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MATRICES
This chapter comes under Paper-II. It is easiest chapter in all and also have lot of
weightage. From this chapter 2 Long answer type questions (2×4 = 8M), 2 short answer type
questions (2×2 = 4M) and 2 very short answer type questions (2×1 = 2M), and 6 objective
bits (6×1/2 = 3M) altogether 17 marks very easily can be scored. The following material will
help the students very much in the S.S.C public exams.

Matrix: An arrangement of number in to rows and columns is called a "matrix".

♦ Concept of matrices was introduced by "Sir Arthurcayley".
♦ The name "matrix" was given by "J.J. Sylvestor".
♦ The symbol of matrix is "[ ]" or "( )".
♦ If a matrix has 'm' rows and 'n' columns then "m×n" is called "order of matrix".
♦ Addition and subtraction of matrices is possible if and only if they are of the same order.
♦ Multiplication of matrices is possible if the number of columns of first matrix is equals to
number of rows of second matrix. i.e. Am×n × Bn×p = ABm×p.
♦ If AT = A or AT – A = 0 or A – AT = 0 then A is called symmetric matrix.
♦ If AT= –A or AT + A = 0 then 'A' is called skew-symmetric matrix.
♦ A square matrix in which principle diagonal elements are equal is called "scalar matrix".
7 0 
Eg: A =   is a scalar matrix.
0 7 

3 0 
♦ If   is a scalar matrix then λ = _____ (Ans: 3)
0 λ 

x
A = [5 2] B =   then (i ) AB = [5x + 2y ]
y
♦
5x 2x 
(ii) BA =  
5y 2y 

 4 −3   4 −3 
♦ If  = t
then t = ______ (Ans: 4)
 2 16   2 2 

Problem: 1
2 3
Find x and y if [x y ]   = [6 10 ]
 0 1 
Sol:
2 3
[x y]   = [6 10 ]
 0 1 
[2x + 0 3x + y ] = [6 10 ]

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3
2x= 6
1

⇒ x =3
3x + y = 10
3(3) + y = 10
9 + y = 10
⇒ y = 10 – 9
⇒ y =1
∴ x = 3, y = 1

Problem: 2
2 m 
1 4 
A=  B=  1  ,
0 −1  0 − find m if AB = BA.
 2
Sol:
2 m 
1 4  
A=  B=  1 
 0 −1 0 −
 2

2 m 
1 4  
AB =   1 
 0 −1 0 −
 2

 2 
 2 + 0 m +  4 × − 1 
  2 
=  1 
 

0 + 0 0 + −1× − 1  
  
 2 

2 m − 2
= 1  ____ (1)
0
 2 

 
 2 m  1 4 
BA = 
1  
0 −  0 −1
 2

2 + 0 8 − m 
= 1
0 + 0 0 + 
 2

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2 8 − m 
= 1  ____ (2 )
0
 2 
Given that AB = BA
From (1) & (2)

 2 m − 2  2 8 − m
 1 = 1
0  0
 2   2 

m–2=8–m
m+m=8+2
2 m = 10
1 5

m=5

Problem: 3
a b   1 0
A=  I =  0 1 then show that A2–(a + d) A = (bc – ad)I
 c d  
Sol:
a b   1 0
A=  I =  0 1
 c d  
L.H.S
A2–(a + d)A
= A × A – (a + d)A
a b   a b   a b
=    − (a + d ) 
 c d  c d  c d

 a2 + bc ab + bd  a 2 + ad ab + bd
= − 
ca + dc cb + d  ac + dc ad + d 
2 2

 a2 + bc − a 2 − ad ab + bd − ab − bd 
= 
 ca + dc − ac − dc 2 
cb + d − ad − d 
2

bc − ad 0 
=
 0 bc − ad

 1 0
= (bc − ad )  
0 1

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= (bc – ad) I
R.H.S.

Determinant of square matrix:

a b 
If A =  
 c d
Then ad – bc is called determinant of A and it is denoted by |A| ie |A| = ad – bc
2 3
Eg: = ____ (Ans : 0 )
6 9

1 −2
Eg: = ____ (Ans : 10 )
3 4
Note: A matrix whose determinant is zero is called "singular matrix".
♦ A matrix whose determinant is not equals to zero is called "non singular matrix".

Multiplicative inverse of a square matrix:

A & B are any two non-singular matrices and AB = BA = I then each is called multiplicative
inverse of other ie A–1 = B and B–1 = A.
a b  1 d −b
♦ A=  ⇒ A −1 =
 c d ad − bc  −c a 

Problem: 4
4 x
A=  and A doesn't have multiplicative inverse then find x.
 x 9
Sol:
4 x
A= 
 x 9
A doesn't have multiplicative inverse
⇒ A is singular matrix
⇒ |A| = 0
4 x
⇒ =0
x 9
⇒ (4 × 9) – (x × x) = 0
⇒ 36 – x2 = 0
⇒ x2 = 36
⇒ x = ±6

