Melissa A.

Pungtilan, CE, ME-1

Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

CHAPTER II
SIMPLE STRAIN
I. INTRODUCTION

STRESS –STRAIN DIAGRAM

Strain is defined as the amount of deformation experienced by the body in the direction of
force applied, divided by initial dimensions of the body.

𝜹
ϵ=
𝑳
ϵ = strain
δ = total elongation
L = original length

The strain, however, measures only the average value of strain. The correct expression for
strain at any position is
𝑑𝛿
ϵ=
𝑑𝐿

dδ = differential elongation
dL = differential length

The equation above determines the average strain in a length so small that the strain must
be constant over that length. However, under certain conditions the strain may be
assumed constant and its value computed at eq. 1.
These conditions are as follows:

1. The specimen must be of constant cross section.

2. The material must be homogeneous.
3. The load must, be axial, that is, produce uniform stress.
It is common to use units of meters per meter (m/m) or inches per inch (in/in) when
referring to strain.

PROPORTIONAL LIMIT
Robert Hooke postulated that stress is proportional to strain. It does not extend throughout the diagram,
it ends at the proportional limit. Beyond this point, the stress is no longer proportional to the strain. The
proportional limit is important because all subsequent theory involving the behavior of elastic bodies is
based on stress-strain proportionality.
This assumption places an upper limit on the usable stress of the material may carry. It is also an
indication that this is the maximum stress to which material may be subjected and not the ultimate
strength.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

ELASTIC LIMIT
Stress beyond which the material will not return to its original shape when unloaded but will retain a
permanent deformation called permanent set.
YIELD POINT
Point at which there is an appreciable elongation or yielding of the material without any corresponding
increase of load; indeed, the load may actually decrease while the yielding occurs.
However, this is peculiar to steel; other grades of steel and steel alloys or other materials do not
possess it.

YIELD STRENGTH
Closely associated with the yield point. It is determined by offset method (intersection of this line to
the stress-strain curve).

ULTIMATE STRESS / ULTIMATE STRENGTH

Highest ordinate of the stress-strain curve.

RUPTURE STRENGTH
Stress at failure.

WORKING STRESS
Also called the allowable stress, is the maximum safe stress a material may carry.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

II. HOOKE’S LAW: AXIAL AND SHEARING DEFORMATION

𝝈
E=
𝝐

E = slope of stress-strain curve, Modulus of Elasticity

But it can be rewritten in the form of σ=Eϵ, or called as the Hooke’s Law.
𝑷𝑳
𝜹=
𝑨𝑬
δ = total deformation
P = applied load
L = Length of the material
A = cross-sectional area of the material
E = modulus of elasticity
Note: 1. The load must be axial
2. The bar must have a constant cross-section and be homogeneous
3. The stress must not exceed the proportional limit
Shearing forces cause a shearing deformation, just as axial forces cause elongations, but with an
important difference.

𝜹𝒔
Υ=
𝑳

τ=GΥ
(Hooke’s Law applied to shear)
τ = shear stress
G = modulus of elasticity in shear (modulus of rigidity)
𝑽𝑳
δs =
𝑨𝒔𝑮

V = shearing force
As = shearing area
STIFFNESS
Stiffness is the ratio of the steady force acting on an elastic body to the resulting
displacement. It has the unit of N/mm.
𝑷
k=
𝜹

k = stiffness
P = applied load
δ = deformation

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The following data were recorded during the tensile test of a 14-mm-diameter mild steelrod.
The gage length was 50 mm. Plot the stress-strain diagram and determine the following
mechanical properties: (a)proportional limits; (b) modulus of elasticity; (c) yield point; (d)
ultimate strength; and (e) rupture strength.

2. A steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mm 2 and a length of 150 m is suspended
vertically from one end. It supports a tensile load of 20 kN at the lower end. If the unit mass of
steel is 7850 kg/m 3 and E = 200 × 103 MN/m2, find the total elongation of the rod.

3. A steel tire, 10 mm thick, 80 mm wide, and 1500.0 mm inside diameter, is heatedshrunk onto
a steel wheel 1500.5 mm in diameter. If the coefficient of static friction i0.30, what torque is
required to twist the tire relative to the wheel? Neglect the
deformation of the wheel. Use E = 200 GPa.

4. A bronze bar is fastened between a steel bar and an aluminum bas as shown. Axial loads are
applied at the positions indicated. Find the largest value of P that will not exceed an overall
deformation of 3.0mm, or the following stresses: 140MPa in the steel, 120MPa in the bronze,
and 80MPa in the aluminum. Assume that the assembly is suitably braced to prevent buckling.
Use Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa, and Ebr = 83 GPa.

5. The rigid bar AB, attached to two vertical rods as shown in Fig. P-213, is horizontal
before the load P is applied. Determine the vertical movement of P if its magnitude is 50kN.

