TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER LOCATION ON NONFLAT TERRAIN BY DIGITAL COMPUTER METHODS by SOMKIET PHALOPRAKARN A THESIS submitted to OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE June 1965AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Somkiet Phaloprakarn for the M.S, __ in Electrical Engineering (Name) (Degres) (Major) Date thesis is presented August 31, 1964 ‘Title_TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER LOCATION ON NONFLAT TERRAIN BY DIGITAL COMPUTER METHODS Abstract approved A method of locating electric transmission line towers using ground survey data in a digital computer program is presented in this thesis. The towers are located for maximum spacing subject to the constraints of available tower heights, forbidden ground areas, mini- mum ground clearance, and specified conductor tensions. The digital method eliminates the use of ground profile charts and sag templates. An integral part of this thesis is the determination of conductor #ag and tension from the catenary equation, These data can be ob- tained from the computer program as a function of support spacing for any desired conductor input data. The complete program for tower location consists of several routines logically worked together to obtain the final result, These Separate routines aret 1) The estimation of the initial span length based upon conductor data and desired ground clearance; 2) The determination of conductor end tensions including the effect of un- equal support elevations; 3) The determination of the maximum sag relative to the two support points} 4) The relationship of groundprofile to conductor profile is calculated to determine the magnitude and point of minimum ground clearance. Linear interpolation is used between data points. Several ground profile were tested. The results and a discus- sion of them are included in this thesis,APPROVED: LV"? Dean of Graduate School Date thesis is presented ___ August 31, Typed by Muriel DavisACKNOWLEDGMENT The author would like to express his gratitude to Professor J.F. Engle, under whose guidance this thesis was prepared. He would also like to thank the staff members of the Statistics Instruc- tional Computing Laboratory, in particular Mr. Tom Yates and Mr. Jerry Jaqua, for their helpful suggestions.TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION FACTORS GOVERNING DESIGN Ruling Span Conductor Loading Ice Loading on Conductors Wind Loading on Conductors Combined Ice and Wind Load on Conductors SAG-TENSION CALCULATION Accuracy of Hyperbolic Approximation in Sag-Tension Calculations Stretch of the Conductor Sag-Tension Charts TRANSMISSION TOWER LOCATION Estimated Span Length Inclined Span Sag Calculations Inclined Span Tension Calculations Method of Checking Ground Clearance Computer Program Special Features and Modification Evaluation of Results CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX I APPENDIX II Page auaeke 12 15 15 20 20 21 22 22 24 25 28 32, 33 34 36LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Combined load on a conductor 2 Vector diagram 3 Diagram of a catenary curve 4. Sag-tension chart for 795 Mcm all aluminum conductor 5 The inclined span catenary 6 Method of checking ground clearance 1 Tower locating on diverse terrain 8 Tower locating on relatively smooth terrain 9 General flow chart for transmission line tower location 10 Flow chart for sag-tension computation LIST OF TABLES Table I Assumptions on Conductor Loading ML Accuracy of Approximate Formulas in Computing Sag and Perimeter of Conductor Ul Summarized Computer Result of a Test on Diverse Terrain IV Summarized Computer Result of a Test on Relatively Smooth Terrain 21 23 30 31 35 Page 14 37 38TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER LOCATION ON NONFLAT TERRAIN BY DIGITAL COMPUTER METHODS INTRODUCTION Transmission lines are designed basically for maximum spans and minimum tower heights, Of the several factors involved in line design, the sag of the conductor and the tension in the conductor are the major constraints. Sag is affected by the length of span, the weight of the conductor including additional sleet or wind load, and the temperature. The temperature is an important factor because it effects the conductor length and hence the tension. Manual methods of locating transmission line towers require line profile drawings and transparent sag templates. The method consumes considerable time in preparation and execution. Computer methods developed recently have been used by some electric power utilities to locate transmission towers over varied terrain features, The process is much faster than the manual method and attempts are being made to include several