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Is Sakarya (Tuna-1) a transformational gas discovery for Turkey?

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Is Sakarya (Tuna-1) a transformational gas discovery for Turkey?

Will Sakarya turn out be one of the largest gas discoveries in 2020? Could it prove transformational for Turkey? How reliable are the resource estimates
with results from just one exploration well? Turkey’s President, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, recently stated1 that the Tuna-1 well may have established
contingent resources of 405 Bcm (14.3 Tcf) of gas. Now called Sakarya after the third largest river in Turkey and a province in the northwest of Turkey. Turkey
imports 99% of its natural gas requirements, which in 2019 was 44 Bcm at a cost of $12 billion0. If the initial resource estimates are proven with further
appraisal wells and the reservoir potential established, Sakarya could produce up to 20 Bcm per year, meeting 40-50% of Turkey’s gas requirements.

Figures 1 and 2 show the location of Tuna-1 which was spudded in July 2020 using the Fatih drillship (bearing the same name as the Turkish energy minister)
and reached a final total depth of 4775m in October 2020. The Sakarya discovery is located in the western Black Sea, 170km from the northern Zonguldak
Province and in 2014m water depth. Tuna-1 is only 14km from the TurkStream pipeline that started delivering Russian gas to Bulgaria and North Macedonia
in January 20202. The concession is operated 100% by Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı (TPAO). In Q4 2019 Shearwater GeoServices3 carried out a
6200km2 program of 3D acquisition including a 2000 km2 program over the Sakarya area.

The Energy Minister (Fatih Donmez) stated that gas was encountered in at least three levels in sands of Pliocene to Miocene age (between 3000 and
4775m). The reservoirs are expected to be similar to those present in the Domino and Lira discoveries in the Romania Black Sea. No details have been
provided by TPAO in terms of reservoir quality, reservoir thickness, reservoir extent or gas composition. It is understood no drill stem tests were carried out
at Tuna-1. In early November 2020, TPAO started the appraisal of Sakarya with the drilling of Türkali-1 well4, again using the Fatih drillship. The surface
location is about 4km to the northwest of Tuna-1 (Figures 1 and 2). If deviated the subsurface target could be as much as 6km from Tuna-1 which is assumed
to be a near vertical well. The Türkali-1 appraisal is a relatively modest step-out (4km) given the size of the resources quoted by the Turkish Energy
Minister. Results from the Romanian side of the play suggest further appraisal wells will be required to reduce the uncertainties in the lithologic and fluid
models and constrain the range in resource estimates. If Türkali-1 and other appraisal wells are successful, Sakarya may yet prove to be a
transformational discovery for TPAO and Turkey.

1 www.nolangeoscience.com/
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Black Sea Exploration
Since 1999 25 exploration and appraisal wells have been drilled in the deep waters of the Romanian, Bulgarian and Turkish parts of the Black Sea (see the
table in Figure 1 for details). Tari and Simmons5 in their 2018 paper summarise the play types and the results from the pre-2018 wells. Wells have targeted a
variety of play types and majority are located in the western Black Sea. Many of the wells have encountered gas shows, a few have established gas bearing
reservoirs and one in Bulgaria has encountered oil (Polskhov-1). So far, none of the discoveries have established sufficient contingent resources to justify a
development. One of the main plays is the Pliocene-Miocene Domino play. Black Sea Oil and Gas (BSOG) are proceeding with their development of 320 Bcf
(P50) of contingent resources in the Dacian (Pliocene) age Ana and Doina gas discoveries in the shallow waters (70m) of Romania6.

Domino Play: Pliocene–Miocene turbidite sandstones on structural highs

The Domino Play in Romania contains three gas discoveries; Domino, Pelican South and Lira. Domino 1 penetrated a total 70.7m of net gas pay and Lira-1
encountered 46m of net gas pay. Gas has been encountered in a series of stacked intervals that comprise generally fine to very fine grained Upper to Lower
Pontian (Miocene) turbidite sands, sealed by marine mudstones and siltstones. The gas is biogenic - generated at low temperatures by decomposition of thick
Oligocene–Miocene Maykop organic-rich deep marine mudstones by anaerobic microorganisms. Recent press reports7 suggest both Exxon and Lukoil are
looking to exit the XIX Neptun Deep and EX-30 Trident licenses containing the Domino and Lira discoveries.

