99

Received January 18, 2010

Review Accepted for Publication June 28, 2010
©2010 Soc. Mater. Eng. Resour. Japan

Sustainable Construction as a Research Area

Lech CZARNECKI※ and Marek KAPROŃ※※

※
Professor, Ph.D. Eng., Warsaw University of Technology and
Building Research Institute, Warsaw Poland
※※
MSc Eng., Building Research Institute, Warsaw Poland
E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
[email protected]

Sustainable development is one of the leading civilization ideas. This term means such a development
that satisfies the present needs without a limitation of the possibility of satisfying the needs in the future.
Sustainable development in construction is particularly important, as this branch of the industry is consuming
enormous amounts of mass and energy. A new research area has been created by this idea. The new fields of
investigation are involved with material, energetic, and environmental conditions, but also with such topics
as protection against noise and the methods of the evaluation of the efficiency of waste materials storage.
Implementation of the idea of sustainable development in the construction industry will be a source of
scientific and engineering inspiration for many years to come.
Key Words : sustainable development, sustainable construction, sustainable material, performance concept,
sustainable requirements

some ethical and ecological aspects. Cywiń ski, in his philosophy

1　Sustainable development－a challenge for civilisation
of sustainability [3], underlines the need to generalise the
　The leitmotiv of the renoma ICMR Akita International definition of sustainable development and to also consider human
Conference since 1991 is the beneficial integration of separate idea spiritual needs. According to Cywi.ski, sustainable development
into new concept, which could provide for sustainable development fulfils the comprehensive, spiritual, and material needs of today's
of human being. Authors try to reply to this Conference main idea people, without limiting the ability of future generations to satisfy
on the arena of sustainable construction discussed as the research their own respective needs. As a consequence, engineers must be
area. prepared to respond not only to the 'material' question of 'how' but
　The notion of sustainable development aspires to the role of also be able to successfully cope with the 'spiritual' challenges of
a leading civilisational idea. Sustainable development "implies 'why'. [4].
meeting the needs of the present without compromising the 　The principle of sustainable development can also be approached
ability of future generations to meet their own needs" (UN, 1987) from the point of view of the caution that is included in the second
[1]. The term is the most frequently found expression in forecasts law of thermodynamics. In Clausius'version, the law implies that in
and similar studies. It follows from philosophical premises and－in isolated systems, processes can only occur if entropy is increased
Poland－it is a constitutional prerequisite: "The Republic of Poland at the same time.
shall safeguard the independence and integrity of its territory and 　There have always been civilisations that have declined and
ensure the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, security fallen. In our times, the imperative of the constant growth of scale
of citizens, safeguarding of Poland's national heritage, and and sophistication might also bring about a disaster. Daly [5]
ensure the protection of the natural environment pursuant to the formulated the following general principles of sustainability (Table 1):
principles of sustainable development." Therefore, sustainable － renewable resources (e.g. water), including food (e.g. fish),
development constitutes a principle that is to be followed by the must not be used faster than the rate at which they can be
Republic of Poland, in turn safeguarding fundamental values. In regenerated,
the Environmental Protection Laws, the definition of sustainable － non-renewable resources must not be used faster than they are
development is expanded further: such socio-economic replaced with renewable substitutes,
development, in which－in order to equalise the opportunities － pollution and waste must not be produced faster than they can
to access the environment by individual communities or their be absorbed by nature, recycled, or rendered harmless.
members－both of contemporary generations and those still to Sustainable development is a life necessity. The above summary
come－a process of the integration of political, economic, and reflects a general research inspiration, comprising such areas
social actions takes place, maintaining the natural balance and in construction as the rationalisation of energy management
continuity of vital natural processes [2]. (energy + mass), structural durability, maintenance, renovation,
　Brundtland's definition of sustainable development [1] points out repairs, modernisation (including revitalisation), working life,

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100 Lech CZARNECKI et al.

Table 1　Principles of sustaibility [6]