factors for minimizing the total cost of the line. A common procedure employed by these computer methods is the positioning of the conductor sag template so that at least minimum, ground clearance is provided and a tower height ie selected with a tower location that will support the conductor. More than minimumclearance will be provided if the exact required tower height is not available. The location of transmission towers by the method presented in this thesis is performed by fitting a catenary curve to the computer preselected tower locations. Locations of towers are estimated on the basis of the tower heights, the design tension for nonflat terrain, and the specified minimum ground clearance. The sag and tension of a conductor are computed directly from the catenary curve. Ground clearance is checked at every survey station including the clearance at the lowest point of the conductor. Both the tower height and the span length are adjusted by the program until the best combination is obtained. The computer program was written in the Symbolic Language Programming System for use on an IBM-1620 digital computer.FACTORS GOVERNING DESIGN Ruling Span If all spans in a section of line between dead-ends are the same length, the formation of a uniform thickness of ice combined with a wind load will result in equal conductor tension in ali spans. In prac- tice span lengths will usually vary in any section of line with the re- sult that the application of ice and wind loads will cause the conductor tension to become greater in the longer spans than in the shorter spans. A slight movement of the structures on which the conductor is supported will tend to equalize this unequal tension. Unless the conductor is strung to limit this condition, it is possible for the con- ductor tension in the longer spans to reach a value greater than de- sired. This is usually remedied by stringing the conductor ona ruling span basis. A ruling span is a calculated span length for which the conductor tension, under changes in temperature and loading, best represents the average tension in the conductor in a particular series of spans between dead-ends. An approximate method of determining the ruling span in a section of line between dead-ends is to find the arithmetic average span length, and add to this 2/3 the difference between the longest span and the average span. Theoretically the ruling span can be calculated accurately by4 summing up the cubes of all span lengths, dividing by the sum of the span lengths and then taking the square root of the quotient. Sees 3 sitet s- \? 2 in, Ruling span = a bd ee in Conductor Loading ‘The National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) specified the conduc- tor loading as follows: The loading on conductors shall be assumed to be the resultant loading per foot equivalent to the vertical load per foot of the conductor, ice-covered where speci- fied, combined with the transverse loading per foot due to a transverse, horizontal wind pressure upon the pro- jected area of the conductor, ice-covered where speci- fied, to which equivalent resultant shall be added a constant. The tabulation in Table I are the values for ice, wind, temperature, and constants which shall be used to determine the conductor loading. The loading districts designated as heavy, medium, and light in the tabulation, are usually shown geographically on a general loading map. TABLE 1, ASSUMPTIONS ON CONDUCTOR LOADING Loading District Assumed Loadings feavy Medium Light Radial thickness of ice (in.) 0.50 0.25 0 Horizontal wind pressure (Ibs. /s 4 4 9 Temperature (*F) 0 +15 +30 Constant to be added to the resultant in pounds per foot, for bare con- ductors of aluminum (with or with- out steel reinforcement) 0.31 0.22 0.055 ‘These assumed ice and wind loadings provide the basis for cal- culating the resultant conductor load for all loading districts. Ice Loading on Conductors ‘The ice loading of an aerial conductor as prescribed by the NESC, Rule 252, shall be computed for a radial thickness of ice of 0.50 inch for the heavy loading district, 0. 25 inch for the medium, and no ice for the light loading district. The calculation of the weight of ice per foot of conductor assumes the weight of ice to be 57 pounds per cubic foot, No allowance is made for ice formation in the interstices of bare stranded or cabled conductor. The calculations for ice loading assume the ice covering to be a uniform tube with a wall thickness of t inches and an inside diameter equal to the outside diameter of the conductor, The formula for ice load based on these assumptions is given as follows? Ice load = 1. 