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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
309 views36 pagesEMI All Units notes/BRIDGES
Emi notes
Uploaded by
praneeth kuchimanchiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 36
Gia) ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE VSem
Bexdlges
the boiclges abe used fas not only the measusemect of
wesislances but also used fos the measusement ‘of usisdous
components LiKe capacilarce 5 endactarce lc.
A budee ciscuil tr ls. seonplest five consists ‘of a
nelcovk of fous sesistance ass fosring a closed céscait: A
source of cassert &s applied + tuo opposite junctions: the
cerstent clelectos és @nnected ‘to othes to janclons.
the bwidlges ciscait use the Gmpasison ‘measurement’
methods & opevale on ‘null indication psiecéple’. the bsedge
cescuit Corrparses the value of an unknocn Component with
thed ‘of an accusolely Knoen Slonclaxal component « thus the
accesacy depends ‘on the bscdge components ¢nof on the
null Cedlicatos: Hence high clequee of accuwocy can be
oblained.
tn a bwalge civcail, when no curment flocs “theough
the null clelectos cahich es generally galuanometes, the
bsidlge ‘cs said fo be ‘balanced. the xelationshép ‘between
the Component values of the Pus atsms ‘of the budge at
the balancing, is called ‘balancéng condition 0% balancing
eqyuadion' - Thes equation ‘Ques us the value of the
ainknoan component:
Prepared by: Mr.C:LOKANATH REDDY ECE Department, Advantages of bwielge céscutt
tthe ‘balance equation éndependlent of the reognitecle of
the énput vollage os ds Souxce impedance. These eyuantites db
nol appea’ inthe balance equation
2+ the meosasement acasacy & high asthe measurement
clone by comparing the unknocon value cath standard value:
3 the accusacy ts tnclepenclent ‘of the chawaclenishics ofa
null delectos ¢ is dependent on the component values.
Urthe balancing equation és énclependent of the sensifiuly
of the null delectos, the ina pedance of the deleclos os any
tenpeclance shunkingthe dletectos.
S: the balancing condition serains ancharged & the Souses,
cleleclos axe inleschanged:
6. ‘the bridge wscails eanbe usedin the anteol ciscuils-
cohen used! in ‘sauch contol applications one cw of the bredge
peer a vesislive clement thal és sensilive the physical
ae like pressuse ; fempersalie ef hich vs fo be
Types of Bsiclges
the ti00 bypes of bsvclges ave
© DC bycalges 2 AC bsiclges
the dc bsiclges ave used fo measure the vesistonces chile
the arc bwidlges oxe used ‘ly measuse the empedlarces Consisting
Capactances & incluctances. the dic bscalges use the dc voltage
as the excélation vollage while the arc bsidges use the altesnating
voltage as the exication \ollage: Gregg} ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECEV Sem
wheat Stone's Boidge
caheot stones ‘bsidge is the roost accusale method
avoiloble {o% measusing wesdstances + this bacelge cascait és
used tp delesmine vesistance wangirg {som ‘approximately
an ohin (12) fo Sevetal ohras (ML)
the source of emf Cbatlesy) € Seattch és connected to
points AGB, ahile a Senstive cassent indicating meter, the
galuanomeley, é connected to poerls CED: the galuanomeles
ta Sensétive mcxoaromeles caith a 2ewcentse Scale: cohen
these és nocussent though the metes, the pointes rests at
‘Ol be med scale. Carsent én one disection causes the poinles
to deflect on one side & custen! en opposite dlivection to the
athes side-
cohen ser & closed, cavsent flows & divides énlo the
boos af point A fe 1h. the becdge ¢s balanced
chen there is no carsvenl Hhisoagh the galuonometes o& chery
the potential deffevence af points CED és equal -e he
polentcal aceoss the galvanometes &S 2et0-
To oblain “the bwdlge balance equation, ce have fsorn
ho DR = IrRy 0
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Csctecat ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE V Sem
foo the galvanomeles cuxsent to be 2e80; the folloaing
conditions should be Satesfted
GA in A oe
1 3 RiaRs
Rh:dy =
Rot Ry
Subslduting 6 equodion® we get
ExRL Ex Ro
RRS Ry
R, CRARG) = (R4R3) Ro,
RiRtR Ry = RRyt Ry R3
Ry = RR,
Ths is the ecyuotion fos the boiclge to be balanced .
