Design of Steel Elements Design of Steel Column

Design of Steel Column – Eurocode 3

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Design of Steel Elements Design of Steel Column

Design of Steel Column – Introduction

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Design of Steel Column – Examples Solution

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Example 1;

Determine the design compression resistance of a 203x203x52kg/m. UC section in S355 steel

with an affective length of 4m. Consider only the buckling about the Ƶ axis.

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Solution 1;

From tables 5.8, 5.9 and 5.11 for 203x203x52kg/m UC in S355 steel is class 1 plastic for
compression. Effective length, L = 4000mm, tƒ = 12.5mm, Iz = 1778cm4, A = 66.3cm2 and
E = 210 000N/mm2. Calculations of local buckling resistance are not required;

Design compression resistance, NRd;

NRd = (Reduction factor) x (Plastic axial for capacity)

= χ x (Tensile steel strength x Area)

= χ (ƒy A)

But

χ = 1 / [(ɸ + √(ɸ2 - ʎ 2)]

Buckling parameters about the Ƶ-axis; (α, table 5.20, is the imperfect factor);

ɸ = 0.5 [1 + α (ʎ - 0.2) + ʎ2]

Non-dimensional slenderness, ʎ;

ʎ = √ [(Aƒy) / (Ncr)]

Plastic axial force, Aƒy and the critical buckling load; Ncr

Ncr = (π2EI) / (L2)

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Plastic axial force, Aƒy and the critical buckling load; Ncr

Ncr = (π2x210000x1778x104) / (40002)

= 2303KN

For S355 and tƒ = 12.5mm < 16mm therefore ƒy =355 N/mm2 table 5.3

Plastic axial force capacity, Aƒy;

Aƒy = 66.3x102x355

= 2354 KN

Non-dimensional slenderness, ʎ;

ʎ = √ (Aƒy/Ncr)

= √2354/2303

= 1.01

From table 5.20 for buckling parameter abt the Ƶ axis, buckling curve C. And from figure 5.25
α = 0.49, (h/b=206.2/204.3 = 1.01 <1.2  buckling curve C).

 Buckling parameters about the Ƶ-axis;

 ɸ = 0.5(1 + 0.49 (1.01 - 0.2) + 1.012) = 1.21

Reduction factor;
χ = 1 / [1.21 + √ (1.212 - 1.012)]

= 0.533 < 1.0  O.K

 Design compression resistance, NRd

NRd = (Reduction factor) x (Plastic axial for capacity)

= χ x (Tensile steel strength x Area)

= χ (ƒy A)

= 0.533 x 355 x 66.3 x 102 = 1255KN

Note;

Similar calculations can be carried out as required for other section and other effective lengths.
However, it is often convenient to use the fact that the design compressive stress in a column
depends on its slenderness ʎ and to use table 5.23a OR 5.23b in the design handout to look up
these stresses. This alternative method is shown is the following example.

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Example 2;

Repeat the previous example using the tables 5.23a and 5.23b.

Solution 2;

From table 5.11, a 203x203x52kg/m UC in S355 is class 1 plastic for compression, so

calculations of local buckling resistance are not required. From table 5.9 iz = 5.2cm.

Designs compression resistance, NRd =ƒRd A

To obtain ƒRd, we required ƒy and the slenderness about the Ƶ axis, ʎƵ; (i = radius of gyration)

ʎƵ = L / iƵ = 4000 / (5.2 x 10) = 77

From table 5.3 for S355 steel with tƒ = 12.5mm < 16mm  ƒy = 355 N/mm2

From table 5.20, for buckling about the Ƶ axis, use the buckling curve C.

From table 5.23 b with ƒy=355 N/mm2, ʎz = 77 and buckling curve C, by interpolation,
ƒRd = 190N/mm2. (ƒRd = buckling about z-z axis)

 Design compression resistance NRd = ƒRd A

= 190 x 66.3 x 102

= 1260 kN

as in previous example.

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Example 3;

Two 6m high parallel column in S275 steel, each a 203x203x60kg/m UC section, and braced
together as shown below. The columns are pinned at the top and bottom, and the bracing
provides lateral support in the z-z direction only. The effective length of each column is 6m for
y-y buckling and 2m for z-z buckling.

a) Determine the design compression resistance of each column.

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Solution 3;

From table 5.8, 5.9 and 5.3 for S275 and tƒ = 14.2.mm < 16mm  ƒy = 275 N/mm2

From table 5.11, a 203x203x60kg/m UC is S275 steel is class 1 plastic for compression, so
calculations for local buckling resistance are not required.

Design Compression resistance, Nrd = ƒRd A

Now; we need to calculate the value ƒRd for buckling about the y-y axis and the Ƶ-Ƶ axis. The
lower value of the two will be considered in the above equation.