244 t(d,+#) (Ibs. /ft. of conductor) where d, is the conductor diameter in inches. Wind Loading on Conductors The values of wind pressure (p,) in pounds per square foot of the projected area can be obtained from the values of actual wind velocity by the relation:p, = 0.0025 v2 (lbs. / sq. ft.) a where V, is the actual wind velocity in miles per hour. The wind load on a conductor is calculated from the wind pres- sure and the projected area of the conductor by the formula d, wind load =p) p+ Lb (bs.) or Pay wind load =—75— (bs. /ft. of conductor) where L is the length of conductor in feet. Where the conductor ie loaded with ice, the projected area is increased by the top and bottom thickness of the covering of ice, Cal- culations for the wind load on this greater projected area assume the thickness of ice coating to be uniform and concentric with the conduc- tor. With these assumptions the relation for wind load on a conductor with a radial covering of ice t inches in thickness is given by the formula: (a, + 29 iz (ibs. /ft. of conductor) wind load = Combined Ice and Wind Load on Conductors Combined Ice and Wind Load on Conductors, To arrive at a total resultant conductor load from the ice load, wind load, and conductor weight, the various loads are added vec- torially. Figure 1 shows the relationship of all these forces acting7 on the conductor. Figure 2 shows the step-by-step vector addition of these loads. The ice and wind loads form the basis for preliminary calcula- tions of sag and tension data. From these conductor loadings and the prescribed conductor tension limits, sag and tension charts are pre- pared by the graphical method. These charts establish the relation- ship between conductor sag and tension for a range of span lengths at everal temperatures. ‘The tension to which a conductor is strung should be such that when the assumed maximum ice and wind load is applied the stress will not exceed limits established and considered safe by appropriate regulating authorities, for example, the NESC specified that the maxi- mum tension shall be not more than 60 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of the conductor,‘Conductor Wind Loading Ice Load Conductor Weight Figure 1. Combined load on a conductor - Conductor Weight Resultant, Load, e Ice Load Wind Load (BC) Constant D c Total Loading (AD) Figure 2, Vector diagram.SAG-TENSION CALCULATION In order to specify the tension to be used in stringing transmis- sion line conductors, the values of sag and tension for winter and summer conditions must be known, The conductor tension in the winter cqused by ice and wind loading and the contraction of the con- ductor at low temperature should not be so great as to overstrain the conductor. In summer, the sag should not increase so much that the conductor comes below the minimum distance above the ground. A transmission-line conductor stretched between two supports takes the shape of a catenary, which is the curve of a chain hung or stretched between two supports. Figure 3, Diagram of a catenary curve- In Figure 3,0 is the lowest point of a conductor between two supports that are at equal heights, At point O the conductor is horizontal. Let © be the origin of coordinates. Consider a por- tion of the conductor of length p, measured from 0, This portion10 is held in place by the tensions H and T, at the two ends. At the right-hand end of p, the horizontal component of the tension is equal and opposite to H, the tension at O. The vertical component of the tension T, is equal and opposite to the sum of the vertical forces on the portion of conductor, namely wp, where w is the weight per unit length of the cable, including its ice loading if any. The resultant tension is in the direction of the cable and of dp, and the triangle of forces has the same shape as the triangle of dx and dy. Therefore a & ~ H where w and H are constants, and ap? = ax? + ay? { L ap =[ ()?}! ax feeeseieaN ie gp = (2 ax am H Let 2, then p =H, ae2) This is a differential equation in which the variables have been sepa- rated, Each side may be directly integratedul ‘The constant of integration ¢ is zero because x= 0 when p or 2=0. Then, SP . sinh He D i eee ee ecg 2) from the first line of this computation, From this and also Integrating both sides, H wx y= cosh E+ c, since, by the series, Put y=0, thenx-0, and 0-4 v cosh 0 ‘Therefore Let T, be the tension at the end of p. From the triangle of forces already considered, ae 22 ie 4g Pp . from (1) we Bele H ax 2 H aa He from (2) FE s (1+ sin? F}F since cosh’M - sink’M = 1. At the support, x becomes £, the half-span; y becomes d, the depth of sagj and T, becomes T, the greatest tension in the conductor, The equations becomeaps 2B inn “ eat[te 18 ont) The tension in the conductor at the support is and Accuracy of