Problem: 5
1 4 
If P =   , show that 'P' is it's own inverse.
0 −1
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Proof:
1 4 
P= ,
0 −1

a b  −1 1 d −b
A=  ⇒ A =
 c d ad + bc  −c a 

1 4  1  −1 −4
P=  ⇒ P −1 =
0 −1 (1× −1) − (4 × 0 )  0 1 
1  −1 − 4 
=
−1  0 1 

 −1 −4 
= −1  
0 1

1 4 
= 
0 −1
=P
Here P–1 = P
⇒ P is it's own inverse

Problem: 6
1 2 
If B =   then show that B + B–1 = 4I
1 3 
Sol:
1 2 
B= 
1 3 

a b  −1 1 d −b
A=  ⇒ A =
 c d ad − bc  −c a 

1 2  1  3 −2
B=  ⇒ B −1 =
1 3  (1× 3 ) − (1× 2 )  −1 1 
1  3 −2
=  −1 1 
3−2  

1  3 −2
= 
1  −1 1 

 3 −2 
= 
 −1 1 
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1 2   3 −2
Consider L.H.S = B + B–1 =  + 
1 3   −1 1 

4 0
=  = 4I
 0 4 
= R.H.S

Cramer's method: (Procedure)

ax + by = p
cx + dy = q
Matrix equation form is
 a b   x   p
c d  y  =  q
    

co-efficient variable constant

matrix matrix matrix

AX = B
|A| = ad – bc
≠0
∴ Cramer's rule can be applicable.
p b 
B1 =   ⇒ B1 = pd − bq
 q d

a p 
B2 =   ⇒ B 2 = aq − pc
 c q
B1 B2
Here x = and y =
A A

Problem: 7
7 − 3y
Solve x = , y = 13 − 6x by using Cramer's method.
2
Sol:
7 − 3y
x= , y = 13 − 6x
2
2x = 7 – 3y 6x + y = 13
2x + 3y = 7
2x + 3y = 7
6x + y = 13
Matrix equation form is

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2 3  x   7 
 6 1  y  = 13
    
AX = B
 2 3  x 7
A=  , X =  y ,B = 13
 6 1    
|A| = ad – bc
= (2 × 1) – (3 × 6)
= 2 – 18
= –1 ≠ 0
∴ Cramer's rule is applicable.
 7 3
B1 =   ⇒ B1 = (7 × 1) − (3 × 13 )
13 1
= 7 – 39
= –32
2 7 
B2 =   ⇒ B 2 = (2 × 13 ) − (7 × 6 )
 6 13 
= 26 – 42
= –16
B1 −32
∴ x= = =2
A −16

B2 −16
y= = =1
A −16
∴ x = 2, y = 1

Matrix inversion method: (Procedure)

ax + by = p
cx + dy = q
Matrix equation form is
 a b   x   p
c d  y  =  q
    
AX = B
⇒ X = A–1.B
a b   x  p
A=  , X =   ,B = 
 c d  y  q
|A| = ad – bc
≠0
∴ Matrix inversion method is applicable.
∴ X = A–1.B

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Problem: 8
−8 − y
Solve 2x – 3y + 6 = 0 and x = by using matrix inversion method.
6
Sol:
2x – 3y + 6 = 0 −8 − y
x=
6
2x – 3y = –6 6x = –8 –y
6x + y = –8

Matrix equation form is

 2 −3   x   −6
 6 1   y  =  −8
    
AX = B ⇒ X = A–1.B
 2 −3   x  − 6
A=  , X =  y ,B =  −8
6 1     
|A| = ad – bc
= (2 × 1) – (–3 × 6)
= 2 + 18
= 20 ≠ 0
∴ Matrix inversion method is applicable.
X = A–1.B
1  d −b  p
X=
ad − bc  −c a   q

1  1 3   −6
=
20  −6 2  −8

1  −6 −24 
=
20 36 −16 

1  −30 
=
20  20 

 −30   −3 
=
20 
=  2
 20   1 
 20 
∴ X = –3/2 , y = 1

Assignment:
3x + 2y 6   5 6
1. If  =
2x − 3y   2 8
find x and y.
 2

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2 4  −2 5  1 2
2. A =   B =  6 1 C =  3 0 then show that A(B+C) = AB + AC.
3 6     

 −2 1  2 0 
3. A =   B=  then show that (AB)–1 = B–1.A–1
 3 −1  5 −3 
7 − 3x
4. Solve y = , x − by − 10 = 0 by using Cramer's rule.
8
13 − y 17 − x
5. Solve x = ,y= by using 'matrix inversion method'.
5 5

Fill in the blanks:

1 3  2   P 
1. If     =   then P = ______
0 1  −1  −1
2. AB = K.I where K∈R, then A–1 = ______
2 −4
3. = 0 then d = ______
5 d−2

2a 5
4. = 0 then a = ______
6 3

a h   x 
5. [x y]    y  = ______
 h b  

 1 1
6. AX   = [1 2] then order of A is ______
 0 2 
7. (AB)T = ______
8. |A| = 0 then A is ______ matrix
 1 4
9. P =   ⇒ P −1 = ______
2 3 
10. In AX = B ; the coefficient matrix is ______,
variable matrix is ______,
constant matrix is ______.

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