reclaim and reuse, recycling and the influence on health and the literature is usually used to refer to the "construction that meets
environment. There is also an essential need to determine the the requirements of sustainable development". The approach
"sustainability measures", measurement or calculation methods, reflects the conceptual scope of sustainable development, which
and the forecasting tools for the simulation and prediction of the includes the construction industry as one of its many elements.
"development of sustainability". The drawback is the complexity of the term. A shorter version
is used as: Sustainable Development in Construction. In English
2.　Key terms and definitions
literature, much simpler terms are often used, both for structures
　In the Polish equivalent of sustainable development, (sustainable house, sustainable city, and sustainable structure) and
"zrównoważony rozwój", there is no lexical reference to actions (sustainable transport, sustainable design, and sustainable
sustainability. "To sustain" means "to keep in existence" and thus－ living). It seems that the sequence of "construction that meets
a more literal translation of the term into Polish would incorporate the requirements of sustainable development → sustainable
an adjective with the meaning of "constant" or "permanent". That development in construction → sustainable development of
was the case in the first Polish publications addressing the issue, construction" may also find its final form in "sustainable
which were published a dozen or so years ago. It is noteworthy construction". In anticipation of this notional evolution, the
that－at that time－a representative of the Building Research authors dared to use the term in the title of this study.
Institute brought that matter up [7]. translating the Polish term
3. Construction that meets the requirements of
"zrównoważony rozwój" literally, we could end up with "balanced
sustainable development
development". As can be seen, the Polish version focuses on the
determinant of the development (equable), whereas the English 　The construction industry uses 42% generated power and
term－on the expected results (sustainable). In other languages emits 35% greenhouse gases. The branch of the concrete industry
développement durable (French), Nachhaltige Entwicklung alone uses 20 billion tonnes of aggregates, 1.5 billion tonnes of
(German), sviluppo sostenibile (Italian), duurzame ontwikkeling cement and 800 million tonnes of water per year. That is a lot of
(Netherlands), Desenvolvimento Sustentável (Portuguese), matter. Implementing the principles of sustainable development
yстойчивое развитие (Russian), desarrollo sostenible (Spanish) in construction is a necessity, which has found its official
also rather the aspect of long-term durable development is stressed. acknowledgment in an initiative of the European Commission
　The term "sustainable development" in the construction-related [9, 10], which announced a draft Regulation to replace the

Figure 1　Activities of CEN/TC 350 as a basis for the harmonisation of requirements

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 Sustainable Construction as a Research Area 101

Directive 89/106/EEC. The regulation will introduce sustainable and Experts in Construction Materials, Systems, and Structures,
development for the construction industry as a seventh principal Technical Committee TC-92 ECM organised an international
requirement: a civil structure should be designed, erected (and also symposium "Materials and Systems for Sustainable Development"
used), and demolished in line with the requirements of sustainable [16] under the direction of Kashino and Ohama. The symposium
development. As a matter of fact, it will be a superior requirement summed up the state of knowledge rather than attempting to solve
to all others. Although stipulating the development of construction any problems. Earlier, RILEM Technical Committee TC-165
to be sustainable is defined in an ecological aspect, it is also worked on the definition of sustainable construction materials.
determined by economic and social views. Sustainable construction However, their final report focused on the present situation and
has been classified as the second of the six development priorities. the technology regarding dismantling structures and the recycling
It is assumed that by the year 2020 the construction market will of demolition waste [17]. Other attempts by RILEM in this area
have been increased 3.5-fold with employment boosted by 70% have been very specifically orientated, e.g. Towards Sustainable
[10]. Roofing, RILEM TC-166 RMS [18]. Sustainable management
　The growing awareness of the importance of the influence of resources is an essential part of the latest theme (Theme 6:
of construction on environmental protection issues and energy Environment) within the 7th Framework Programme [19]. In this
saving makes the need to satisfy the comprehensive criteria of context, it is surprising that in the policy of European Science
sustainable development particularly vital for buildings and civil Foundation (2007)－Looking Beyond the Endless Frontier－the
structures. The basis for the harmonisation of the respective concept of sustainability was not addressed [20].
European requirements should be provided by the standards that
5.　Sustainable construction－research area
were developed by the European Committee for Standardisation
CEN, Technical Committee TC 350 "Sustainability of Construction 　Sustainable construction is a rather rare example of a research
Works", in the following scope (shown in Figure 1): theme in engineering. The inspiration for it did not follow from
－ evaluation of the effect of buildings on the natural environment, any direct practical needs, but rather from the central idea itself.
－ preparation of environmental declarations for construction Interpreting the idea, carrying out research and studies is for
materials/products, streamlining engineering activities. The versatility of the idea
－ evaluation of the total life cycle of buildings and civil enveloped in sustainable development gave rise to a number of
structures. fundamental research directions, namely:
－ material factors in the sustainable development of construction,
4.　Sustainable construction－premises and research
－ energy factors in the sustainable development of construction,
needs
－ influence of a civil structure on the natural environment
　In order to implement the concept of "construction that meets (ecology),
the requirements of sustainable development", first of all, the － influence of a civil structure on the internal environment
requirements must be formulated specifically for the construction (microclimate).
industry. In the year 2000, in Great Britain, a government policy The first two research areas are the most extensive. An example
for the sustainable development of construction was announced. of a direct interpretation of the research challenge contained in the
Since that time, annual reviews have been performed to verify the concept of sustainable development is a study by K.Gertis (Director
policy. Nevertheless, it appears that there are still more questions of the Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics in Stuttgart) [21]
than answers. In 2003, all of the sections of the report ended with that was presented at the conference "Low-energy or low-entropy
a question mark [12]. In 2004, we could read the question again: buildings?" in 2002. The author states that two principal attitudes
what is sustainable construction? seem to have recently influenced the lines of thought of architects/
　The answer to the question was provided in a number of key building constructors:
points [13]: － absolutisation of the importance of the low-energy building,
－ cost-efficient design, － the primacy of an ecological and natural environmentally-
－ using minimum energy in construction and use, friendly building;
－ producing no pollution, However, both terms are either undefined or vague.
－ preserving the nature around and in turn enhancing biodiversity, 　As a result, Gertis states the following:
－ preserving water resources, － "natural environmentally-friendly" means a building with
－ providing people with comfort and respecting the local minimum flows of mass and energy (i.e. minimum increase of
"microclimate". entropy),
　The authors admit that most of these guidelines are no less than － the most "ecological" action occurs when the flows of mass and
a simple business principle: minimise loss, maximise efficiency. A energy are minimised (ideally: zero entropy increase),
lack of new knowledge is distinctly felt [47]. As a result, in all of － a low-energy building will be essential in the future, but it will
the European programmes, sustainability is one of the leitmotifs. not suffice,
COST－European Co-operation in the Field of Scientific and － anyone familiar with thermodynamics will deduce that the
Technical Research, which determines research directions by notion of entropy is a key one.
definition, is engaged in the following two actions: 　It is typical that Gertis did not introduce the notion of exergy in
－ Action C8: Best Practice in Sustainable Urban Infrastructure his study [45, 46, 47].
[14], 　Accepting sustainable development as the main guideline for
－ Action C25: Sustainability of Constructions: Integrated progress (Table 2) results in the creation of a new research area,
Approach to Lifetime Structural Engineering [15]. concerning the material factors in the development (Figure 2). The
　In 2004, RILEM－The International Union of Laboratories area comprises the following existing fields:

