Umm Al-Qura Universtiy, Makkah

Department of Electrical Engineering

Electromagnetics-II (8022320)
Term 2: 2020/2021
Solution Homework 2
Dr. Waheed Ahmad Younis
Do not submit this homework. There will be a quiz from this homework.

Topics covered in this week:

• Concept of displacement current
⃗
𝜕𝐷
𝐼𝑑 = ∫𝑠 . 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡

• Modified Maxwell’s equations (adding the displacement current)

⃗
𝜕𝐵
1. ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = − ∫𝑠 . 𝑑𝑆 Faraday’s law
𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐷 ⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐽. 𝑑𝑆 + ∫
2. ∮ 𝐻 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫𝑠 (𝐽 + ) . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐼 Ampere’s law
𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑄
3. ∮ 𝐷 Gauss’s law
𝑣
⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = 0
4. ∮ 𝐵 No isolated magnetic pole

• 2 theorems from vector calculus (for any vector field 𝐴 )

1. ∮ 𝐴 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫𝑣 (∇. 𝐴) 𝑑𝑣 Divergence theorem (relating the close surface integral to
the volume integral
2. ∮ 𝐴 . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫𝑠 (∇ × 𝐴). 𝑑𝑆 Stokes’ theorem (relating the close line integral to the
surface integral

• Point form of Maxwell’s equations (using divergence and Stokes theorems)

𝜕𝐵 ⃗
1. ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = − 𝜕𝑡
⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗ =𝐽+
2. ∇ × 𝐻 𝜕𝑡
⃗ =𝜌
3. ∇. 𝐷
⃗ =0
4. ∇. 𝐵

• ⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Maxwell’s equations for free space (using 𝐽 = 0, 𝜌 = 0, 𝐷 ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐻
⃗)
𝜕𝐻 ⃗
1. ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −𝜇0 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗
2. ∇ × 𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡
3. ∇. 𝐸⃗ = 0
4. ∇. 𝐻⃗ =0

• Phasor notation:
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉0 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑉0 𝑅𝑒{𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 } ⇔ 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃
𝑑𝑣(𝑡) 𝜋 𝜋
= −𝜔𝑉0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝜔𝑉0 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + ) = 𝜔𝑉0 𝑅𝑒 {𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑒 𝑗 2 }
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑗𝜃
= 𝜔𝑉0 𝑅𝑒{𝑒 𝑒 𝑗}
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 𝑑(𝑉𝑝ℎ )
⇔ = 𝑗𝜔𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑗𝜔𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝑑𝑡
• Maxwell’s equations for sinusoidal fields in free space
1. ∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠
2. ∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠
3. ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 0
4. ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 0

• Derivation of Helmholtz equation from Maxwell’s equations

Maxwell’s equations for sinusoidal fields in free space
∇×𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐻
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ∇×𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ∇∙𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 0 ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 0
Taking curl of the first equation
∇ × (∇ × 𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ) = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 )
Apply the vector identity [∇ × (∇ × 𝐴 ) = ∇(∇ ∙ 𝐴) − ∇2 𝐴]
∇(∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 ) − ∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 )
Inserting the 2nd and the 3rd Maxwell’s equations in the above
∇(0) − ∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 )
∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸𝑠 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 𝐸 𝐸𝑠
The above equation is known as Helmholtz equation.

• Solution of the 2nd order differential equation:

𝑑2 𝑦
= −𝑘 2 𝑦 is 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Proof:
𝑦 = 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 𝑦 ′ = −𝑗𝑘 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = (−𝑗𝑘)2 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 = −𝑘 2 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 = −𝑘 2 𝑦
• Solution of the Helmholtz equations.
Assume that the electric field exists along y-axis only. Writing Helmholtz equation for this case
∇2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
+ + = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Assume that the electric field varies along x-axis only (the derivatives along other axes would be
zero)
𝑑2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
= −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝑑𝑥 2
This is a 2nd order differential equation. A solution of this equation is
𝐸𝑦𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥
Converting phasor into time-domain function
𝐸𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥 ] = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥) ] = 𝐸𝑦0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔√𝜇0 𝜖0 𝑥)
Above expression represents a travelling wave of electric field. It is directed along y-axis and
travelling along x-axis.
____________________________________________________________________________________
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Q1. For the electric flux density given in Q5 of HW-1:
⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 ) 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑚 2
Find the total charge inside the close surface of the parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0
and 1, y=0 and 2, and z=0 and 3. Use divergence theorem.
Solution:
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (∇. 𝐷
According to divergence theorem: ∮ 𝐷 ⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧
⃗ =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌 = ∇. 𝐷 + + = 2𝑦 + 0 + 0 = 2𝑦 𝐶 ⁄𝑚2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥=1,𝑦=2,𝑧=3

⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ (∇. 𝐷 ∭ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 12 𝐶
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥=0,𝑦=0,𝑧=0

Q2. For the vector field given in Q6 of HW-1:

