Transport Phenomena

SMJC2253

Kenichi Yoneda, IR, DR

MJIIT/UTM EGT Associate Professor

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 WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week Topic

Week 1 1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes

1) Type of Transport Processes
Feb. 15～ 2) Transport Analogy
 Example 1

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass

Transfer
 Example 2

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 WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week Topic

2.0 Heat Transfer : Conduction

1) Introduction to heat transfer
Week 2
2) Conduction
3) Steady state conduction through plate, cylindrical
Feb. 22～
system and spherical system

 Example 3

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WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week Topic

Week 3 2.0 Heat Transfer : Conduction

1) Conduction through material in parallel
Feb. 29～ 2) Overall coefficient
 Example 4

3) Conduction with internal heat generation

 Example 5

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 WEEKLY SCHEDULE

Week Topic

Week 4 3.0 Heat Transfer: Convection

1) Concept of boundary layer
2) Forced convection
March 7～
a) Flow inside tube
b) Flow parallel to flat plate

• Example 6

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 WEEKLY SCHEDULE
Week Topic

3.0 Heat Transfer: Convection

Week 5 2) Forced convection
c) Flow perpendicular to horizontal cylinder
March 14～ • Example 7
d) Flow past single sphere

e) Flow past banks of tubes

• Example 8

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 Week 1
Feb.15～
1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes

Type of Transport Processes

Transport Analogy
Example 1

General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass

Transfer
Example 2

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 1.0 Introduction to Transport Processes (Week1)
1) Type of Transport Processes (p.3)

In the Transport Process there are Momentum transfer, Heat transfer and Mass transfer.

a) Momentum transfer
This is concerned with the transfer of momentum which occurs in moving media, such as in the
separation processes of fluid flow, sedimentation, mixing, and filtration.

b) Heat transfer
In this fundamental process, we are concerned with the transfer of heat from one place to
another; it occurs in the separation processes of drying, evaporation, distillation, and others.

c) Mass transfer
Here mass is being transferred from one phase to another distinct phase; the basic mechanism
is the same whether the phase are gas, solid or liquid. This includes distillation, absorption,
liquid-liquid extraction, membrane separation, adsorption, crystallization and leaching.

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2) Transport Analogy
(p.43 General Molecular Transport Equation and General Property Balance)
General molecular transport equation
All three of the molecular transport of momentum, heat or thermal energy and mass are
characterized in the elementary sense by the same general type of transport equation.
First we start by noting the following;

driving force
rate of transfer process = (2.3-1)
resistance

This states what is quite obvious – that we need a driving forth to overcome a resistance in order
to transport a property.
This is similar to Ohm’s law in electricity, where the rate of flow of electricity is proportional to
the voltage drop(driving force) and inversely proportional to the resistance.

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We can formalize Eq.(2.3-1) by writing an equation as follows
for molecular transport or diffusion of a property

Molecula transport or diffusion of a property

Psi
dΓ Gamma

ψz = - δ (2.3-2)
Delta dz

Here
ψz : flux [1/s·m2]

δ : diffusivity [m2/ s]
Γ :
concentration [1/m3]
z : distance [m]
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 If the process is at steady state, then the flux Ψ is constant.
Rearranging Eq.(2.3-2) and integrating.

z2 2
  = dz-    d (2.3-3)
z1 1

 (1  2 )
z  (2.3-4)
z 2  z1
2
Here ψz : flux [1/s·m ]

δ : diffusivity [m2/ s]
3
Γ :
concentration [1/m ]
z : distance [m]
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A plot of the concentration Γ versus is shown in Fig. 2.3-1a and is a straight
line. Since the flux is in the direction 1 to 2 of decreasing concentration, the
slop dΓ/dz is negative, and the negative sign in Eq.(2.3-2) gives a positive
flux in the direction 1 to 2. In Section 2.3B the specialized equations for
momentum, heat, and mass transfer will be shown to be the same as
Eq.(2.3-4) for the general property transfer.

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EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady
State(p.44) No.1

A property is being transported by diffusion through a fluid at

steady state. At a given point 1 the concentration is 1.37 ×10-2
amount of property/m3 and 0.72 ×10-2 at point 2 at distance
z2=0.40m. The diffusivity δ=0.013 m2/s and the cross-sectional
area is constant.
a)Calculate the flux
b)Derive the equation for Γ as a function of distance
c) Calculate Γ at the midpoint of the path

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EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady
State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part a), substituting into Eq. (2.3-4).