Hyperbolic Approximation in Sag-Tension Calculations Hyperbolic fanctions are involved in the calculations of sag and tension for overhead electric line construction, Let w = total loading on conductor me 22 2| = [t+ 1244 t(d)+0}+ (G5 pyayeen)'] +C (Ibs. /ft.) where x = conductor weight (ibs. /ft.) 4, = conductor diameter (in.) t = radial thickness of ice (in.) P, = wind pressure (Ibs. / sq. ft.) C = a constant to be added according to the NESC. (Ib. /ft.) The perimeter of a conductor is defined as the length of the conductor measured along the catenary curve. Using the following designations, 2€ = epan length (ft.)13 H = horizontal tension (Ibs.) a = sag (a) 2P = perimeter of a conductor. (ft.) the formulas for the perimeter and sag of a conductor become ie wh 1 fwe \2 L [w\4 2P = w eink y = 2t ee } * Teo “t) H wh 1 fwt Lf wt\)3 a+ E (com #1} = (2 (8 a3) se]. “ ‘The approximations of the above equations are 1 fwe\2 2P os afied ()?] (5) ie a- i (se). 6 and 2\F In order to reduce the computing time to a minimum in the suc- cessive computations a computer program was written to determine the accuracy of the relationships in equation (3) as compared with equation (5) and equation (4) as compared with equation (6). ‘Two conductors are chosen from the Conductor Data Table (4, Pp. 92). They are both ACSR 795 Mcm and 1,780 Mem, The maxi- mum tension is 50 percent of the ultimate tensile strength of the con- ductor, In checking the accuracy, any loading conditions could be used. The results are shown in Tableil on page I4, It is obvious that approximate formulas can be used without reducing the accuracy.TABLE Il. ACCURACY OF APPROXIMATE FORMULAS IN COMPUTING SAG AND PERIMETER OF CONDUCTOR 14 Conductor 795 Mem. ACSR. Design Tension = 50 percent ultimate strength SPAN PERIL PERIZ SAGI SAG2 100 100, 00019 100. 00020 08698 + 08766 200 200. 00161 200. 00162 + 34936 + 35064 300 300, 00547 300, 00552 + 78855 + 78894 400 400, 01305, 400. 01308 1.40171 1, 40256 500 500, 02556 500. 02560 2, 19027 2, 19150 600 600. 04417 600. 04422 3, 15564 3, 15576 700 700. 07023 700. 07028 4.29499 4.29535 800 800, 10484 800. 10488 5. 60972 5.61025 900 900. 14926 900, 14931 7, 09985 7, 10048 1000 1000. 20480 1000. 20490 8. 76680 8. 76602 1100 1100. 27260 1100, 27260 10. 60771 10. 60689 1200 1200, 35400 1200, 35400 12. 62402 12, 62307 Conductor 1,780 Mem. ACSR. Design Tension = 50 percent ultimate strength SPAN PERII PERI2 SAGI1 SAG2 100 100, 00023 100. 00024 09562 = 09673 200 200, 00197 200, 00198 + 38636 «38694 300 300, 00669 300. 00672 - 86964 . 87061 400 400. 01591 400. 01596 1, 54675, 1, 54776 500 500. 03111 500. 03115 2.41768 2.41837 600 600, 05383 600. 05388 3.48244 3.48246 700 700, 08549 700, 08554 4, 73974 4, 74001 800 800, 12771 800, 12776 6, 19087 6.19104 900 900. 18186 900, 18189 7, 83583 7, 83554 1000 1000. 24940 1000, 24950 9. 67461 9. 67350 1100 1100, 33200 1100, 33200 11, 70594 11, 70494 1200 1200. 43110 1200, 43110 13, 93108 13, 92985 eea iw PERIL = 2 aa sinh HT (exact formula) PERIZ = 2t fi +z (3) 2] (approximate formula) saci = 2 (cosn St - 1) (exact formula) w 1 (we? sacz = 3 ( (approximate formula)15 Stretch of the Conductor When a hard, elastic metal of length 2¢ is stressed by a tension, its elongation, if within the elastic limit, is proportional to the tension and is et is where A is the area of the cross section, and E is a constant for the metal, called the modulus of elasticity. The unstressed length is the length the conductor would have and laid on a horizontal if it were disconnected from the suppor! Foadway. It is equal to the perimeter minus the stretch. Let Lu be the unstressed length, then Tr Lu = 2p -2eh ” or 1 Lu = 2t ( a wt? and puting «oT 7 YE, 2 3 . 2 a \ we then wns atid &) ay (8) Sag-Tension Charts Sag and tension charts are based on the conductor tension limits specified in the line design, These limits depend on the type of conductor, the line, grade of construction, and any other special16 requirements. Let Lu = unstressed length of the conductor at any given initial temperature Lu'= unstressed length of the conductor at final temperature = initial temperature t, = fal temperature @ = coefficient of expansion, characteristic of the material composition of the cable. Then the relationship between Lu' and Lu due to the in- fluence of changes in temperature is Lut = Le [! + alt, = 8] (9) Therefore, knowing the conductor data of a specific tempera- ture and a given span length, the value of Lu can be calculated using the approximate catenary formulas, equation (5) and (7), The value of Lu’ can then be determined for any temperature through the use of equation (9). The tension and sag corresponding to the new temperature can be determined by substituting the value of Lu! into equations (7) and (8) in place of Lu. Equations (7) and (8) are rearranged for the solution of tension and sag through the following derivations.17 AE waz - oer? 3aET* Lut = 24 ABT uat2t)= wear - oer? or (oy eeT? + 3A (La! - 24) 7? - wae For the corresponding sags at any temperatures 2 3 aie een ae Lu! = a(re2 2): aEa = U4 - ger 4 3 toy . 