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EMT2-hw2 - Sol

1. The document provides solutions to homework problems on electromagnetics topics including Maxwell's equations, displacement current, phasor notation, and the Helmholtz equation. 2. It includes two homework problems asking to use the divergence theorem to find the total charge within a volume and the closed surface integral of a vector field. 3. Key concepts covered are Maxwell's equations, vector calculus theorems, phasor notation, the Helmholtz equation, and solutions to Maxwell's equations and the Helmholtz equation.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
163 views5 pages

EMT2-hw2 - Sol

1. The document provides solutions to homework problems on electromagnetics topics including Maxwell's equations, displacement current, phasor notation, and the Helmholtz equation. 2. It includes two homework problems asking to use the divergence theorem to find the total charge within a volume and the closed surface integral of a vector field. 3. Key concepts covered are Maxwell's equations, vector calculus theorems, phasor notation, the Helmholtz equation, and solutions to Maxwell's equations and the Helmholtz equation.

Uploaded by

Super Special
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 5

Umm Al-Qura Universtiy, Makkah

Department of Electrical Engineering


Electromagnetics-II (8022320)
Term 2: 2020/2021
Solution Homework 2
Dr. Waheed Ahmad Younis
Do not submit this homework. There will be a quiz from this homework.

Topics covered in this week:


• Concept of displacement current

𝜕𝐷
𝐼𝑑 = ∫𝑠 . 𝑑𝑆
𝜕𝑡

• Modified Maxwell’s equations (adding the displacement current)



𝜕𝐵
1. ∮ 𝐸⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = − ∫𝑠 . 𝑑𝑆 Faraday’s law
𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐷 ⃗
𝜕𝐷
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐽. 𝑑𝑆 + ∫
2. ∮ 𝐻 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫𝑠 (𝐽 + ) . 𝑑𝑆 = 𝐼 Ampere’s law
𝑠 𝑠 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑄
3. ∮ 𝐷 Gauss’s law
𝑣
⃗ . 𝑑𝑆 = 0
4. ∮ 𝐵 No isolated magnetic pole

• 2 theorems from vector calculus (for any vector field 𝐴 )


1. ∮ 𝐴 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫𝑣 (∇. 𝐴) 𝑑𝑣 Divergence theorem (relating the close surface integral to
the volume integral
2. ∮ 𝐴 . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫𝑠 (∇ × 𝐴). 𝑑𝑆 Stokes’ theorem (relating the close line integral to the
surface integral

• Point form of Maxwell’s equations (using divergence and Stokes theorems)


𝜕𝐵 ⃗
1. ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = − 𝜕𝑡

𝜕𝐷
⃗ =𝐽+
2. ∇ × 𝐻 𝜕𝑡
⃗ =𝜌
3. ∇. 𝐷
⃗ =0
4. ∇. 𝐵

• ⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵
Maxwell’s equations for free space (using 𝐽 = 0, 𝜌 = 0, 𝐷 ⃗ = 𝜇0 𝐻
⃗)
𝜕𝐻 ⃗
1. ∇ × 𝐸⃗ = −𝜇0 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸⃗
2. ∇ × 𝐻 ⃗ = 𝜖0
𝜕𝑡
3. ∇. 𝐸⃗ = 0
4. ∇. 𝐻⃗ =0

• Phasor notation:
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑉0 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝑉0 𝑅𝑒{𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 } ⇔ 𝑉𝑝ℎ = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 ∠𝜃
𝑑𝑣(𝑡) 𝜋 𝜋
= −𝜔𝑉0 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃) = 𝜔𝑉0 cos (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 + ) = 𝜔𝑉0 𝑅𝑒 {𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 𝑒 𝑗 2 }
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑗𝜃
= 𝜔𝑉0 𝑅𝑒{𝑒 𝑒 𝑗}
1|Page
𝑑(𝑉𝑝ℎ )
⇔ = 𝑗𝜔𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑒 𝑗𝜃 = 𝑗𝜔𝑉𝑝ℎ
𝑑𝑡
• Maxwell’s equations for sinusoidal fields in free space
1. ∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠
2. ∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠
3. ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 0
4. ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 0

• Derivation of Helmholtz equation from Maxwell’s equations


Maxwell’s equations for sinusoidal fields in free space
∇×𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 𝐻
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ∇×𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜖0 𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ∇∙𝐸⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = 0 ∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 0
Taking curl of the first equation
∇ × (∇ × 𝐸 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 ) = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 )
Apply the vector identity [∇ × (∇ × 𝐴 ) = ∇(∇ ∙ 𝐴) − ∇2 𝐴]
∇(∇ ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 ) − ∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (∇ × ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 )
Inserting the 2nd and the 3rd Maxwell’s equations in the above
∇(0) − ∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = −𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 )
∇2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 𝑗𝜔𝜇0 (𝑗𝜔𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐸𝑠 )
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑠 = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∇2 𝐸 𝐸𝑠
The above equation is known as Helmholtz equation.