 (1  2 ) (0.013)(1.37 10  0.72 10 )

2 2
z  
z2  z1 0.40  0

=2.113×10-4 amount of property/s·m2

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EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady
State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part b), integrating Eq. (2.3-2) between Γ1 and Γ and z1 and z and
rearranging,

z 
z  dz     d (2.3-5)
z1 1

z
  1  ( z1 z) (2.3-6)

Here ψz : flux [1/s·m2]

δ : diffusivity [m2/ s]
3
Γ :
concentration [1/m ]

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EXAMPLE 2.3-1. Molecular Transport of a Property at Steady
State(p.44) No.1
Solution:
For part c), using the midpoint z=0.20 and substituting into Eq. (2.3-6),

z
  1  ( z1 z)
 (2.3-6)
4
2.113  10
  1.37  10 2
 0  0.2 
0.013
 1 . 045  10  2 Amount of property/m 3
Here ψz : flux [1/s·m2]

δ : diffusivity [m2/ s]
3
Γ :
concentration [1/m ]

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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newton’s Law and Viscosity)

In Fig.2.4-1 a fluid is contained between two infinite (very long and very wide)parallel
plates. Suppose that the bottom plate is moving parallel to the top plate and at a
constant velocity Δvz m/s faster relative to the top plate because of a steady force F
newtons being applied. This force is called the viscous drag, and it arises from the
viscous forces in the fluid.

F,forth
Δy
Δvz

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Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates 17
3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newton’s Law and Viscosity)
The plates are Δy m apart. Each layer of liquid moves in the z direction. The layer
immediately adjacent to the bottom plate is carried along at the velocity of this
plate. The layer above is at a slightly slower velocity, each layer moving at a
slower velocity as we go up in the y direction. This velocity profile is linear, with y
direction as shown in Fig. 2.4-1. An analogy to a fluid is a deck of playing cards,
where, if the bottom card is moved , all the other cards above will slide to some
extent.

F,forth
Δy
Δvz

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newton’s Law and Viscosity)

It has been found experimentally for many fluids that the force F in
Newtons is directly proportional to the velocity Δvz in m/s and to the area
A in m2 of the plate used, and inversely proportional to the distance Δy in
m. Or, as given by Newton’s law of viscosity when the flow in laminar.

F,forth
Δy
Δvz

2/23/2016 Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates 19

3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
a) Momentum Transfer
(p.47 2.4 VISCOSTY OF FLUIDS 2.4A Newton’s Law and Viscosity)
When the flow is laminar

For the momentum

Newton´s law of viscosity

F v z
  (2.4-1)
A y
Here
F : force [N]
A : cross-sectional area [m2]
µ : coefficient of viscosity [Pa· s] or [kg/m·s]

v z : velocity [m/s]

y : distance [m]

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 For the momentum If we let Δy approach zero
Newton´s law of viscosity

dvz
 yz
=
  (SI unit) (2.4-2)
dy
Here, parameter definition and units
 yz  F / A shear stress or force per unit area [Pa] or [N/m2]
µ : coefficient of viscosity [Pa· s] or [kg/m·s],[N·s/m2]

dv
: velocity gradient [1/s]
dy

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 The units of viscosity in the cgs system are g/cm· s, called poise or centipoise (cp).
In the SI system, viscosity is given in Pa · s (N· s/m2 or kg/m· s):

1 cp = 1×10-3 kg/m· s = 1×10-3 Pa· s = 1×10-3 N· s/m2 (SI)

1cp=0.01 poise=0.01 g/cm · s

1cp=6.7197 ×10-4 lbm/ft · s

1p=100cp=1g/cm· s
1N=1kg· m/s2
1Pa=1N/m2
1lbm=0.45359 kg=453.59g
1 ft=0.3048m=30.48cm

Sometimes the viscosity is given as μ⁄ρ, kinematic viscosity, in m2/s, where ρ is the density of the fluid.
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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)

Referring to Fig.2.4-1. the distance between plates is Δ y=0.5cm, Δ vz=10cm/s,

and the fluid is ethyl alcohol at 273 K having a viscosity of 1.77cp(0.0177g/cm· s).

a) Calculate the shear stress τyz and the velocity gradient or shear rate dvz/dy
using cgs units.
b) Repeat, using lb force, s and ft units (English units)……. Not this time
c) Repeat, using SI units.