Tra practical wheatstones boedge atleast oneofl he
veccsfance és made adjustable, to permit ‘balancing cohen
the bridge ¢s balanced , the unknown wesisfance (newallyy
connecled of R ry) may be cklesroined from the setting of
the odjaclable vesistos, ahich ts called slarclasd sesestoxs
tence Rx= -RrR3
RQ
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department igisaaagd CSU wrenuneNEN TS & INDIKUMENIATIUN ECE VSem_
Sensétivety of coheat stone Badge
cohen the bsidge t~ balanced , the cussent thsough
Aplvanomeles cs 280+ Bat cohen bscelge 's not balanced!
custert flows though the galanomeles. causéng the
deflection « The arsount of deflectcon depends on the
gensitivily of the galuanomeles. thes sentivily can be
expsessed as arcount of def! ection pes ance Curssent.
sensteuity Se cleflection O_ nara] HA rockans| 4A +
Cussent I ’ ;
dlegsees] HA-
Arathes aay of vepreenting “the gplvanomeles
senstivily 2s the orroant of cleffection pes anit voltage
acess the galvanornéles » this called Voltage Senstivity of
the galvanometes
Sy: Ody & vollage aceoss galvaromeles
a 8 = Deflection of galvanometes
chile the bwclge senstivly és clefined ‘as the cleflecion
al the qpluanomeles peo unit feactonal change & the
tuunknocon wesisfance
Se oa 49; unit fractional change &
Unknacen sescstance
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department (2) HECTRONIC MEASUREMENTS & INSTRUMENTATION ECE V Sem
Wheat stone beidge undes small unbalance
the budge sensitiv ity can be calculated! by “soluing
the bwiclge fo Small unbalance:
To delemnine the orrount ‘of cle flection ‘thed could
sesult 05.0 particulars dequee of unbalance ,geneval
ciscuit ‘analyses tan be opplted, but cseshall use
Theveninss theosem:
Since ‘ewe ase intrested! in defewnéning “he cursent
trough the galvanometes, we coish to fincl the
thevenin's equivalent, aseen by the golvonometes
‘Thevenin’: equivalent vollage és found by
disconnecting the gakanometes fsom the becdge §
delesrine the cpenciscuct voltages ‘between fesminals
a&b tt .
Applying the vollage clivicles “=
Jequation, the volfage a pointa can \iam rey
be defesrained! as follocos unbelanced bwclge
fa: Ex Rg at point b, Eb: ExRy
Ri +R3 2 4Ry
these see the volkge belween ag b is the diffeserve
between Eq & Eb cahich sseptesen!s thevenin'’s
equivalent voltage «
Course Code: A114 ECE Department therefose Ey, = Ea = Eq-Eh = CXR3__ EXRy
RytR3 Rot Ry
Gob: Cine eG [ee - Ry
LRuRS RERY
“Thevenin's equivalent sesistance can ‘be clelesmined
by seplacéng the wollage source E with ils értevnal
impedance 08 otheruxse ‘shool-ciscailed § calculating
the wsesistance booking énto desmninals a ¢b. Since the
inlesnal sesisfance és assured to be veoy loo, we
bseat as of - thevenins eqytivalent wsesistance
R
of the cescuil 2g RI Rs cn Sesces extth ee
Polly Ke RyRy +RaIIRy atte
© Ry = RR y Ray ms
RAR3 RatRy
Ta galvanomeles is Connected [en
across fesninal aéb: deol :
expeseince “the Sarne deflectonal (ie eb
the output of the beige » the magnitude of curser! &S
linndled by both Thevenin's equivalent seséstance E any
sesistance connected belween a¢b. the weséstance bles
ab consists only ‘of he galuaromelers wesistance Rg.