III. POISSON’S RATIO: BIAXIAL AND TRIAXIAL DEFORMATIONS

Another type of elastic deformation is the change in transverse dimensions accompanying axial tension
or compression. When a bar is subjected to a tensile loading there is an increase in length of the bar in
the direction of the applied load, but there is also a decrease in a lateral dimension perpendicular to
the load. The ratio of the sidewise deformation (or strain) to the longitudinal deformation is called the
Poisson’s ratio and is denoted by v. For most steel, it lies in the range of 0.25 to 0.30, and 0.20 for
concrete.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

εx = strain in x – direction
εy and εz = strains in the perpendicular direction
BIAXIAL DEFORMATION

TRIAXIAL DEFORMATION

An important relation among the constants E, G, and v for a given material is expressed by

Bulk Modulus of Elasticity or Modulus of Volume Expansion, K

SAMPLE PROBLEMS
1. A rectangular steel block is 3 inches long in the x direction, 2 inches long in the y
direction, and 4 inches long in the z direction. The block is subjected to a triaxial loading
of three uniformly distributed forces as follows: 48 kips tension in the x direction, 60
kips compression in the y direction, and 54 kips tension in the z direction. If ν = 0.30
and E = 29 × 106 psi, determine the single uniformly distributed load in the x direction
that would produce the same deformation in the y direction as the original loading.
2. A 2-in.-diameter steel tube with a wall thickness of 0.05 inch just fits in a rigid hole.
Find the tangential stress if an axial compressive load of 3140 lb is applied. Assume ν =
0.30 and neglect the possibility of buckling.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

IV. STATICALLY INDETERMINATE MEMBERS

When the reactive forces or the internal resisting forces over a cross section exceed the number of
independent equations of equilibrium, the structure is called statically indeterminate. These cases
require the use of additional relations that depend on the
elastic deformations in the members.
1. To a free – body diagram of the structure, or part of it, apply the equations of static
equilibrium.
2. If there are more unknowns than independent equations of equilibrium, obtain additional
equations from the geometric relations between the elastic deformations produced by the
loads. To define these relations clearly, you will find it helpful to draw a sketch that
exaggerates the magnitudes of the elastic deformations.
SAMPLE PROBLEMS:
1. The short concrete post is reinforced axially with six-symmetrically placed steels bars, each
600mm2 in area. If the applied load is 1000 kN, compute the stress developed in each material.
Use the following moduli of elasticity: for steel, E st = 200 GPa; for concrete, Eco = 14GPa.

2. A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2 m long is surrounded by a shell of a cast iron 5mm thick.
Compute the load that will compress the combined bar a total of 0.8 mm ithe length of 2 m.
For steel, E = 200 GPa, and for cast iron, E = 100 GPa.

3. A rigid block of mass M is supported by three symmetrically spaced rods as shown in figP-
236. Each copper rod has an area of 900 mm2; E = 120 GPa; and the allowable stress is 70
MPa. The steel rod has an area of 1200 mm2; E = 200 GPa; and the allowable stress is 140
MPa. Determine the largest mass M which can be supported.

4. The composite bar is stress-free before the axial loads P1 and P2 are applied. Assuming that
the walls are rigid, calculate the stress in each material if P1=150 kN and P2 = 90 kN.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University
 Melissa A. Pungtilan, CE, ME-1
Mechanics of Deformable Bodies MECH107

5. The two vertical rods attached to the light rigid bar in Fig. P-251 are identical except for length.
Before the load W was attached, the bar was horizontal and the rods were
stress-free. Determine the load in each rod if W = 6600 lb.

V. THERMAL STRESS
It is well known that changes in temperature cause bodies to expand or contract, the amount
of the linear deformation is expressed as

δT = αL(∆T)

δT = linear deformation (m • °C / in • °F)

α = coefficient of linear expansion
L = length
∆T = temperature change
If a temperature deformation is permitted to occur freely, as by the use of expansion joints, no
load or stress will be induced in the structure. But in some cases, it may not be feasible to
permit these temperature deformations; the result is that internal forces are created that resist
them. The stresses caused by these internal forces are known as thermal stresses.

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A steel rod is stretched between two rigid walls and carries a tensile load of 5000 N at 20°C. If
the allowable stress is not to exceed 130 MPa at -20°C, what is the minimum diameter of the
rod? Assume a = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

2. Steel railroad reels 10 m long are laid with a clearance of 3 mm at a temperature of 15°C. At
what temperature will the rails just touch? What stress would be induced in the rails at that
temperature if there were no initial clearance? Assume a = 11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

3. At a temperature of 80°C, a steel tire 12 mm thick and 90 mm wide that is to be shrunk onto a
locomotive driving wheel 2 m in diameter just fits over the wheel, which is at a temperature of
25°C. Determine the contact pressure between the tire and wheel after the assembly cools to
25°C. Neglect the deformation of the wheel caused by the pressure of the tire. Assume a =
11.7 µm/(m·°C) and E = 200 GPa.

4. A rigid bar of negligible weight is supported as shown. If W = 80 kN, Compute the temperature
change that will cause the stress in the steel rod to be 55MPa. Assume the coefficients of
linear expansion are 11.7 µm/(m·°C) for steel and 18.9µm / (m·°C) for bronze.

MMSU
Mariano Marcos College of Engineering Civil Engineering
State University