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102 Lech CZARNECKI et al.

Table 2　Developments in the research areas concerning construction material

－ performance criteria of construction materials, industry, and reuse of building materials.

－ methods of suitability assessment, 　The mere comparison of the amount of waste and the amount
－ modification of materials and new material solutions, of produced building materials is enough to show that－in the
－ material performance in service conditions, decades to come－waste management in the construction industry
as well as certain aspects of ecology, waste management, and will become a civilisational challenge, just like the repairs and
the recycling of used construction materials for the construction modernisation of the existing assets and ensuing material needs.

Figure 2　The research area of the "material factors in sustainable development"

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 Sustainable Construction as a Research Area 103

　The notion of sustainable development is a premise that spreads system within the designed time and conditions of use.
over the research and economic areas and－quite possibly－it 　The policy of sustainable development sets new tasks for
will become a megatrend in the 21 st century. At the same time, construction materials engineers. A sustainable building or civil
the implementation of this idea is linked with finding a solution structure is to meet nine requirements as regards the time of the
for one of the most fundamental civilisational problems－ construction and period of use [10, 22, 23]:
waste management, including the concept of DFR－"design for － minimum quantity of materials used (resource conservation),
recycling". It seems that the programme not only aims at rectifying including water,
the errors of the past and ensuring a better future for the next － maximum reuse of components,
generations, but it will also become a creative force of progress－ － possibility to renovate or recycle,
"Smart Material Systems" [24]. － environment protection,
　Sustainable development is a task for creating a number of － waste management,
balances on various levels (Figure 3). The most general perspective － minimum emission of pollutants,
refers to the society, environment, and economy. As far as the － construction process management and building management,
construction industry is concerned, it refers to the comprehensive － health aspects,
concept of an environmental impact over the whole life cycle － comfort of use (quality).
of a civil structure or building (Life Cycle Assessment, LCA). Recently, the survivability requirement is being increasingly
Considering the nature of the construction industry, the material brought up, especially when referring to a terrorist attack.
factors of structural durability and reliability are particularly 　The task of waste management and its reuse for construction
important. purposes became a part of the sustainable development idea. The
　It is a vast, and multidisciplinary, task. It may be assumed that amount of disposed and produced waste clearly shows that their
the message of sustainable development will be one of the main reuse in the construction industry is becoming a necessity.
keynotes of the subsequent European Programmes. Sustainable 　The research tasks, following from the concept of sustainable
development in construction in general－and factors determining development, may be divided into two types:
the choice of materials in sustainable constructions in particular－ － intensive － incorporating the demand for sustainable
are naturally becoming a paradigm of the research activity in the development into existing research themes,
field of construction. It is an evolved consequence of the former － extensive－creating new fields of research.
paradigm－the principal requirements as set forth in Directive The division is vague. However, one can argue that material
89/106/EEC (1988). At the same time, it is a new approach, factors belong to the first type, while energy factors to the second.
charting a new direction in the development of construction The intensive tasks face a serious problem of how to define the
materials, which is referred to in Canada as "ISIS－Intelligent types and levels of criteria; the notion of usefulness must be
Sensing for Innovative Structures". Some elements of the new redefined to ensure sustainable development.
approach include the "Structural Health Monitoring" and "Building
6. Sustainable development vs. performance concept ;
Advanced Composite Materials".
product performance criteria
　The specific nature of the construction industry makes durability
and the reliability of material solutions understood as the material 　The idea of usefulness in the construction industry has a long
determinants of durability and the reliability of the construction, tradition. Some aspects of the approach may be found in the Code
simply as a prerequisite. As far as the choice of materials is of Hammurabi (1750 BC), and the books of Vitruvius (dated 20-
concerned, the central idea is their compatibility, which is 10 BC). However, only recently has there been the performance
understood as a choice of materials with regard to their physical concept, i.e. evaluation and selection of materials according to
and chemical properties so that the choice would ensure the load- their usefulness, becoming increasingly appreciated throughout the
bearing capacity and usability limits of each component of a given construction industry. In the European standard for concrete, which

