PROGRAMMING
FUNDAMENTALS
BEESHANGA ABEWARDANA JAYAWICKRAMA
UTS:
ENGINEERING AND
INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY
UTS CRICOS PROVIDER CODE: 00099F [Link]
COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
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RUNNING A HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE
PROGRAM
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PREPARATION WORK…
gcc –Wall –Werror –ansi –o [Link] helloworld.c -lm
What do those terms mean?
What happens if you type:
gcc –Wall –Werror –ansi helloworld.c -lm
Why do we use:
–Wall –Werror –ansi and -lm
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PREPARATION WORK…
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void){
printf("Hello World\n");
return 0;
}
1. what does stdio stand for? what does #include do?
2. what is main? could it be something other than "main"?
3. what is printf?
4. what is \n?
5. what is return 0?
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT STEPS
1. Problem requirement – understand what the program is expected to do
2. Problem analysis – identify the inputs, outputs and required resources
3. Solution design – design the algorithm
4. Implement – write the code
5. Test – think about possible test cases and thoroughly verify the program
6. Maintain and update
Note: first 3 steps are done on paper.
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SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT STEPS
EXAMPLE
Write a program to convert a distance given in miles to kilometres.
1. Problem requirement – convert distance from miles to kilometres
2. Problem analysis
input: miles – the distance in miles from the user, data type double.
output: kms – the converted distance in kms, data type double.
resources: 1 mi = 1.609 km
3. Solution design
Get the distance in miles from the user
Convert the distance to kms
Display the kms on the screen
4. Implement – shown in the class
5. Test – shown in the class
6. Maintain and update – not covered in this subject
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VARIABLES
There two stages after which variable value can be used:
> double kms; definition/declaration- allocate memory to store a
double. Provide variable name and the type.
kms = ??
> kms = KMS_PER_MILE * miles; initialisation- first time a value is
assigned
Before kms = ?? miles = 10.0 1.609
After kms = 16.09 miles = 10.0 1.609
Value of the variable is "garbage" until initialisation happens, hence should
not be read.
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PRINTF
Function name
Format string
Format specifier
printf("That equals %lf kilometers.\n", kms);
Escape sequence
Print list
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SCANF
int first, second;
scanf("%d%d", &first, &second);
The & symbols tell the system to put the collected values into the memory
locations of first and second – more about variable values and locations
later in the subject.
scanf gets values from the user, so it must know the location in memory to
put the values (not the values previously stored in memory).
In contrast, printf needs to know the values stored in memory to show on
the screen (not the location in memory where values are stored).
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TYPES OF ERRORS IN PROGRAMS
Compilation errors – using incorrect syntax. The compiler will pick these
errors.
Logical errors – incorrect logic and operations. Only you can pick these
errors through comprehensive testing.
Runtime errors – errors that happen in special corner cases. Only you can
pick these errors through comprehensive testing.
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GOOD PROGRAMMING HABITS
Programs written in this subject should
> Functionally accurate – hence testing is important.
> Follow good programming habits (more about this during the lab…)
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