University of Gujrat

Department of Computer Science

OPERATING SYSTEM
Assignment # 1
NAME : ROLL NO:

HARAM BATOOL 19010819-036

SUFFYAN ARSHAD 19010819-027

Class: MS.c-CS-III

SECTION: “A’’

GT Road Campus Gujrat

Operating Systems
Operating systems define how a computer stores files, switches between different applications,
manages memory, keeps itself secure, and interacts with peripherals like printers and cameras.
Different operating systems take different approaches to all of these, which is why you normally
can't run a Windows program on a Macintosh computer and why permissions look different on
an Android phone than on an iPhone.

Some operating systems are designed by groups of people around the world, like the open
source, freely available operating system Linux, while others are commercial products made by
one company, such as Microsoft's Windows and Apple's macOS.

Different operating systems run on different types of hardware and are designed for different
types of applications. For example, iOS is designed for iPhones and iPad tablets, while Mac
desktops and laptops use macOS. Your computer or smartphone comes equipped with an OS, but
you can install another one in some cases.

There are five operating systems for computer as well for mobile phones.

OS for computers OS for Mobile phones

1: Windows 1: Android

2: Apple macOS 2: IOS

3: Linux 3: SIRIN OS

4: Ubuntu 4: Kai OS
 OS for Computers
1. Windows
Microsoft Windows has existed in one form or another since 1985, and it remains the most
popular operating system for home and office computers. Its latest versions, including Windows
10, are also used on some tablets, and the OS is used on some web and number-crunching server
computers as well. Computers from a wide variety of manufacturers can use Windows.
Initial versions of Windows worked with an earlier Microsoft operating system called MS-DOS,
providing a modern graphical interface on top of DOS's traditional text-based commands.
Signature features of Microsoft Windows's user interface include windows themselves –
rectangle-shaped, on-panel screens that represent individual applications. The Windows Start
menu has helped generations of users find programs and files on their devices.
Efforts to use versions of the Windows OS for smartphones have been less successful.

STRUCTURE OF WINDOWS

The Windows OS is divided into layers, or modes of operation. The first is Kernel mode and the
second is User mode, as depicted. Kernel mode is where the operating system kernel and other
low-level processes operate.
Includes os versions: Windows Vista, Windows ...
Software genre: Operating system
Developer: Microsoft Corporation

Characteristics of windows:

 Speed. ...
 Compatibility. ...
 Lower Hardware Requirements. ...
 Search and Organization. ...
 Safety and Security. ...
 Interface and Desktop. ...
 Taskbar/Start menu.
2. Apple macOS
Apple's macOS, successor to the popular OS X operating system, runs on Apple laptops and
desktops. Based in part on the historic family of Unix operating systems dating back to research
in the 1960s at AT&T's Bell Labs, macOS shares some features with other Unix-related
operating systems including Linux. While the graphical interfaces are different, many of the
underlying programming interfaces and command line features are the same.
Signature elements of macOS include the dock used to find programs and frequently used files,
unique keyboard keys including the Command key, and the stoplight-colored buttons used to
resize open program windows. MacOS is known for its user-friendly features, which include Siri,
a natural-voice personal assistant, and FaceTime, Apple's video-calling application.

Structure of macos:

The structure of the Mac OS X includes multiple layers. The base layer is Darwin which is the
Unix core of the system. Next layer is the graphics system which contains Quartz, OpenGL and
QuickTime. Then is the application layer which has four components, namely Classic, Carbon,
Cocoa and Java

Characteristics of MACos:
 Continuity Camera.
 Dark Mode.
 Desktop Stacks.
 Dynamic Desktops.
 Finder enhancements: Gallery View, view metadata, and Quick Actions.
 Improved OS and Safari security.
 Screenshot markup.
3. Linux
Unlike many other operating systems, development on Linux isn't led by any one company. The
operating system was created by Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds in 1991. Nowadays,
programmers from all over the world collaborate on its open source code and submit tweaks to
the central kernel software and other programs.

A wide assortment of commercial and open source software is available for Linux, and various
Linux distributions provide custom user interfaces and tools for installing software onto
machines running the operating system. A favorite of many programmers, Linux is widely used
on corporate and scientific servers, including cloud computing environments. Linux can be run
on a wide variety of hardware and is available free of charge over the internet

Structure of LINUX

Linux System Architecture. The Linux Operating System's architecture primarily has these

components: the Kernel, Hardware layer, System library, Shell and System utility. The kernel is
the core part of the operating system, which is responsible for all the major activities of
the LINUX operating system.