the deflechon cerssent tn the galvanomeles és theseboe
given by Ty = oe
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Hedeagagy TEI RUTS merounemen ss et mornumeneeue
poob: In the cheat stone bscelge, the values of veseslances
of various alsens ame! p=l0002., = poh, R=2,0082 $=
2S. The batfess has an emf of Sy ¢ negliqcble
éncesna’ vesstance . the galvanometes hasa Cussvent
Ren sitivity of 10 mm] NA & internal sesestance of loos
colculate the deflection of Gol vanon.27e8" & sensbiu'’y
of the bridge enferins of deflection pes unit changes |
vesistante. * Pp 7
Resistance of unknown sesislos “reqyuised bs *
bobree R=(%,\s = PS Jocoxrc9
( 4) Q ee
/ tf
Th the actual ‘bsiclge “the unkrogin reustos has.a valee of!
2BOBN os the oleviedtion from the balance condlilions é&
AR = 206-2000 = SL
Pe 7 ieee eee
evenins Source generals Egy sles PrQ
25 }2008 _ “le00 = Low TKIOY
20054200 tepot 100 J v
Tolesnal sesislone of briclge tookéng ito tesrainals bed
Rg BS_yPQ eos.
5 rs ore 272 8SL
Hence the cussent though galvanometes
Ty: to» HOWTO 4 9 MA
Roth 212-8 $100
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Deflection of galvanometese = Seg = 1OX2T1=T-Te
Senslevely of beéclge Sg: 8 = 22T 26 54mm [
OR S
Poob: Fé9 consists of following Q,=lok y Ry =I¢k -§ Ry =Gok
Feed the unknown sesésbance Roc: RUA
Foor, bakincing CY Ry = ks “bokh. \ L
PNR
prod: & unbalance cobeadone bedelge es given cof - calulale
the cussent théough the galvanomefex ( :
The “theveninS eqzivalent voltage =
belueenagb Ey.€ | _Ry
RaARy
Eth = O132V
Thevenins equivalent wesistarce & Ry,= R183 _ 4 Baka
RRS Ry tay
Ris 2-7718k
The cuxsent ‘though «the dplvanometes % given by
Tg: _£th___ = 0.132V
SS = Gr.eghA
Rint Ra Y7198KI0.3k
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Advantages
b the sesalt ase not depen deat on the calibsation 6
chawactesistics ot galvanometes & aS d wosks ‘on null
deflection
2-the Sousce emf g traccutacies due fy the sousce
fluctuations do nof affect the bakince of boidge. Herce
the Costesponding sess08s ase com pletely avoided.
3: ‘Due fo null deflection methaduced , the accuxacy
senstiudy ts héghes than clésect deflection meters.
Licnitations:
Fo lows “vesislance wreasusenents the sesistance of the
leads & contacts becomes Segneficant € tntsscluces an
exon:
the bwolge connof be used {eohigh wesislonce reasutan
This & because ahi such ‘measeisernent the resistence
presented by the bwielge ‘becomes So lasge “thed the
Adlvanomeles becomes trsen sitive fo shoca any émbalan
Seenilasly ‘healing effect ‘due bo lage Cussert alto
ploys a rajes vole the excessive cuxsenls may genesate
heat cahrch may cause the pesmanent change én ~seststance
Applications:
TE ts used fo measuse the de wsislance of worous types of
exises fos the puspose of quality contsol ef cxtse-
H is osed to measure the veslane of molos winding s selay
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department kelviers Bocalge:
chen the ~sesigtance lo be measured &s of the oxcles of
peagnitacle of beiclye contact & leadrsesistance a modkficdl
fosen of caheat cfone’s bsidge , the keluéns * bsidlge és employed:
Kelvins bacdge i a modkficalion of ahead shone’ bscelge
&s cased to measetse Values off ~sesistarce belocs 12+ Tr locas
seséstance measesernent, the -~sescstonce of the lead eosnecting
the unknosn sesctarce to the tesminal of the becdge cesceuit
ra, affect the meosusement. h .
consides the ciscuit chene Ry
hsepsesents the -sescstorve of the
connecting feadls for Ra to Roc.
