?
A. sa1
B. sarmon

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C. sarec
D. sadf
E. sarcron
Answer: A

155.A web application server contains 64GB of RAM and two swap partitions on normal hard disk drives,
each with a size of 64 GB. Within the last month, the average number of user sessions on this server has
grown by 20 percent. At the same time, the average usage of RAM increased from 65 to 75 percent, while
the swap space is almost not used at all. It is expected that the number of user sessions will continue to
increase by about 15 to 20 percent each month. Which of the following reactions would be appropriate in
response to these observations? (Choose two.)
A. Delay any hardware upgrade until there is a significant consumption of swap space to ensure an
efficient usage of the available hardware
B. Create a RAID 1 device on the two swap partitions to avoid data loss in case swap space has to be
used in the future
C. Consider the installation of an additional application server to distribute the load if the expected growth
continues over several months
D. Move the web application’s scripts and content a ram disk in order to ensure fast access and to avoid
the need for swap space
E. Update the hardware to increase the amount of available RAM to avoid using swap space
Answer: C, E

156.Which of the following configuration files are used by tcpwrapper?

A. /etc/tcpd.allow and etc/tcpd.deny
B. /etc/tcpwrapper.allow and /etc/tcpwrapper.deny
C. /etc/hosts.allow and /etc/hosts.deny
D. /etc/service.allow and /etc/service.deny
Answer: C

157.Which of the filter keywords below could be used in the following command:
tcpdump –i eth0 ____________ 203.0.113.8 (Choose three.)
A. host
B. ip
C. src
D. dst
E. ipv6
Answer: A, C, D

158.Which of the following commands adds a static IPv6 address to the network interface eth0?
A. ip add addr 2001:db8::1337/64 dev eth0
B. ip -6 add addr 2001:db8::1337/64 dev eth0
C. ip addr add 2001:db8::1337/64 dev eth0
D. ip -6 addr add new 2001:db8::1337/64 dev eth0
E. ip addr add -6 2001:db8::1337/64 dev eth0

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Answer: D

159.On a Linux node with multiple active networks interfaces, each having a default route to the Internet,
which default route is preferred?
A. The default route with the highest metric value
B. The default route with the highest MTU value
C. The default route with the lowest TTL value
D. The default route with the highest TTL value
E. The default route with the lowest metric value
Answer: E

160.Which of the following commands shows capabilities and usable frequencies for the wireless
interface wlan0?
A. iw phy pyh0 info
B. iw dev wlan0 info
C. iw dev wlan0 show
D. iw phy wlan0 show
E. iw phy0 show
Answer: A

161.Which of the following commands lists IPv4 addresses and MAC addresses of network nodes that
the local system has seen on its directly connected IP networks?
A. arp
B. ifconfig
C. ipadm
D. iwlist
Answer: A

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