4AE@? - awe (Lat2g = “Sr aKa 3EABd(Lul2t)= 4aza? - 3we4 4AEd? - 38AE (La'-2t)a - we? = or 4 3 Bye 3 wet _ a - pa(n'-2t)a- 3 HE = 0, ay Equations (10) and (11) can be solved by any method but since there is one value of tension between T=0 and T= Tmaximum that is specified in the design criterion, there is only one value of It is obvious that only sag (d) corresponding to the tension (T). one positive real root is required from each of equations (10) and18 (11) and this simplifies the computations. An example of sag-tension charts computed by a digital pro- gram for 795 Mcm all aluminum conductor (Lilac) based on maxi- mum design tension 7,170 lbs. and medium loading condition are shown in Figure 4,19 +xozoNpuos uMUTUMNTe [Te WOW gl FOF eYD UOIsUaI-Beg “} oANsTZ qooy-ueds, 000 ‘I 006 008 002 009 00s 00% 0E ° [ 000 ‘z preyUdayes e0280p ur cae U1} ssveontus a a SS 000 ‘€ 000 y29s-8eg 00'S 000 “9 0s 000% spunod-uoyeuaz,20 TRANSMISSION TOWER LOCATION The steps used in developing the computer method for locating transmission towers on nonflat terrain are described in the following sections, Estimated Span Length A straightforward method is used to estimate a span length from the basic formula a xs (2) where @ = sag of a conductor S = span length T = tension in a conductor w = resultant weight of a conductor. Then equation (12) may be written as “ 24 s -(%2)". POLEA and POLEB are symbolic names représenting the height of pole A and pole B respectively. The height of a pole is defined as the height of the lowest suspending phase conductor above the tower base. Then The average pole height = z (POLEA + POLEB) and Maximum sag = the average pole height - minimum ground clearance2. ‘Thus the estimated span is ee & Maximum sag * *) 7 Inclined Span Sag Calculations Where the terrain is such that the conductor supports are not at the samie level, the sag does’ not correspond to the sag given for a level ground span on regular sag and tension charts. These sags are calculated from inclined span sag formulas which express the relation between the parameters shown in Figure 5. Figure 5. The inclined span catenary. 2 Basically the sag ina level span is d= s and B,2 D, = a(i Gad E pereeanaaaa s E 8 = 3 -ay22 If (1 - ) is negative the theoretical low point of the conduc- tor will be past the lower support, -e, “uplift " will exist at the lower support. Inclined Span Tension Calculations Let.T, and T,, be the.tensions at tower A. and B respec- tively. Then w(28, 8a Te (3) and (28. T, = a4) Ba For level span S 2 0. Sis) A @ and S\2 0. 5w(Z) a or simply T, = T,, which means that tensions in the conductor at both towers are equalized, Method of Checking Ground Clearan When the second pole (pole B) is located and the tensions T, and T,, are calculated, the maximum sag, for example, the sag at the hottest temperature is calculated and D,, S, become known. Since the conductor curve is represented by23 yee or _ ks z x then fe a3 s2 1 and the general equation is (16) Knowing the relationship between the horizontal distance (x) and the vertical distance (y) the ground clearance is checked at each of the survey stations between the two poles. Station Distance 0 200 400 600 800 Figure 6. Method of checking ground clearance.24 For example, to find the ground clearance at a point X at survey station number 4, MPs 8, - 300 = x 2 XP =k(MP)* = y or XP = K(S, - 300°, Since MN is known, and PL MN - hy then XL = PL+ XP which is the ground clearance at survey station number 4, To determine a ground clearance at point M, the minimum point of the catenary curve, where M lies between two survey stations, the elevation GN is determined by the method of linear interpolation. Computer Program ‘The computer program is divided into a main program and several routines which provide the mathematical processes for lo- cating the transmission towers. Main Program. The main program requires two sets of input data. The first set includes the minimum ground clearance and con- ductor constants and the conductor loading data. The second set is the profile values which are read into the computer as discrete25 values of survey station, elevation and distance. Routine Number 1. Assume the first tower is to be located at the data starting point. A span length is then estimated and a tem- Porary tower is located. Routine Number 2, Tension at both towers is