The gakanometes con be comected Ry
etthes to pointe ox poiala WP
when tf ¢s Connected fo poinla, the sesisha te Ry ‘of the
Connecling lead é& added to “the anknossn sesishnce Re
chen the connection és made to peinlc, Ry & added to
the beicle a8 R3 ¢ resulting Meoseisement of Rec is
lowes than the octual Value, because noc the actual
value of Ry &s héghes than is roménal value ‘by the
estdlance ‘Ry if the galvaromelen és connected fo
poial b éa befeseen ¢ fawn Sach way that the
Course Code: A414 ECE Department Kako ‘of the wesecstance feors clob & that ‘famatob
equals - the. tak of wesislonces “Rp ER then
Reb. Ri
Rab Ry a
the usual babnce eqyuctions fos the briclge Ave the
velationship
Rect Reb = on (Ret Rab) 3)
but “Rab4 Reb= Ry § Reb - Ri §
Rab
Rr
addeng ‘on -both sides
Reb, =Ri41
Rab Ry
ope | oe
be > By 2 QtR>
tb ey
Rab: Ry Gas Rabt Rb Ry
Rito Reb: Ry-Rab = Ry R2Ry
ee
Rebs RIRY 5 Rebs RRy #MAy sky
QyrRe RtRye
sebsteluking foo Rab & Reb in eqoation (2)
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Roe t Rhy _ Ri [e+ £20
Rak, PL Rae
Roc Piby RRS 4 RRR
RR RR Cpu)
Hence Roe =< RiR3_
Ro
the ablained equation 6 the usual uahealstones babince
equation & H endlicodes tat the effect ofthe sesistance. of
the ‘comnecting leads fom - “point a to poinl & has been
elimrinaled “by Connecting the galvanomeles “fo. an infesmedel
gositionb-
Kelvins Qouble bridge :
the above principle {uns the bass of “the cnsteuction
of kehuns dbable bg i. & a doable e because dt
tacos posales a Second Sel of satio_ OS: q
tthe Second ®a J
Bo Rb Ry bs |
Sence "R206 Ry 1 R= Spy =IOL oN Re
Ra
“Re flo: % Yeos = Dol
poeb: A Kelven cbuble buidlge each of the sabio acms
P=Q= p=q= loco. the emf of the battery s ov & a
wesistance of SL és included! m the batfesy céscutt. The
Jalvarometes hasa vesisfarce “of Soon & the sesestance of
the link connecting the unknown vesistance to the standarol
wesisfance may beneglected: the borolge es balarsced ahen
the slandasd sesistance $=0-001S- > Aora
a: Pelesenine the value cf unknoconvesistane
b- delesmine the cusvent though the unknaan «
Wesistance R of balance
“ Delesmine the ckflectian of galianc mn
wesisfance R és chon,
eles coher fhe unknoan
ged bg Ol”. feom ds valueat balance:
the galvanometes has a Sersetiuty oftr00 torn [A
al balance, the value of unknocan wesistance
R= FS_ . to00v0.1_
Q lo00
= 6001 DL
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department b.tf we exarnine the Keluin brcclge ekts we find “the sesishs
PQ ERY ave énparallel arth the veseslance of link + Since
wis regligilble & PQ; P &q have lage values ; the e¢fect of”
wait ‘aums -can be neglected for the pubpote of calculakion of
cuxsent «
| ne - co 0A
Ab #RtS $4 0.W0[ 16-001
C: the value R iS charged by 01 pescert
* Neco Value R= O-co01 x 0-008] = 00000010
olloge bleo point a§C
fad. RISES 6 E -
RARE SHE
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Ac Buidges: An a.c bwidge en ds basic osm consésts of
fours cng, a Source of exéclation ~ a babnced deleclos: Zach
sey Consists ofan éenpeclance - The Soutee on ac supply
Supplies “ac voltage al the vequised frequency
Fos ‘thigh fsequencies, the electsonic oscillators owe used
aS the sousce. the balance detectoss ‘commonly used Yo ac
beécclges ase headphones » tunable ampliftess os viboation
Qolvanomeless- Balancing of AC ‘bocdlges ¢s move olefficull
than -0¢ beédges because both roognilude & phase angles
Cratition “howe tobe solisfied.