Software genre: Operating system

Parent os: Unix

Characteristics of Linux

 Portable – Portability means softwares can works on different types of hardwares in same
way.Linux kernel and application programs supports their installation on any kind of
hardware platform.
 Open Source – Linux source code is freely available and it is community based
development project. Multiple teams works in collaboration to enhance the capability of
Linux operating system and it is continuously evolving.
 Multi-User – Linux is a multiuser system means multiple users can access system
resources like memory/ ram/ application programs at same time.
 Multiprogramming – Linux is a multiprogramming system means multiple applications
can run at same time.
4. Ubuntu
Ubuntu is one of the most widely used Linux operating systems in the world. It is fast, secure and
open source, used by millions of personal computers and servers worldwide. It comes with a
wide range of pre-installed applications like Firefox Browser, LibreOffice, Email Client,
BitTorrent Client and some games. You can find thousands of software from Ubuntu Software
Center and install it. Ubuntu is that Canonical doesn't care if you have a fear of commitment.
Booting from the USB drive or CD lets you play with the Ubuntu OS without overwriting your
computer's native OS. If you're a loyal Windows user or Mac OS X devotee, you don't need to
feel guilty. You can see Ubuntu on the side without hurting your long-term OS relationship.
If you find Ubuntu to be exactly what you need, you can load it on your computer to either run
side-by-side with your existing OS, or you can break up with your old SOOS -- that's significant
other operating system -- and start seeing Ubuntu exclusively. There's even an option to run
Ubuntu within Windows itself as if it were any other piece of software.

Structure of Ubuntu

It  is an open source operating system for computers. It is a Linux distribution based on the

Debian architecture. It is usually run on personal computers, and is also popular on network
servers, usually running the Ubuntu Server variant, with enterprise-class features.

Charactrists of Ubuntu

The desktop version of Ubuntu supports all the normal software on Windows such as Firefox,
Chrome, VLC, etc. It supports the office suite called LibreOffice. Ubuntu has an in-built
email software called Thunderbird, which gives the user access to email such as Exchange,
Gmail, Hotmail, etc.
Parent os: Linux
Software genre: Operating system
 OS for Mobile Phones

1.Android
The Android operating system is a mobile operating system that was developed by Google
(GOOGL) to be primarily used for touchscreen devices, cell phones, and tablets. Its design lets
users manipulate the mobile devices intuitively, with finger movements that mirror common
motions, such as pinching, swiping, and tapping. Google also employs Android software in
televisions, cars, and wristwatches—each of which is fitted with a unique user interface.

Structure of Android
Android is based on the Linux kernel long-term support branch. Its user interface is based on
direct-manipulation, meaning it was designed for touchscreen devices, responding to swiping,
tapping, pinching, and reverse pinching as well as having a virtual keyboard. These functions
operate under the use of internal hardware such as accelerometers, gyroscopes and proximity
sensors. Android software is mainly used for mobile phones and tablets, but can also be used for
TVs and digital cameras, although obviously not every app written for an Android smartphone
will transition over to a TV or camera.

Characteristics of Android
 Alternate Keyboards
 Wireless App Downloads
 Storage and Battery Swap
 Custom Home Screens
 Near Field Communication (NFC)
 Infrared Transmission
 No-Touch Control
2. IOS

Android and iOS have been competing against each other since what seems like an eternity now.
Android and iOS both enjoy a great user-base and there’s nothing really to fight about. Google
has the volumes, Apple has the profit. And while Apple will never share iOS with any other
company, it is currently the biggest Android competitor on the market. Android and iOS borrow
features from each other all the time and that’s one of the reasons why both the operating
systems are so feature-rich. This is a big benefit of competition. Despite their similarity, iOS
brings its own unique interface and features on the table. It has a unified interface across all apps
unlike Android, smooth animations, Apple-exclusive apps, regular updates, no bloatware and
arguably better quality of third-party apps. On iOS, you also get the full suite of Google apps
whereas you won’t find most of the Apple apps on Android.

Overall, it all boils down to your choice of the ecosystem. iOS is not an alternative for everyone
as such, considering the premium price Apple charges for its iPhones and iPads and it also
doesn’t solve many of the Android problems that we discuss above. But if you want a mature
mobile OS to match Android right now, then iOS is indeed your best bet.

Structure of IOS:

Core OS. All the iOS technologies are build on the low level features provided by the
Core OS layer. These technologies include Core Bluetooth Framework, External Accessory
Framework, Accelerate Framework, Security Services Framework, Local Authorisation
Framework etc.

Characteristics of IOS

 Multitasking.
 Social Media.
 iCloud.
 In-App purchase.
 Game Center.
 Notification Center.
 Accelerometer.
 Gyroscope.
3. SIRIN OS
Most of us might have forgotten about blockchain after the boom ended but the core community
is still there and the technology is slowly and surely developing. If we really want to challenge
Android’s dominance and create a secure mobile operating system, then blockchain is one of our
biggest chances. One company that remains at the forefront of this technology is SIRIN Labs and
they have already manufactured a blockchain smartphone called “Finney” which works on their
own SIRIN OS.