⃗ = 6𝜌 sin 𝜑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷
𝜑
𝑎𝜌 + 1.5𝜌 cos ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝜑
2 2
Find the close surface integral for the close surface bounded by 𝜌 = 2, 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋, 𝑧 =
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5. Use divergence theorem.
Solution:
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (Div 𝐷
According to divergence theorem: ∮ 𝐷 ⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
For cylindrical coordinates,
𝜑 𝜑
1 𝜕(𝜌𝐷𝜌 ) 1 𝜕𝐷𝜑 𝜕𝐷𝑧 1 𝜕 (𝜌 6𝜌 sin 2 ) 1 𝜕 (1.5𝜌 cos 2 ) 𝜑
⃗ =
Div 𝐷 + + = + = 11.25 sin
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜑 2
𝜌=2,𝜑=𝜋,𝑧=5 𝜋 2 5
𝜑 𝜑
⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣 =
∫ (Div 𝐷 ∭ 11.25 sin 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 = 11.25 ∫ sin 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
2 2
𝑣 𝜌=0,𝜑=0,𝑧=0 𝜑=0 𝜌=0 𝑧=0
𝜋 2 2
𝜑 𝜌
= 11.25 |−2 cos | | | |𝑧|50 = −22.5(0 − 1)(2 − 0)(5 − 0) = 225
20 2 0

Q3. For the magnetic field given in Q7 of HW-1:

⃗ = (6𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻 𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 ) 𝐴⁄𝑚
Find the total current enclosed by the rectangular path formed by the lines 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 and
−1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Use Stokes’ theorem.
Solution:
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻
According to Stokes’ theorem: ∮ 𝐻 ⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆
𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑦
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝑎 𝑎𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕| | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
⃗ = ||
Current density = 𝐽 = ∇ × 𝐻 |=|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝐻𝑥 𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑧 6𝑥𝑦 −3𝑦 2 0
𝑎𝑥 (0 − 0) − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦 (0 − 0) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 (0 − 6𝑥) = −6𝑥 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒/𝑚2
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
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 ⃗ ). 𝑑𝑆 = −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(∇ × 𝐻
5 1
𝑦=1,𝑥=5
⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆 = −6 ∬
∫ 𝐽 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −6 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −126 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑦=−1,𝑥=2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑥=2 𝑦=−1

Q4. For the magnetic field given in Q8 of HW-1:

𝐻⃗ = 20𝜌2 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜑 𝐴/𝑚:
Fine the total current passing through the circular surface 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 1, 𝑧 = 0. Use Stoke’s
theorem.
Solution:
1 𝜕(𝜌𝐻𝜑 )
⃗ = [ 1 𝜕𝐻𝑧 − 𝜕𝐻𝜑 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Curl 𝐻
𝜕𝐻𝜌 𝜕𝐻
𝑎𝜌 + [ 𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝜌𝑧 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝐻𝜌
𝑎𝜑 + 𝜌 [ 𝜕𝜌 − 𝜕𝜑 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧
𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕(0) 𝜕(20𝜌2 ) 𝜕(0) 𝜕(0) 1 𝜕(20𝜌3 ) 𝜕(0)
= [𝜌 − ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝜌 + [ − ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜑 + 𝜌 [ − ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
1 𝜕(20𝜌3 )
=𝜌 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴/𝑚2
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = 60𝜌 𝑎
𝜕𝜌

𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 ⃗ ). 𝑑𝑆 = 60𝜌2 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌
(Curl 𝐻
𝜌=1,𝜑=2𝜋 1 2𝜋
1
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻
𝐼 = ∮𝐻 ⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 60𝜌2 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌 = 60 ∫ 𝜌2 𝑑𝜌 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = 60 ( ) (2𝜋)
3
𝑠 𝜌=0,0,𝜑=0 0 0
= 40𝜋 𝐴

Q5. Find the amplitude of displacement current density around a car antenna where the field
strength of an FM signal is 𝐸⃗ = 80 cos(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝑉 ⁄𝑚.
Solution:
⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ = 80𝜖0 cos(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐶 ⁄𝑚2
⃗
𝜕𝐷
Displacement current density = 𝜕𝑡
= −80𝜖0 (6.277 × 108 ) sin(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐶 ⁄𝑠. 𝑚2
= −0.445 sin(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴⁄𝑚2
Hence, amplitude = 0.445 𝐴⁄𝑚2

Q6. Express the following time function as phasor:

𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = 100 cos (108 𝑡 − 0.5𝑧 + 6 )
Solution:
𝜋 8 𝑡−0.5𝑧+𝜋) 8 𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = 100 cos (108 𝑡 − 0.5𝑧 + 6 ) = 100𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗(10 6 ] = 100𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗10 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗(−0.5𝑧+ 6 ) ]
𝜋
100
𝐸𝑦𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑗0.5𝑧+𝑗 6
√2

Q7. Consider the field intensity vector expressed as phasor. Recover the time-domain expression:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 100∠30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20∠ − 50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40∠210° 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 V/m

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Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 100𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 (𝑡) = (100𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 )𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝐸⃗ (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒(100√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 )
= 100√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 50°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 210°) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 V/m

Q8. Convert the following phasor into time-domain expression:

⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 20𝑒 −(0.1+𝑗20)𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 A/m
Solution:
⃗ (𝑡) = 20√2𝑅𝑒[𝑒 −(0.1+𝑗20)𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]𝑎
𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = 20√2𝑅𝑒[𝑒 −0.1𝑧+𝑗𝜔𝑡−𝑗20𝑧 ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥
= 20√2𝑒 −0.1𝑧 𝑅𝑒[𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−20𝑧) ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = 20√2𝑒 −0.1𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 20𝑧) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 A/m

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