the simple ac bwelge % the cudcome “of the
bwdlge -
cb
Beidge Balance Equation
Fos bridge balance, he
Potenkal snusf ‘be equal én fomns of aenpi
thus the ctsop ‘foors Aloc must be equal Yo ACBOSS
Alod, ta both magnitude g phase fos the bréelge balance
Eac = Ean
the veclos indicates “both amplitude ¢ phase tbeconsitleoer|
_— 30
Ben ee ceelyre ys
Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department seeont - wee eee
tohen the. bsidge és balanced, no caxsent “flocs thaough the
feeders =
Beh & Wek _
Now Ty = LE @ § he te -@
ae 22.4
substilule 16 3 in equation |
£4. €%
2 Zyt2q
Zy2y = BZ > balonce eqyus in impedance fos
Tothe ockattance fon YY = YoN3
Now in the polos Tose the tenpeclarves ase expressed as
2° AlB, } Dy +22 lO; F=2slos ; Zs 24 10q
vole “that the psoduct of the impedances ‘must be coxsied out
én polas fos cohexe magnitudes ‘gel mnaliplied ¢ phase
angles get acldedl -
2, LO) X2y L8y 2 ‘22102 x23L0y
2 Zy Lo+l8y = 2.23 LO2t83
Equaling mogndudes of both Sides 2) 24 = 7223
Eqyuoting phose angles 0,4 &, = 2465
Fox inductive bsanch, 2, > Rix. = [2L1 246
Les R-j¥c = [2c] LO
ML FULL & yee aR
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department mow
Maxwell's Badge
Maxwells bsiclge con be used fo measuse éncuctance
by compatsison ecthes cvith a versiable slarclaxd self’
trdlactance 08 estth a -stonckrscl yasiable copacilance.
Maxwells Tndlucance Bulge
asing this ‘bilge, cue can measure inclactance by
Comparing ef coith a “slanchsclveriable celf éncluclance
Erkan, — BCRete) Flue
Two | . . : .
beorches consict of ron. inductive sescsfances RG
R ‘one of ‘the cass consists Vowiaible incluctance cot
esies sesistance R3- the Temacning em consesls unknocon
inductance bre & unknown ‘esis farce Roc
AE bolance , we get condidion as
RR
[ast%) Hols} (Re *¥e) Hole
Ri [ CRactore) 400s | = Ry [cess Heol |
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department LR Roc t RiGee HR) Lx = Ry (Ra 4B) + Joo Rolls
D Ri Cre +x) + $e9R Lee. = Ry (R348) + Jeo RL;
Equateng traginasy “fess
Ry boc = Ra Ls
equaling seal tesms -
Ri (Rect) = Ry (Ra 4%) Gooe
G Rx tex) = = (R348)
without 8 6 8x ;
Le = Roly + Rye- RoR3
Rt : Ry
Max wells Inductance Copacdance Boidlge
using this becclge, we con measure incluclance
by dorapasing with « veisiable stordlard tapacitos:
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Maxwell's Becclge measuses an unknoan inductance
intesens of & knocon cpacitance - the use of slarcaxal
ar effess the achontage ef compactness € easy shieLling|
the capacdlos is clost ‘a loss: less component: one
asin bas a sescstance Ry in posallel with c, & hence tt
i casies to essite the balance eqyuation using ‘the
odmitfance of asa! instead of tenpedlance
the geresal equation -of bsedge balance
& Zi2yq = 222% 3S A%2c=2 23
be Ze= 2223 2x. > 22239, 30
2
shese 2y = R, én pawallel ath C ie . -.