Buckling about the y-y axis;

Slenderness, ʎ = L/iy = 6000 / (9x10) = 67

From table 5.20 the buckling curve is curve b. From table 5.23a with ƒy = 275N/mm2,
ʎ = 67 and buckling curve b. Buckling abt y-y axis, by interpolation;
(h/b = 209.6/205.8 = 1.02 <1.2  buckling curve B)

ƒRd = 203 N/mm2

Buckling about the z-z axis;

(h/b = 209.6/205.8 = 1.02 <1.2  buckling curve C)

Slenderness, ʎ = L/iz = 2000 / (5.2x10) = 38

From table 5.20, buckling curve C, ƒy = 275 N/mm2, ʎ = 38. Buckling abt z-z axis, by
interpolation;

ƒRd = 241N/mm2

 Design Compression resistance, NRd = ƒRdA

= 203 x 76.4 x 102

= 1551kN

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Example 4;

A steel column is 4.5m high and service the beams as shown below. The beam reactions and
columns self-weight (SW) are also shown. The column is fixed to a substantial foundation at
the bottom and is restrained in position but not direction at the top.

a) Choose a Universal Column (UC) section in S275 steel and determine whether it is
satisfactory. ( assume ʎLT,0 = 0.4 and β = 0.75)

a) Plan on cap b) elevation c) effective length

(Gk = Permanent Load, Qk = Variable Load)

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Solution 4;

1) Forces at ULS; = (1.35Gk+1.5Qk)

Beam A: (1.35 x 21) + (1.5 x 27) = 68.9kN

Beam B: (1.35 x 15) + (1.5 x 18) = 47.3kN

Beam C: (1.35 x 54) + (1.5 x 48) = 144.9kN

Column self-weight, SW (1.35 x 2.0) = 2.7kN

Ultimate axial load, NEd = 263.8kN

Assume a trial section of 152x152x37kg/m UC:

From table 5.11, UC is S275 steel is class 1 plastic for compression, so calculations of local
buckling resistance are not required.

From table 5.3 for S275 steel with tf = 11.5mm < 16mm  ƒy = 275 N/mm2.

For the Column to be satisfactory, we need to show that, (Interaction check);

Where;

NEd  Ultimate axial load applied to the column.

Nb,Rd  Design compression resistance.
My,Ed  Nominal moment about y-y axis.
My,b,Rd  Buckling resistence momt for y-y bending.
MƵ ,Ed  Nominal moment about z-z axis.
ƒyWPL,Ƶ  Bending resistance moment for Ƶ-Ƶ bending.

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2) Buckling about the Ƶ-Ƶ axis:

Axial load; As the effective length is the same about the both axes it is only necessary to check
for buckling about the weaker z-z axis.

Design compression resistance, NRd = ƒRd A

slenderness ʎ = L/iƵ =3830/(3.9 x10) = 98 < 180 (where iz radius of gyration abt z axis)

From table 5.20 use buckling curves c. From table 5.23a with ƒy = 275N/mm2, ʎƵ = 98,
h/b = 161.8/154.4 = 1.05 <1.2 buckling curve c, by interpolation;

ƒRd = 129N/mm2

 Design compression resistance, NRd

Nb,Rd = ƒRd A

= 129 x 47.1 x 102

= 607kN

3) Bending about y-y axis;

A - Nominal moment, My,Ed

nominal eccentricity, e = (h/2) + 100

= (161.8/2) + 100

=180.9mm

 nominal moment, My,Ed = (VEd x e)

= 144.9x180.9

My,Ed = 26.2kNm

B - Design buckling resistance, My,b,Rd; (Table 5.14)

My,b,Rd = (modified reduction factor) x (steel strength x plastic section modulus)

= (χLT,mod) x (ƒy.WPL.y)

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but; ƒy WPL,y = 275 x 309 x 103

= 85kNm

and; χLT,mod = χLT /ƒ (Since C1 = 1.0 and ƒ = 1.0)

Reduction factor;

χLT, = 1 / [ɸLT + √(ɸLT2 - βʎLT)]

Buckling parameter;

ɸLT = 0.5(1+ αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,o) + βʎLT)

Non-dimensional slenderness;

Also; ʎLT = √(ƒyWPL.y / Mcr)

Elastic critical buckling moment, Mcr

MCr = [(C1 π2 E IƵ) / L2] √ [(Iw / IƵ) + ((L2GIT) /( π2EIƵ))]

Mcr = [(1.0 x π2 x 210 x 103x706 x 104) / 38302] x √[(0.040 x 1012/706 x 104) +

((38302 x 81 x 103 x 19.2 x 104) / (π2 x 210 x 103 x 706 x 104))]

Mcr= 145.4kNm

Non-dimensional slenderness; ʎLT

ʎL T= √(ƒyWPL,y) / (Mcr)

= √85/145.4

= 0.765

Since (h/b) for the section = (161.8/154.4) = 1.05, then from table 5.13αLT = 0.34 and also from
table 5.14; ʎLT,0 = 0.4 and β = 0.75.