Miocene and Pliocene reservoir challenges of the in the Black Sea

The Miocene and Pliocene sands of the Romanian offshore were associated with the uplift and erosion of the Carpathian Mountains and deposited in deltaic
and base of slope settings. The reservoirs are generally dominated by fine to very fine, grained sands and silts that are thinly bedded with abundant small
pores that can trap large volumes of water. Niculescu and Andrei in their paper8 from 2018 and Lukoil in an online article9 reveal some of the challenges in
exploring for and evaluating the fine grained, thinly bedded Miocene and Pliocene sands.

Sand detection on logs: Total gamma ray logs (GR) recorded in the wells shows an unusually low contrast between reservoir and non-reservoir intervals. The
increased radioactivity of the reservoir rocks can be explained by a higher adsorption of radionuclides in the very fine sands and silts and, also, by the
presence of potassium-bearing mica
Pay Estimation on logs: The high bound water content results in supressed resistivity logs over gas bearing zones, causing an overestimation of resistivity-
derived water saturation (Sw). Conventional wireline analysis can therefore be misleading or problematic. Acquiring reliable formation pressure data in these
thinly bedded fine grained reservoirs can also be a challenge. In turn establishing reliable water and gas gradients is difficult and hence establishing the free

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water level (FWL) and gas water contact (GWC). In the thickest, best quality sands, resistivity-derived Sw matches very closely with bound water saturation
derived from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) logs. In many instances the bound water appears to be immoveable, and only dry gas is produced on
production tests, even when conventional log derived Sw is very high. The transition zone between the FWL and the GWC can be significant in very fine-
grained reservoirs such as the Pontian and Dacian.

Seismic imaging. As outlined in a paper by Routh et al10 in 2017, seismic imaging in the Western Black Sea is challenging due to the presence of complex
overburden, such as canyons, shallow gas channels, and complex shallow stratigraphy. Such overburden complexities create amplitude dimming and wipe-
outs in the images and cause structural distortions of the reservoir units. Conventional velocity model building and seismic migration methods are not
optimal for addressing such challenges. Full-wavefield inversion (FWI) technology was applied to overcome the complex seismic-imaging challenges in the
Western Black Sea and to support the exploration, appraisal and development.
Seismic response of Miocene and Pliocene sands: In an ideal world thick (>10m), high quality (>20% porosity) gas sands should have a seismically detectable
low impedance unit that would result in bona fide direct hydrocarbon indicators (DHIs) including amplitude brightening and a Class III amplitude versus offset
(AVO) response. For a variety of reasons this often not the case in the Western Black Sea and there is generally a poor fit between Miocene amplitudes and
structure on 3D seismic (personal experience). This has implications for exploration, appraisal and development.
3D seismic and CSEM water v gas response: In Romanian licenses EX29 and Ex-30, operator Lukoil have drilled three dry holes and made one non-
commercial discovery (Lira). In their online article 9 Lukoil highlighted their thorough examination and integration of all of the available data including;
wireline data such as MDT and NMR, special core analysis, reprocessed 3D seismic and CSEM data. Lukoil also revealed the challenges with evaluating the finely
laminated Miocene sand bodies comprising fine to very fine, grained sandstones. The suppressed resistivity response of the gas bearing Miocene sands and the large
residual gas saturations of the water bearing sands creates challenges for conventional wireline analysis. The low resistivity contrast between shale and thin (<10m)
gas and water bearing sands is difficult to differentiate on both 3D seismic and Controlled Source Electromagnetic (CSEM).

Biogenic Gas Systems and Trap Underfill

The biogenic discoveries of the Levantine Basin in the Eastern Mediterranean (including Leviathan, Tamar and Zohr) as well as the shallow gas fields of the
Dutch sector of the North Sea provide some insight into the Black Sea biogenic gas discoveries such as Domino and Lira. In both examples direct hydrocarbon
indicators (DHIs) and well results clearly demonstrate under fill of the traps. In the case of the Levantine Basin, the biogenic system is not very rich or
efficient, relying on large areas and thick volumes of fairly lean (<1% TOC) Class III type source rock. It is fully active up to 55 oC and then gradually switches
off and is virtually ineffective above 70oC. As a consequence, most of the fields are not full to spill (with one exception) and most have a GRV range of fill of

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30-60%, two have fills of less than 25%. Further burial of the gas bearing traps below 70 oC (2-2.5km), after biogenic gas generation will result in compression
of the gas that will enhance any underfill due to biogenic charge inadequacies.