1
22+ Rr + 232 R3 Y,
= | joe,
R, FIOG
2x= Re insewes ostth Lez Ret yoloe
Poor eqydialion @
Rac thoolac = Ry Ry [+ Hooe, |
(
Roe Holy = Roy $4036, Ra
Eqqvaling seal powts i
Ra = Roky Equeating imaginary ports
R, be= CR, Ry
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Also Q facts = Wlx . aR,
Rx
this brclge és also called Maxwell wien bsielge
Aclvantages :
the bolance eqtiation ts inclependent -of losses
SSociciled coith incuctance »
dthe bakince equakion is cnclepenclend ‘of freqyuercy
of meaSuisernent:
3. The scak of sevstance can be calibrated to Sead the
wedluctarce clisectly
S* cohen the bilge “és balanced, the only ernponent &
Sewies cvtth coil urclestest & vesistance RHR is
Selected ‘such that é con axseyhigh cuxsent s then
heavy cusssent cossyingcopacitscsae g coils Con be
tesled aSing thes bsidge-
Dis oclantages: :
| TE cannot be used fys the “measurement ‘of high quale
Us ose & benttecl Lo the mreasusement of bed Q values
Leore, 11010 thd canbe proved froro ‘phase angle balance
Gondlibion eahich Says ‘that Sam of theangles ofone pais
of opposdleasms — rnust be equal
Course Code: a1414
ECE Department O404q = 8rt03
Bal 2 & Oy B82 260 asthe Coxsespondéng ienpedances ove
puse wesistances- fos hégh @ values, the angle G, Salmost qo%
Hence ®, must be =G0?. Bate, qet dlecicled by pavalle! Gmbinalion
Of Ry EC+ To get 0, as alesost = 90°) the value of Ri shouldbe
vesyvesy high « prackcally such highsesistance & not
possible . Hence high @ values cannot be meosused-
In. there an tolerockonbekoeen the sesistance ¢ reachances
babes. “Gelling the balance adjustment « (etlle deficull.
3. TE & ansacled fos the cails with boas 0 Values s less than one,
because of balance Convergence problem.
prob: A roarwells (rcluckance comparison beige is chan om
fig; Ase ab consists of a coil cotth tnoluctance L, 6 wesvstanw
%, in Sexes witha non inductive wesiStance R. Asn be &
odare each a non. inductive sesishance of (00.2. Asm ad
consists of standard vostable inductor of sesistonce Baw.
32-722: Balance és obtained chen Ly = UT &mH ER=L36D
Fond the sesistance & induclonce of the coilin asmab
At balance wt R
[ ceyter) theo, ] x00 = Cv3.4Kt0L,) xt00 "
Equaling vel ¢ frmaginasy
Rh =. 6 Lye
7 : O
«Resistance ‘of coil 8) =82-B =32-7~-136 - 3,.9qn.
wi duclance Li eLy = G7ReH
Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department prob: 4 maxwell’s capacilance bsialge shown in fig x usec!
forneasuise an unknocan inductance ta Com pasiSon sxrith
Capacctance - the vostous Values at balance
Ry = GoW ; Ry =600N } Ry =l0002; Cy =0.5 ME
calculate the values of REL, Cooulate alto the value of
wang. Stosage (4) factor of coil ef frequency &S 1000 42
At Lalance
Ry= BRS. 400x600. = WON.
1000
Li = RR3Cy = 400 x 600 x0.S Kir. OH
Slorage factos Q = OE. . ameloooroni2 -
: 240
Course Code: A1414
ECE Department Andlegson s bsiolge
In “the Ancles son's baalge , the unknown inckictos$
Value & delesrrined in fears of -kroean values “of
Capocitance € ~seSStance « This & a rodified fosmof
maxcell eins boidlge-
the balancing condition of this bude con be easily
Chlained by Convesting the mesh trnpeokince (dlella.)
Cy Re, Rs loa equxivalent sles
28 Shacon én fig b by using Stas clella bean sfosenation
AS pes dlella to shox transfosimalion.