• Solution of the 2nd order differential equation:


𝑑2 𝑦
= −𝑘 2 𝑦 is 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
Proof:
𝑦 = 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 𝑦 ′ = −𝑗𝑘 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 𝑦 ′′ = (−𝑗𝑘)2 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 = −𝑘 2 𝑌𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝑥 = −𝑘 2 𝑦
• Solution of the Helmholtz equations.
Assume that the electric field exists along y-axis only. Writing Helmholtz equation for this case
∇2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠 𝜕 2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
+ + = −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
Assume that the electric field varies along x-axis only (the derivatives along other axes would be
zero)
𝑑2 𝐸𝑦𝑠
= −𝜔2 𝜇0 𝜖0 𝐸𝑦𝑠
𝑑𝑥 2
This is a 2nd order differential equation. A solution of this equation is
𝐸𝑦𝑠 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥
Converting phasor into time-domain function
𝐸𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥 ] = 𝐸𝑦0 𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−𝜔√𝜇0𝜖0 𝑥) ] = 𝐸𝑦0 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 𝜔√𝜇0 𝜖0 𝑥)
Above expression represents a travelling wave of electric field. It is directed along y-axis and
travelling along x-axis.
____________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
Q1. For the electric flux density given in Q5 of HW-1:
⃗ = (2𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 ) 𝐶 ⁄ 𝑚 2
Find the total charge inside the close surface of the parallelepiped formed by the planes x=0
and 1, y=0 and 2, and z=0 and 3. Use divergence theorem.
Solution:
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (∇. 𝐷
According to divergence theorem: ∮ 𝐷 ⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
𝜕𝐷𝑥 𝜕𝐷𝑦 𝜕𝐷𝑧
⃗ =
𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌 = ∇. 𝐷 + + = 2𝑦 + 0 + 0 = 2𝑦 𝐶 ⁄𝑚2
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝑥=1,𝑦=2,𝑧=3

⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝑣 = ∫ (∇. 𝐷 ∭ 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = 12 𝐶
𝑣 𝑣 𝑥=0,𝑦=0,𝑧=0

Q2. For the vector field given in Q6 of HW-1:


⃗ = 6𝜌 sin 𝜑 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐷
𝜑
𝑎𝜌 + 1.5𝜌 cos ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝜑
2 2
Find the close surface integral for the close surface bounded by 𝜌 = 2, 𝜑 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋, 𝑧 =
0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 5. Use divergence theorem.
Solution:
⃗ ∙ 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (Div 𝐷
According to divergence theorem: ∮ 𝐷 ⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣
𝑣
For cylindrical coordinates,
𝜑 𝜑
1 𝜕(𝜌𝐷𝜌 ) 1 𝜕𝐷𝜑 𝜕𝐷𝑧 1 𝜕 (𝜌 6𝜌 sin 2 ) 1 𝜕 (1.5𝜌 cos 2 ) 𝜑
⃗ =
Div 𝐷 + + = + = 11.25 sin
𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜌 𝜕𝜑 2
𝜌=2,𝜑=𝜋,𝑧=5 𝜋 2 5
𝜑 𝜑
⃗ ) 𝑑𝑣 =
∫ (Div 𝐷 ∭ 11.25 sin 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝑧 = 11.25 ∫ sin 𝑑𝜑 ∫ 𝜌 𝑑𝜌 ∫ 𝑑𝑧
2 2
𝑣 𝜌=0,𝜑=0,𝑧=0 𝜑=0 𝜌=0 𝑧=0
𝜋 2 2
𝜑 𝜌
= 11.25 |−2 cos | | | |𝑧|50 = −22.5(0 − 1)(2 − 0)(5 − 0) = 225
20 2 0

Q3. For the magnetic field given in Q7 of HW-1:


⃗ = (6𝑥𝑦 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻 𝑎𝑥 − 3𝑦 2 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 ) 𝐴⁄𝑚
Find the total current enclosed by the rectangular path formed by the lines 2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 5 and
−1 ≤ 𝑦 ≤ 1. Use Stokes’ theorem.
Solution:
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻
According to Stokes’ theorem: ∮ 𝐻 ⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆
𝑠
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑦
𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝑎 𝑎𝑥
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦
⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕| | 𝜕 𝜕 𝜕|
⃗ = ||
Current density = 𝐽 = ∇ × 𝐻 |=|
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧|
𝐻𝑥 𝐻𝑦 𝐻𝑧 6𝑥𝑦 −3𝑦 2 0
𝑎𝑥 (0 − 0) − ⃗⃗⃗⃗
= ⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑦 (0 − 0) + ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 (0 − 6𝑥) = −6𝑥 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒/𝑚2
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
3|Page
⃗ ). 𝑑𝑆 = −6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
(∇ × 𝐻
5 1
𝑦=1,𝑥=5
⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆 = −6 ∬
∫ 𝐽 . 𝑑𝑆 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −6 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑦 = −126 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑦=−1,𝑥=2
𝑠 𝑠 𝑥=2 𝑦=−1