Figure 3　Material factors in the sustainable development of construction

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104 Lech CZARNECKI et al.

Table 3　Formulation matrix for the additional requirements to ensure sustainable material performance (based on [14])

is accepted as a Polish standard (PN-EN 206-1), and in many other common materials, which would meet construction demands
standards the notion was used in the title. The idea of performance satisfactorily and economically, might be restricted from use,
was well grasped in the US building regulations of 1925 [25]: thus obstructing progress in the industry."
"Whenever possible, requirements should be stated in terms The above statements have not lost their validity, and－in light
of performance, based upon test results for service conditions, of the sustainable development requirements－they have even
rather than in dimensions, detailed methods, or specific become a particularly current necessity. It is especially significant
materials. Otherwise new materials, or new assemblies of with regard to substitute material solutions (alternative raw

Figure 4　Defining the performance of a construction product as a derivative of basic principles of sustainable development (based on [14])

Figure 5　A diagram representation of the term "integrated building performance" according to CEN TC-350 [29]

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 Sustainable Construction as a Research Area 105

materials), and to those construction materials and products that environmental effects. The number of specialised programmes is
are based on recycled ingredients or components. Moreover, so large that a validation method had to be developed [34].
sustainable development imposes the need to consider additional 　New themes within the idea of sustainability include the
requirements and/or restrictions (Figure 4 and Table 3). A recycling of construction materials, such as concrete [35], and the
restriction is also a situation when certain technical properties assessment of the durability of concrete [36] mixed with recycled
are not used in a given application or when they are redundant, concrete aggregate. Sustainable concrete has proven to be a
and thereby generate irrational costs (energy input). This implies satisfying field of research [37, 38]. Studies of concrete recycling
that there is a need [26], or even an obligation to develop a new show that the process of grinding causes such an expansion of the
research area (and knowledge/skills) to define the performance in surface of concrete aggregate that it results in an irregular increase
terms of the properly selected (type and level) technical properties. of carbonation intensity [39]; therefore, up to 90% of the carbon
The final decision on the choice of a material solution, as a rule, dioxide emitted while producing cement is assumed to be absorbed
will require an analysis or optimisation involving a number of in this way (Figure 6).
criteria. There are examples of this approach in the literature, e.g. 　Sustainable development in construction opened a new research
the polyoptimal method of designing environmentally-friendly area, which is connected not only with material performance,
buildings [27] considers the values of the total accumulated energy energy factors [40], and environmental effects [41], but also
and CO2 emission of construction materials and main technologies. protection against noise pollution [42] and the evaluation of the
It should become one of the fundamental activities of the leading storage efficiency of waste material [43]. The introduction of the
research institutes in the field of the construction industry. principle of sustainable development into the construction industry
　The examples of the pursuit of a definition of sustainable will provide a source of illuminating and important research
performance are usually methods of assessing the environmental inspiration for engineers for many years to come. A successful
impact of buildings [28], which are used as a manual for auditors. implementation of sustainable development in construction
As part of the activities of the CEN Technical Committee TC-350 depends on the results, but it also－and to a large degree－depends
[29], an extended term for "integrated building performance" was on the availability of properly educated specialists. It has been
introduced (Figure 5). found that－until now－only the British University of Strathclyde
launched a Masters' by Research in Sustainable Construction &
7. Sustainable construction industry－new fields of
Infrastructure [44]. This should spur other universities to prepare
research
similar relevant specialisation courses. In order to implement the
　Energy factors in sustainable development have led to the concept of "construction that meets the requirements of sustainable
creation of a few new fields of research, including a method development", first of all, the requirements must be formulated
for simulating the energy performance of buildings [30, 31] specifically for the construction industry.
and a method for determining the energy profile of buildings
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