F,forth
Δy
Δvz

Figure 2.4-1. Fluid shear between two parallel plates

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EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid
(P.48 No.2)
Solution: we can substitute directly into Eq.(2.4-1) or we can integrate
Eq.(2.4-2). Using the latter method, rearranging Eq.(2.4-2), calling the bottom
plate point1,and integrating.

y 2  0 .5 v2  0

 yz  dy
y1  0
   dv
v 1  10
z (2.4-4)

v1  v2
 yz  (2.4-5)
y 2  y1
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EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)
Solution:
Substituting the known values,

v1  v 2  g  10  0cm / s
 yz    0.0177 
y 2  y1  cm  s  0.5  0cm

g  cm / s 2 dyn (2.4-6)
 0.354 2
 0.354 2
cm cm
To calculate the shear rate dvz/dy, since the velocity change is linear with y,

Shear rate 
dv z

v z

10  0cm / s
 20.0s 1 (2.4-7)
dy y 0.5  0cm

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EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)
Solution:

For part (b), using lb force units and the viscosity conversion factor from Appendix A.1.

  1.77cp6.7197  10 lbm / ft  s  / cp
4

 
 1.77 6.797  10 4 lm m / ft  s

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EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)
Solution:

Integrating Eq.(2.4-3),

 lb m / ft  s  v1  v 2  ft / s 
 yz 
lm m  ft   y2  y1  ft  (2.4-8)
gc
lb f  s 2

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EXAMPLE 2.4-1. Calculation of Shear Stress in a Liquid (P.48 No.2)
Solution:

Substituting known values into Eq.(2.4-8) and converting Δvz to ft/s and Δy to ft.

 yz  7 . 39  10  4 lb f / ft 2 . Also , dv z / dy  20 s  1

For part (c), Δy=0.5/100=0.005 m, Δvz= 10/100=0.1 m/s, and

  1.77 103 kg / m  s  1.77 103 Pa  s.

Substituting into Eq.(2.4-5),

 yz  1.77 10 3 0.10 / 0.005  0.0354N / m 2

The shear rate will be the same as 20.0s -1

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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)

(rate of heat in) + (rate of generation of heat)

= (rate of heat out) + (rate of accumulation of heat) (4.1-1)

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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer

b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)
Hear

qx : heat-transfer rate [W] or [cal/s]

Fourier’s law A : cross-sectional area [m2]
k : thermal conductivity [W/(m·K)]or [cal/s · ℃ · cm]
qx dT T
 k temperature [K]or [℃]
:
(4.1-2)
x : distance [m]
A dx
qx
: heat flux 2
[W/m ]
A
dT
:
temperature gradient [K/m]
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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
b) Heat Transfer
(p.235 4.1 INTRODUCTION AND MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
4.1 A Introduction to Steady-State Heat Transfer)
Making an unsteady-state heat balance for the x direction only on the element of volume or control
volume in Fig.4.1-1 by using Eqs. (4.1-1) and (4.1-2), with the cross-sectional area being A m2,

T
qx x  q x  A  qx xx  c p x  A (4.1-3)
t
Where q is rate of heat generated per unit volume. Assuming
area A
no heat generation and also assuming steady-state heat transfer,
where the rate of accumulation is zero, Eq. (4.1-3) becomes

qx x  qx xx (4.1-3) in=qxlx out=qxlx+Δx

x x+Δx
Δx
This means the rate of heat input by conduction = the rate Figure 4.1-1. Unsteady-state balance
of heat output by conduction; or qx is a constant with time for heart transfer in control volume
for steady-state heat transfer
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3) General Transport Equation for Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
c) Mass Transfer
(p.410 6.1 INTRODUCTION TO MASS TRANSFER AND DIFFUSION
6.1A Similarity of Mass, Heat and Momentum Transfer Processes)

For the mass transfer

Fick´s law
dC A
J* Az = - D AB (6.1-3)
dz
Hear

J* Az :
molar flux of component A in the z direction due to molecular diffusion [kg-mol/(s · m2)]
D AB :
molecular diffusivity of the molecule A in B [m2/s]
CA :
concentration of A [kg-mol/ m3)]
Z :
distance of diffusion [m]
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 APPENDIX

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 For the momentum If we let Δy approach zero

Newton´s law of viscosity

= dv z
 yz g c    (English unit) (2.4-3)
dy
Here shear stress or
 yz  F / A force per unit area lbf/ft2
µ : coefficient of viscosity 2
[lbm/ft·s] or [Pa· s], [kg/m·s],[N·s/m ]·

du
: velocity gradient [1/s]
dy
gc(gravitational conversion factor)=32.1740lb m · ft/lbf · s2
= 980.665gm · cm/gf · s2
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 Week 1 Feb.16 & 17 Topics

Thank you for attending week 1 lecture

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