ef Zoo = 3s
eatth the slovs point o
Cc
RaARS tHfheoe
Zoe » Refivoe_ 223
R34Re 4 hcoc
Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department Hence oth feo b
Ar Retsolx D=Rr 2+ oc ~Bafioc _ 2y=RytZo0
Ry4254Yjcac
Fos balance condition
2) Z3 = Zai2y
Rp # Seals} “Raf soc £2, [ee BR RaRe_
RtRs+ “Ries+ joc J Rots + Yijooc
[ec tieotx| a = RRy CRABS tea) + RRaRo
RXR :
me t Jeol R3 > Ra RyRy + Roeys + B24 rR eAer
1G Jeoc qa :
— IRR 4 Lc R3
woe. S
= Ry R3RGt RaRys —IRrRy FRRSRE
coc
Equating the veal § inoginasy pots
LxR3
a
Loc = < [asesRy 42 Rye RP3Rs ]
3
Loe = CRy [% + Rus as|
R3
= Ry Ray tRrRyRo4R Rake
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department ~ SR R3
“oc
~J RoRy
we
Re R3 = RaRy
Ra = RR
R3
1 the copacdos used + rof perfect ; the value of
troluctance semains unchanged, bul the value of charg
Ths method con also he used to measese the capacionce
ct the capactlos.c if a calibrated self ircluchrce & available.
inlegmns
2-othes brucclges “requise vascable ‘capacitos bat 0 fexedl copacitey
Can be used fos andexson's bscalge
a: the bsedlge #S easy fo balance fsor Tonyesgence paint of
View comparedl 10 ‘Maxwell's ‘Bsiclge em case of lou values ofa
Dis advantages
b TE ¢S rose Complicated than othes bridges
2+ USes move nurbes of Components
3. Balance equations ase also ‘compliceded to vlesive
& Beige cannot be easily ‘shielded due to achlétional jeection
point, to avec! the effects of steay capacclances.
Course Code: a1a14 ECE Department Sai
agg] AEC RU Ters ermrsune ee
Course Code: A414 ECE Department, Hay's bscdge
the limitatéon of Maxevell’s bsédge es that
Conrol be used fos high Q values. the Hay's bsielge
& Suitable fos the coils “havegng high Q values.
the deflesence ia Maxwell's beiclge & Hays
bscclge es that the Hays bséclge consists ‘of sesistance
R, in Sewies cxtth the Stan claxel Copacelos C, in ne
te vatio oxmns: Hence {ox lasqes phase angles 2,
Needed! és vewy loos, ahich és practcable Hence
boiclge con be used -fos the coils catth high values.
&
Qr
Q
Deleclos
Ox
Ry ee
Ag balance 2Zx =22.23 ahege
22 Ry Soc, j 2a2 Ro } 237 Rg; Rac toola
[R= Yoo, | [Ric ticote ] = Ry
QRx doe _ SR tiwlxRy = RRs
(i [len
Course Code: ALA14 ECE Department Saimin
Equating ‘seal £ iraginasy
Ri Rac tHe =Ra Rg § Bes alee,
Soluing fos La & Rx coe hove
Re = iz GR, 3aO
Ri [orLecir,] nes = RyRy
1
CORP ei Le tbe = RyRy
bet O*R2¢,2 Le = RyRy cy
subsléleule lx ta equation 0
Rc = Co? bre C,7 2, Ra
7
Q:
CCR,
the fea 23 appears in the expression (65 both Lc 6 Re
This irdicoles thal the bridge os feayuency senselive
Course Code: A1414
ECE Department Seaman
Advantages of Hays Bscclge
LT és best scuifable fos the Measasernent of éecluctance
evith high @ , typically epecles thor 10
Pe HE gives veey sémple expression 15 0 Liclors trfesns of
Clements in the bacdge
3. TE weqperi8es vesyloro Value Resislos R,
@ inductance .
Orcs advantage
TE &s only Suilable fos measusement ‘of high @ éedactane
Consicles expdess (On fs unkradn inckiclance Ly ~ Paks
+f]
be neglected
Bat for loos @measuseents (H1g2) turn és significant,
hence connot be neglected: Hence Hays lowelge es nol
suitable bs the meaSusement of log incctarces.
eob: Fend the Sexies equivalent incluclance ¢ wescstonce
of the nekwosk that uses Hays bxcalge fo mall caith the
follo xing boéclges nails {recy
Ry = [kn Cd 2006 wd /s,, R, =1OKR , R=2kO ,CsIMF
to meaSuse high
fos high @ tndlaclances 5 CH/4%) fete can
eh 2
Rx- RR RG =G-86KO + Lee RR Domi
Dl Hota ep
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Course Code: A1414 ECE Department Schesing bscalge
A Ves ienposlan! bridge used fox the precésion
Measurement of capaciloss € thees insulating propenties
& Schesing's bacelge.
the slorckascl Capacilos Cy
6 Standard ais capacitor
houing Vesy Stable Value.