computed and checked with the maximum allowable design tension. Routine Number 3. The maximum sag of the inclined span is computed. Routine Number 4. Ground clearance is checked at each sur- vey station to ensure that the minimum ground clearance as specified by the safety rule is maintained, Routine Number 5. After a tower is located the process is repeated again to locate successive towers. Adjusting Routines. Adjusting for the maximum span with the lowest possible tower height is the main purpose of these routines. These adjusting routines provide the use of higher towers when the minimum tower height could not maintain the minimum ground clearance. Whenever the ground clearance is more than the mini- mum specified value the span length is increased within the con- straint of maximum allowable tension. Special Features and Modification ‘The program is written in the Symbolic Language Programming26 System for use on an IBM-1620 digital computer and requires 9492 core storage locations of which 1600 core storage locations are re- served for storing approximately one mile of profile data. For the standard capacity machine with 20,000 core storage locations, a test can be made for a line extending nearly five miles. The program allows for a change in conductor type, conductor loading conditions, ground clearance and initial tower heights. Equal profile intervals are not necessary. Any profile breaks (terrain deviations that do not conform to the base increment, e.g., 50 ft. interval) may be included. The ground clearance is checked at every survey station, especially, at the lowest point of the catenary curve where a method of linear interpolation is used to determine the elevation of the terrain underneath. The method of checking the ground clearance at every survey station enables the program to be modified for the case where the new transmission line will cross an existing line There may be many locations on a terrain that prohibit the locating of transmission towers, such as river crossings. The pro- file data is then modified, Suppose the elevation of tower A is 0625. 00 ft. above the datum line and the elevation at location B, which prohibits tower locating, is 0600. 00 ft. Then the elevation at location B is modified to 9600, 00 ft. The computer will com- pare both tower top elevations if the second tower is to be located27 at location B, The absolute value of the difference in elevations will be | 9600.00 - 0625.00 | or 8975.00 ft. instead of | 0625.00 - 0600.00 | or 25.00 ft. and thus location B is not used. It is obvious that after the modification the difference in elevations will be much higher than for the case where there is an uplift condition of the conductor. The computer can distinguish the latter case from the former. The ground clearance check for the modified elevation as described above may be done by eliminating the modified data and using the actual elevation. Problems of locating a tower at a corner or dead-end point can also be solved by using the modified profile data. The compu- ter should locate several towers as usual; but each time a tower is located, the distance from that tower to the preselected location for a specially designated tower is compared to a specified longest possible span for the available tower heights. Whenever the dis- tance is shorter than the specified maximum span the next tower to be located is at the preselected location. If this remaining distance is less than the estimated span length, the last tower location is re- jected. This tower is then relocated so that the new location is ap- proximately half way between the previously located towers and the specially designated tower, Tension and ground clearance calcula- tions are performed as usual for the two spans.28 A test on a 6,000 ft. diverse terrain was made. The minimum height of towers was 50 ft. and tower A, which was the first tower, was located at a starting point (point 1 in Figure 7). The computer estimated a span length of 714. 684 ft. and located a tower called temporary tower B at point X, a distance of 750 ft, from Tower A. The tension at towers A and B was computed and then checked with the maximum allowable design tension. Next, the inclined span sag at the hottest temperature was computed and the ground clear- ance was checked at each survey station between the towers. The minimum ground clearance was specified to be 30 ft. at the begin- ning of the program but this condition was less than 30 ft, The ele- vations of point 1 and X are compared and the height of tower B was increased to 55 ft, The computation process was repeated again and again until the height of tower B was 85 ft. At this height the minimum ground clearance was maintained and the tower height was said to be optimized. When the tower height was optimized the span was increased to the distance of the next survey station, which was 800 ft. from tower A, and the computation process was repeated. It was found that the tension at towers A and B were 1, 382 and 6,817 lbs, respectively and the minimum ground clearance was 34. 