Buckling parameter; ɸLT = 0.5(1 + αLT (ʎLT - ʎLT,0) + βʎLT2)

= 0.5(1 + 0.34 (0.765 - 0.4) + 0.75 x 0.7652)

= 0.781

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Reduction Factor; χLT, = 1 / [ɸLT + √(ɸLT2 - βʎLT)]

= 1/[0.781 + √(0.7812 - (0.75x0.7652))]

= 0.837 < 1.0

< 1/ʎLT2 = 1/0.7652 = 1.71

now;

χLT,mod = (χLT / ƒ) (ƒ = enhancement factor = 1.0)

= (0.837/1.0) = 0.837

 Design buckling resistance moment, My,b,Rd;

My,b,Rd = (χLT,mod ƒy Wpl,y)

= 0.837x85

My,b,Rd = 71.1kNm

4) Bending about z-z axis;

Nominal eccentricity, e = (tw / 2) + 100

= (8/2) + 100 = 104mm

Nominal moment, MƵ,ED = VED x e

=(68.9 - 47.3) x 0.104

= 2.25kNm

ƒy WPL,Ƶ = 275 x140x103 = 38.5x106 Nmm

= 38.5kNm

5) Check the safety of the column;

summary of design values and resistance;

Design value Resistance

Axial force NEd = 263.8kN Nb,Rd = 607 kN

y-y bending My,Ed = 26.2kNm My,b,Rd = 71.1kNm

z-z bending MƵ,Ed = 2.25kNm ƒyWPL ,y = 38.5kNm

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Interaction check;

(NED / Nb, Rd) + (My, Rd / My,b, Rd) + (1.5 MƵ,Ed / ƒyWPL,Ƶ) ≤ 1.0

LHS = (263.8 / 607) + (26.2/71.7) + 1.5x (2.25/38.5)

= 0.435 + 0.368 + 0.088

= 0.891 < 1 Column is safe

 adopt 152x152x37 kg/m

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Design of steel Beam / column

 Design load = 1.35 permanent load + 1.5 variable load

𝑤𝐿2
 Ultimate bending moment = 8
𝑤𝐿
 Ultimate shear force, √𝑒𝑑 = 2
𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑃𝐿
 Design bending resistance = 𝑀𝑐 , 𝑅𝑑 = 𝛾𝑚
𝑀𝑐 ,𝑅𝑑 𝛾𝑚
 i.e plastic section modulus = 𝑓𝑦

 Plastic shear resistance, 𝑉𝑃𝐿,𝑅𝑑 = 0.577 𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝜏

 Section is O.K in shear if; 𝑉𝐸𝑑 < 𝑉𝑃𝐿.𝑅𝑑
5𝐺 𝐿3
 Deflection = 384𝐾 𝐸𝐼 for UDL
𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑚
 Deflection limit =
360

 Design compressive, 𝑁𝑅𝑑 ;

𝑁𝑅𝑑 = 𝑋. 𝑓𝑦 .A
1
Where; 𝑋=
∅+√∅2 −ƛ2

∅ = 0.5(1+∝ (ƛ − 0.2) + ƛ2

𝐴𝑓𝑦
ƛ=√
𝑁𝑒𝑟

𝜋2 𝐸𝐼
𝑁𝑒𝑟 = 𝐿2
𝐿 𝐿
 Slenderness , ℎ = or =
𝐿𝑦 𝐶𝑧

 Interaction equation;
𝑁𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 𝑀𝑧,𝐸𝑑
+ + 1.5 ( ) ≤ 1.0
𝑁𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝑀𝑦,𝑏,𝑅𝑑 𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑃𝐿,𝑧

Axial force y-y bending z-z bending

 Design compressive resistance; 𝑁𝑅𝑑

𝑁𝑅𝑑 = 𝑓𝑅𝑑 A

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 Nominal eccentricity; e = ℎ⁄2 + 100 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 y-y

𝑡𝑤
e= 2
+ 100 𝑎𝑏 𝑡 z-z

 Nominal moment ; 𝑀𝑦,𝐸𝑑 = 𝑉𝑒𝑑 . 𝑒

 Design bucking resistance, 𝑀𝑦,𝑏,𝑅𝑑 (column)

𝑀𝑦,𝑏,𝑅𝑑 = 𝑋𝐿𝑇,𝑚𝑜𝑑 × 𝑓𝑦 × 𝑊𝑃𝐿,𝑦
Where

𝑋𝐿𝑇,𝑚𝑜𝑑 = 𝑋𝐿𝑇 /𝑓

1
𝑋𝐿𝑇 =
∅𝐿𝑇 +√∅𝐿𝑇 2 −𝛽ƛ2 𝐿𝑇

∅𝐿𝑇 = 0.5(1 +∝𝐿𝑇 (ƛ𝐿𝑇 − ƛ𝐿𝑇,0 ) + 𝛽ƛ𝐿𝑇 )

𝑓𝑦 𝑊𝑃𝐿,𝑦
ƛ𝐿𝑇 = √
𝑀𝑒𝑟

 Elastic critical bucking amount, 𝑀𝑒𝑟 ;

𝐶1 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑊 𝐿2 𝐺𝐼𝑟
𝑀𝑒𝑟 = √[ + 2 ]
𝐿2 𝐼𝑧 𝜋 𝐸𝐼2

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