Fos balance, the geneval equation es
A2%&=B2Zz, 3 22.239, = 2x
heve Zoe = Rog ~Shocae ,2eR: 232 Yc, : Ye de tsocr
y t : - i _ j
(Rec - orc) = Ra (Secs) ( R, Hoc)
Ri [oc Cy
Eaqyuating Beal g ienaginasy
R= Bag Ce IC
Ca Ro
ECE Department
Course Code: AL414 pocwes foctos: the ‘powesferctos of the Senies RC Combioation
Sdefined as the toséne of the phase angle of the cxcuit
f= eax
PF cha Be
Fos phase angles vesy cbselo 40°, the seaclance “s almost equal
lo impedlance .. pef= Ra eRe = ORG
% (da)
Lossangle : Fes a Seses combination of Rx &Cx, the angle
belwseer the vollage acess the Sexiescombinalion £ voltage.
acess the capacilos Cx % called loss angle §
The ——~— 9 T Feo fg tang= IR, _ CORKC,
i X= CORK CK
RT . Ha)
-™! +1 tawr$»60/83.Cq) Ree) p-
nt) Vv (S&) Gs ): wong
ate BAC) Rey
‘ tor §:0(BG) (22). CRC
Dest padion fockys (0): Foo Re-Cy “Sendes cisely cb es
colangent -of the phaseangle bx:
D= cot bx eh Fg) Oe
LT Ry
The quality faclos Q és seciptocal of ‘chssepation clos
Qeaeg [org]
Course Code: A1a14 ECE Department Sousces of Esvoss in Boidge cscuits.
cx howe assumed in ous clesivation of basic ciscuit
seledionships that a becalge consists of lurepecl
tenpedance units Connected only by the corses that
ose plced én the ciscudt {06 making connections: thes
idlealized! Conclifion exists én bsicke cescuits to a lessexs
06 geades extent: the élealized assangpnent aaciks fails
coell if the foeqyuency isla, if component impedances
ase rofl hegh § of accusocy olestsed es rot hegh: Bat
io practice these ae certain factoss ‘which cxe have not
considlesed yet & these complicate the behavious of
bwiclge cescuits
Some qf these factoss ase
Steoy couplings belween one bsielge ase Ganothes &
for elerments to gfound. these teary couplings woolly the
balance conditions reoking a clefincle bolance tenpossible
JO May Teac! fo false balance.
Steaxy. corcluctance elfecls due to éroperfecl tosulaton
matual- iedaclance effecls due bo moqnelic Coupling belseen
\axtous components of the baidlge
Stray Copacctance effects due lo vleclsosfatic feels between
corcluctoss uf diffesert polentials.
Course Code: A1414 ECE Department aroun
SeSidues in components eg the existence of Small omound
of seneies, cncluctance ow Shunt capacitance én nominally
bon reactive sesislons.
Techneqyues used. ‘fox Reducing ERs08S : (601) sousbney
tase of high Qpualets Components : highaccubacy ., ménimen of
P - Bacdlge layout St ~Beante Rs
3. Sensélivety WS, | elitr see
Cr Sway conolaclenee Cl ai ee bsialge components §
other preces of appatalus tay be rainfed on insuleding “tarcls
S: Eckly curssert effeds: creces may “sesall dlie to versiation to
the value of Slorclacls,, eshich may occas because wf éeckiced!
eskly cusserts tthe Slancloxd cesistons inducless. Ta
osdesto avwoel seach ewsoss the presence ‘of lasge Conclucking
tragses nea the bséclge Network % avocclecl.
PECautions To be faken cohen using a bstolge
The leads shoul be cowefullys lovcl out co gach 0 way that
roloops os long lengths enclusing tagnetic Flux axe Prockxec!
cxith consequent “teary inckuclance &sxcts:
taith a lasgely the self capacitance ‘of the leccls’ & mowe
empottant than theis inductance, to they Should! be -