96 ft.29 ‘The span length was increased again to the distance of the next survey station which was 850 ft. from tower A. At this location the tension at tower A was 1536 lbs. while that at tower B was 6,489 Ibs, which is 45 percent of the ultimate strength of the conductor. The mini« mum ground clearance was 31.69 ft, All results were within the specified limits, so the computer increased the span length and used the distance of the next survey station, Tensions were computed and they were within the design limit, but the ground clearance exceeded the minimum requirement, and an attempt to locate a tower at this Point was rejected. The computer selected the previous location and located tower B at a distance of 850 ft. from tower A. When this was done the span length was optimized. The computer process continued with tower B as a starting Point and located towers C, D, etc. until all the profile data was used. The computer results for locating towers over a 6,000 ft, diverse terrain (120 survey stations) and over a 5,000 ft. relatively smooth terrain are summarized in Appendix II. Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the difference in selections made by the computer. It is shown that different tower heights can be used to fit a given ground Profile and at some locations guying may be needed.30 ‘uyeas93 assoarp uo Burqeso] somo +, oansry "ose “35 056 Sea ea oot 6849 “sl 9€sT31 “45 008 ‘uyerso; qioows Aqeanerax uo Sur3e20] x9MOT, “35 008 "5 008 +g candy "35 008 “SaI Ize32 CONCLUSION Transmission towers can be selected to fit a line profile by digital computer methods, The investigation of the computer program has shown that it is possible to use the digital computer as a planning and design tool by transmission system engineers. ‘The advantage of locating the transmission line towers on non= flat terrain by a digital computer is the savings in time, It also permits a variety of preliminary designs and cost comparisons to be made, As a result of positioning transmission towers over a diverse terrain, it has been shown that different tower heights are used and the spans are not necessary equal. A similar test on relatively smooth terrain has shown that the spans tend to have the same length although unequal tower heights are selected by the computer. The computer program, written in a straightforward method, gives fundamental principle and numerical approach to the trans- mission tower location problems, It should be useful to electrical transmission students as well as transmission line engineers.33 BIBLIOGRAPHY California. Public Utilities Commission. Rules for overhead electric line construction. Sacramento, 1963. 380 p. (General Order no. 95) Converti, V., E.J. Hyland and D.E. Tickle. Optimized transmission tower spotting on digital computer. American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Transactions. pt. 3. Power Apparatus andSystems.81:55-63. 1962. Dwight, Herbert Bristol. Electrical elements of power trans- mission lines. New York, Macmillan, 1954, 188 p. Deiedzic, Edward. Computer method provides optimum transmission design. Electric Light and Power 42:20-23. March 1964, + Optimum electrical transmission line Jayouts. Toronto, Ont., Canada 1963. 7p. (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Conference Paper CP 63-1036) Kaiser Aluminum & Chemical Sales, Inc. Kaiser aluminum electrical conductor technical manual. Chicago, 1951. 192 p. Popp, R.E., C.J. Dabekis and F.M, Fullerton. Electronic computer program permits optimized spotting of electric transmission towers, American Institute of Electrical Engineers. Transactions. pt. 3. Power Apparatus and Systems.82: 360-365. 1963.APPENDICESAPPENDIX I Read Conductor Data Profile Data Estimate a Span —————_+ and Locate = |+—_____ a Temporary Tower, +] Compute Tension |, _.+ Adjust Tower at Both Towers or Span Tension Exceeding? Compute Maximum Sag 4 Check Minimum Ground Clearance Clearance Exceeding? [ry Longer| Span Figure 9. General flow chart for transmission line tower location,35 Read Conductor Data and Longing Data Compute Resultant Weight of Conductor Read ‘Temperature Span = 100 ft, Compute Unstressed Lengtl at any Temperatures in Terms of Tension and Sag | Solve Equation | | 134K) T-Ky=0 For Tension Sglve Equation 8? -K38-K4=0 ar Punch Span, Sag, Tension Temperature Is It Maximum Temperature? End of Job Figure 10, Flow chart for sag-tension computation,36 APPENDIX IL DATA AND COMPUTER RESULTS Data Conductor Size 795Mem all aluminum Diameter 1.0278 in, Cross section area 0. 