The operating system is fully based on blockchain and is secure enough to act as your blockchain
wallet. The best part about SirinOS is that it will still users to access Google Play which means
they will be able to access all the Android apps that they already use and love. What sets SIRIN
OS apart is the enhanced security of the entire device and the built-in cold wallet accessible via
the Safe Screen.

SIRIN OS STRUCTURE

The Sirin OS itself is based on the Android operating system, but boasts an “ultra-secure

cryptography core.” Sirin OS is built with some elements that are designed to secure the weakest
link in cryptocurrency transactions — interactions between a wallet and the blockchain network
and the internet connection 

CHARACTRISTICS OF SIRIN

The only operating system secure enough for storing and using cryptocurrency in a mobile
environment. SIRIN LABS’ propietary operating system will give FINNEY™ users an easy-to-
use Android experience with the Play Store and the apps it contains. What sets SIRIN OS™
apart is the enhanced security of the entire device and the built-in cold wallet accessible via the
Safe Screen. Users will have a familiar experience along with an extension beyond the Android
OS to ensure the blockchain and wallet security. These factors will enable FINNEY™ to hearld
in mass adoption of blockchain technology.

The only operating system secure enough for storing and using cryptocurrency in a
mobile environment
4. KaiOS
KaiOS is on the verge of becoming one of the largest mobile operating systems in the world and
chances are that you have never heard of it. I can understand that as KaiOS is meant for ultra-
budget devices which generally come with low-end hardware. Currently, you can find KaiOS in
the Nokia Banana phone ($75) and most of the Reliance Jio phones being sold in India. KaiOS
basically is a web-based operating system which uses apps that are developed on the web-
friendly HTML 5 platform.

While Google has launched its Android Go program to target the ultra-budget market, KaiOS
still remains at the forefront, at least, as far as the Indian market is concerned. I hope that once
KaiOS captures the ultra-budget segment of the smartphone market, developers will proceed to
challenge Android’s authority. You should keep an eye out for this one, as it has a big potential
of becoming a worthy Android alternative.

STRUCTURE OF KAI

KaiOS is a web-based mobile operating system that enables a new category of smart feature

phones. It is forked from B2G (Boot to Gecko), a successor of the discontinued
Firefox OS. KaiOS brings support of 4G/LTE, GPS, and Wi-Fi, as well as HTML5-based apps
and longer battery life, to non-touch devices.

CHARACTRISTICS OF KAI

The primary features of KaiOS bring support for 4G LTE E, VoLTE, GPS and Wi-
Fi with HTML5-based apps and longer battery life to non-touch devices with
optimized user interface, less memory and energy consumption. It
also features over-the-air updates.
 Comparison between desktop and the mobile operating system

Now you have windows 10 being designed to run on mobile, desktop, and Xbox. Straying away
from a different system for a different processor group.

it is easy to confuse smartphones with mobile computers. Just remember that mobile computers
are devices of any size designed to act like a portable computer with barcode scanning
capabilities, and smartphones are generally smaller devices designed for the average consumer
and can be loaded with barcoding capabilities

A Mobile OS is designed to be used on a device with a small touch screen. A Desktop OS is

designed to be used on a device with a larger screen and a keyboard or mouse.

The differences are mostly UI related, although most mobile OSes will do things like shut down
background apps automatically to increase battery life. The foundations are the same though-
Android is built on Linux, iOS is built on the same core as OS X, and Windows Phone and
Windows share a core as well.

Actually a phone OS is more like a desktop OS because the applications are actually stored on
the phone. I'm typing this message now using a Google Chrome laptop. The chrome laptop OS is
a browser. It can only access the WEB and cannot store files locally. The chrome laptop can use
a spreadsheet or word processor but saves the work to the cloud example Google Apps. I can do
the same things on a desktop using the Chrome Browser that I can with the chrome laptop but the
reverse isn't true. At the core they could be the same Microsoft is trying to make the core of the
OS same with Windows 10 however on the outside they could vary based on the skin. The User
Interface and certain services. Most mobile phones don't give you total or unlimited access by
default for that you have to do certain special things like rooting of android. It is sort of similar to
hacking but since you are doing it on your own device it isn't illegal. The reason why mobile
companies do this is because most people accidentally grant permissions to spyware and
malware. The reason why your computer may be lagging will be due to this as you may have
granted admin access to a program and it could have exploited it to gain total control of your
Computer. With this security such exploitation is almost minimized in android but still it is
vulnerable and another person can certainly install a malicious app on your phone if he has
access to your phone.