Possible Scenarios for a Miocene Black Sea Discovery

Based on the observations outlined above a series of scenarios are considered for a hypothetical Domino Play discovery in which the discovery well (1)
encounters gas bearing sands in three units A-C two of which are within a Miocene four-way closure (see Figure 3 for illustration). The main unit of interest is
Unit C (Miocene) with a lowest closing contour of 3500m. 3D seismic interpretation of Unit C reveals a series of moderate (orange) and high (yellow)
amplitudes interpreted to be part of a large base of slope fan sand complex. The discovery well establishes high amplitude facies is sand prone, uncertainty in
moderate (orange) facies. There is a limited difference between the seismic response for downdip residual gas (water) fill and updip full saturation gas fill.
Three scenarios are considered for the results of appraisal wells 2-4 that result in a significant variation in the estimates for gas in place (GIIP) and
recoverable resources (EUR) from 3.6 TCF to 0.25 TCF. See Figure 4.

Scenario A: Full to Spill + Communication: Wells 1-4 encounter gas bearing Unit C. Gas down to lowest closing contour (3500m). Moderate amplitudes
(orange) = thinner sands. Gas in high (yellow) and moderate (orange) amplitudes. Common gas gradient for wells 1-4 and a large aquifer with strong support.
GIIP = 6 TCF. EUR = 3.6 TCF (RF = 60%).

Scenario B: Underfill + Communication: Wells 1-3 encounter gas bearing Unit C. Gas down to shallower level (3100m). Moderate amplitudes (orange) =
thinner sands. Gas in high (yellow) and moderate (orange) amplitudes. Common gas gradient for wells 1,2 and 3 and a large aquifer with strong support. GIIP
= 2 TCF. EUR = 1.2 TCF (RF = 60%).

Scenario C: Underfill + Separation: Wells 1 and 3 encounter gas bearing Unit C. Gas down to shallower levels (3100 + 3200m). Moderate amplitudes (orange)
= non-reservoir. Gas in high (yellow) amplitudes only. Separate gas gradient for wells 1 and 3 and a small aquifer with limited support. GIIP = 0.5 + 0.3 TCF.
EUR = 0.15 + 0.1 TCF (RF = 30%).

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Conclusions

Sakarya has lowered the risks for other prospect and leads in this part of the Domino play. There are significant remaining uncertainties, risks and challenges
with the Domino Play and the Sakarya Discovery, these include;
Reservoir: presence, thickness and quality. Are the Sakarya reservoirs significantly thicker and/or better than those encountered on the Romanian side of the
Domino Play? Are individual reservoir units in pressure communication or isolation? Is there a large aquifer with strong support?
Degree of gas fill: As outlined above many biogenic gas plays have undefiled structures. Further burial of the structures after biogenic charge further reduces
the size of fill. Is there evidence for higher degree of fill in this part of the play?
Seismic imaging and calibration of 3D amplitudes: Well results from the Romanian side demonstrate the challenges of obtaining good quality seismic, to
calibrate it to the well response and ultimately to determine an integrated lithologic and fluid model. Is the seismic data quality better at Sakarya? Can the
fluid model differentiate between full saturation gas and residual gas with just one well to calibrate to the seismic?

The Türkali-1 appraisal is a relatively modest step-out (4km) given the size of the resources quoted by President Erdoğan. Results from the Romanian side
of the play suggest further appraisal wells will be required to reduce the uncertainties in the lithologic and fluid models and constrain the range in
resource estimates. If Türkali-1 and other appraisal wells are successful, Sakarya may yet prove to be a transformational discovery for TPAO and Turkey
producing up to 20 Bcm per year, meeting 40-50% of Turkey’s gas requirements.

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References

0 https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economic-value-of-newly-discovered-black-sea-natural-gas-nearly-65-billion-energy-minister-
says/news#:~:text=Turkey%20imported%2045.3%20bcm%20of,the%20country's%20foreign%20trade%20deficit

1 https://www.offshore-energy.biz/erdogan-tuna-1-black-sea-discovery-holds-405-bcm-of-natural-gas/

2 https://turkstream.info/project/

3 https://www.shearwatergeo.com/183/news/shearwater-geoservices-returns-for-new-acquisition-and-processing-contract-in-turkey

4 https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/fatih-drillship-starts-drilling-in-turkali-1-well-159757

5 https://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/464/1/439

6 https://www.blackseaog.com/projects/mdg/

7 https://www.romania-insider.com/lukoil-plans-sale-black-sea-ro-nov-2020 and https://www.reuters.com/article/us-romania-energy-exxon-idUSKBN1Z70XP

8 https://www.e3s-conferences.org/articles/e3sconf/pdf/2018/41/e3sconf_ag2018_01004.pdf

9 https://oiljournal.info/en/content/nv/336/the-power-of-high-tech-unlocking-the-black-sea-s-potential/

10 https://library.seg.org/doi/10.1190/tle36010060.1

10 www.nolangeoscience.com/
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