Q4. For the magnetic field given in Q8 of HW-1:


𝐻⃗ = 20𝜌2 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜑 𝐴/𝑚:
Fine the total current passing through the circular surface 0 ≤ 𝜌 ≤ 1, 𝑧 = 0. Use Stoke’s
theorem.
Solution:
1 𝜕(𝜌𝐻𝜑 )
⃗ = [ 1 𝜕𝐻𝑧 − 𝜕𝐻𝜑 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
Curl 𝐻
𝜕𝐻𝜌 𝜕𝐻
𝑎𝜌 + [ 𝜕𝑧 − 𝜕𝜌𝑧 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜕𝐻𝜌
𝑎𝜑 + 𝜌 [ 𝜕𝜌 − 𝜕𝜑 ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧
𝜌 𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧
1 𝜕(0) 𝜕(20𝜌2 ) 𝜕(0) 𝜕(0) 1 𝜕(20𝜌3 ) 𝜕(0)
= [𝜌 − ] ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝜌 + [ − ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝜑 + 𝜌 [ − ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧
𝜕𝜑 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜌 𝜕𝜑
1 𝜕(20𝜌3 )
=𝜌 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴/𝑚2
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 = 60𝜌 𝑎
𝜕𝜌

𝑑𝑆 = 𝜌 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 ⃗ ). 𝑑𝑆 = 60𝜌2 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌
(Curl 𝐻
𝜌=1,𝜑=2𝜋 1 2𝜋
1
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ (∇ × 𝐻
𝐼 = ∮𝐻 ⃗ ) . 𝑑𝑆 = ∬ 60𝜌2 𝑑𝜑 𝑑𝜌 = 60 ∫ 𝜌2 𝑑𝜌 ∫ 𝑑𝜑 = 60 ( ) (2𝜋)
3
𝑠 𝜌=0,0,𝜑=0 0 0
= 40𝜋 𝐴

Q5. Find the amplitude of displacement current density around a car antenna where the field
strength of an FM signal is 𝐸⃗ = 80 cos(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝑉 ⁄𝑚.
Solution:
⃗ = 𝜖0 𝐸⃗ = 80𝜖0 cos(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
𝐷 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐶 ⁄𝑚2

𝜕𝐷
Displacement current density = 𝜕𝑡
= −80𝜖0 (6.277 × 108 ) sin(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐶 ⁄𝑠. 𝑚2
= −0.445 sin(6.277 × 108 𝑡 − 2.092𝑦) 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 𝐴⁄𝑚2
Hence, amplitude = 0.445 𝐴⁄𝑚2

Q6. Express the following time function as phasor:


𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = 100 cos (108 𝑡 − 0.5𝑧 + 6 )
Solution:
𝜋 8 𝑡−0.5𝑧+𝜋) 8 𝜋
𝐸𝑦 = 100 cos (108 𝑡 − 0.5𝑧 + 6 ) = 100𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗(10 6 ] = 100𝑅𝑒 [𝑒 𝑗10 𝑡 𝑒 𝑗(−0.5𝑧+ 6 ) ]
𝜋
100
𝐸𝑦𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑗0.5𝑧+𝑗 6
√2

Q7. Consider the field intensity vector expressed as phasor. Recover the time-domain expression:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 100∠30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20∠ − 50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40∠210° 𝑎 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 V/m

4|Page
Solution:
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 = 100𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧
⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐸𝑠 (𝑡) = (100𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 )𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡
𝐸⃗ (𝑡) = 𝑅𝑒(100√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗30° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 −𝑗50° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40√2𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 𝑒 𝑗210° ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑧 )
= 100√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 30°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 + 20√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 50°) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑦 + 40√2 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 210°) 𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 V/m

Q8. Convert the following phasor into time-domain expression:


⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐻𝑠 = 20𝑒 −(0.1+𝑗20)𝑧 ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 A/m
Solution:
⃗ (𝑡) = 20√2𝑅𝑒[𝑒 −(0.1+𝑗20)𝑧 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ]𝑎
𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = 20√2𝑅𝑒[𝑒 −0.1𝑧+𝑗𝜔𝑡−𝑗20𝑧 ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥
= 20√2𝑒 −0.1𝑧 𝑅𝑒[𝑒 𝑗(𝜔𝑡−20𝑧) ]𝑎
⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 = 20√2𝑒 −0.1𝑧 cos(𝜔𝑡 − 20𝑧) ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑥 A/m

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