6244 sq. in. Ultimate strength 14, 340 Ibs. Maximum design tension 7,170 Ibs. Modulus of elasticity 10, 000, 000 Ibs. /sq. in Coefficient of linear expansion 0, 00000128 in, /in. /°F Temperature Minimum 32°F Maximum, 120 °F Wind pressure 8 Ibs. /sq. ft. Minimum ground clearance 30 ft Computer Results Computer results are summarized and shown in Table Ii and IV for a test on diverse terrain and another test on relatively smooth terrain.37 "330009 WaBueTy TeIOL, size 09 0'008 LEO"aSL 0 "00820 00 "c0z0 9120 L sill GLOe O2FT ss O°OSTI 220°2L01 000020 O€ *€1z0 00z0 9 nt 2eL9 S905 oor 0°0S6 =LFO'IT6 0 “Osss0 00 ‘s#z0 6L10 g ee 6602 9619 ge 0°06 =L€0 “BSL 000640 00 °2#20 esto Bee nae e891 ze9r sg OOOIT 229816 0 “0s6E0 Os ‘zz2z0 OFTO € ee F629 6849 $8 O'0s8 89 FIL 00s8z0 Ol “6520 LIto 7 eae gest Bae os Eat a 000020 00 *0sz0 O00 1 Ca) (sa sa) CC) (a8) (ar) Cr) sourtesty aust yer] quIeH uedg uedg woHBAZTT —UoTIeIg ~ TequinNy Punorp “Horse [ Tomo, tomo, pemoy payeunisg OULIIG ose somog, AoAng Lomo, NIVEUAL ASAGAIG NO LSAL V 40 LINs#U YALAdWOD GAZIUVWWAS ‘II aTavL38 4000'S WBuET THIOL 69ze §9 = 0'008._—S LeO"8g2 = 0 “00890 ozviz0 9610 elle PIGE —E9SE SG 0008 zH06L_~—— “00090. ou'szz0 zeta 9 Levee 909E BPE 09.0008 z066L_~—S—s“00ZSO oo'rez0 s9t0 sg. ze "OE U9€ T1009 '008.-— BD "HIL ©0040 oz'azzo 610 05 “o€ eele zoe os 0'008—S beg IL =o “0090 or‘6zzo0ee10 96°26 zee —sLeSZ OSS 008 ba FIL ~— “0080 oo'vezo 9110 z zle 128% og a - 0 ‘00020 o0'0s20 0010s Cr) (sat) (sar) (a5) (5) (a) (3) a) eourteery aM wo] aYB}OH eds uedg uoHeAgTT uoTeg requ, Punoip = WorsueTTemo] ramoy, yemoy poyeumisy sourisyq ssegremol Keaing romoy, NIVEAGL HLOOWS ATHAILVISY NO SAL V 40 LINSAY YILAAWOD GAZIUVWWAS “AI STEVEMain SPS Computer Program 13 PagesOREGON STATE UNIVERSITY 2+EeDEPARTMENT CORVALLIS» OREGON USA THESIS TITLE TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER LOCATION ON NONFLAT TERRAIN BY DIGITAL COMPUTER METHODS BY SOMKIET PHALOPRAKARN 3690242095022690047900541 60005400001110095400000310013900016450091200K404900z426 00160003509109260009000299170008000149039360000600500690000001234567891234567 3690321095002606.241605093690160005003600980005001590295960024909212 3456789032455 7890JK 4567390 JKL 567890 JKL48 7850 JKLN TES 0JKLviNCB SO JKLUNOP SOUKLENGP 2428223635 203530454036324864553269455 56045485452 154665 36271 80123455785 123459 7ES. 2680009425091550027L 3100260002 7435002 7L00155490002423600000095004900024 14902630000P4600136C1 1004700 15601309110927300001459016891200268090014S001 6801202 036002190050044590560021949000 24044593 58992631500262000, 01010* LOCATING TRANSMISSION LINE BY DIGITAL COMPUTER $ PHALOPRAKARN « 91020* FIRST JOB READ DATA CARDS IN . 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QOO10TNPUT DS Bo 40932900080 80020 DC iss 09330093302 QOO3CPUT 9S sINPUT-e0 - 40924900000 a0040ouTPUTOS - eee 40941006030 : 80050 oc Po9411094112 ao06souT 08 40933000000 809708 POsmiZ0g9atrrerrertertinetes BO0BCELANK1DN3 POsus20945itHrreretsiereeser Tez 800SOSLANK20N3 POOMSZO9IG7L Its eNaseH TNH TEA 801 008LANK30N3 ~ <2 POSATZOG4OLHHHeHeHHatesette ne eaZ go11a oc P09492954927 80120 20067096024417030099500496 2462522 Ro 90002400048360008900500459909. 360098100500369022109500360024100500362016100500490008000000242€2236252035304540 0802181420070611282008; doeds000SC9ugeC0C00: LAGSE4EZ 2220959900050807280900 64509 29495082903060902100458921610950015102 SUMNER 1964Additional Fortran Programs130 9003 9004 9008 9019 9012 126 OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY Ee£ «DEPART, CORVALLIS» GREGON USA THESIS: TITLE TRANSMISSION LINE TOWER Loca ON NONFLAT TERRAIN BY DIGITAL COMPUTE) BY 7 SOMKIET PHALOPRAKARN ACCURACY OF HYPERBOLIC APPROXIMATION Se PHALOPRAKARN 2-8-64 READ 109% Hy W HW = H/e 2 N= 0 M = 59 00 125 I = My 6005 50 N= N41 DIsTL = Tt SPAN = 240*D1STL WH = W#DISTL/H ZED = wLH ZZE = ZED*ZEO ZED = o6 ZEA + 2s ZAD = le ZAD = (ZZERZADI/(ZEAM(ZEA + 16) ZED = ZED + ZAD ZEA = ZEA + 26 ZOR = (ZAD*ZA0IF#O65 IF (ZOR - 0.00061) 9004+ 9003s 9003, ZCOSH = ZED + Le ZED = wLH 2ze = é ZED = 0. ZEA = 2. ZAD = Le ZAD'= (22E#ZAD)/(ZEA*(ZEAt16)) a: ZED = ZED + ZaD ; ZEA = ZEA + 26 ZOR= (ZADKZAD)#*O65 IF (ZOR ~ 0400001) 9012+ 9010+ 9010 ZSINH = WLHBC ZED + Ie) PERIL = (200RH/H) 823 PERIZ = (2e0KD{STLYS(160 + MLHFULE YE.) SAS? (Z33" = 160) ‘ SAGZ = OISTLECHLH/260) : IF (1 = N) 1279 126» 126 . PUNCH: 156 :127 PUNCH 155+ SPAN» PERIL» PERIZs SAG1» SAG2 125 CONTINUE 100 FORMAT ( £8.29 F604 ) 154 FORMAT (8XGHSPANs GXSHPERI1» SXBHPERI2+ GR4HSAGL? BX4HSAGZ 155 FORMAT (8X 13s 3X F10e5s 3X F10e5+ 3K F9.4s 3X F904 GO To 130 : END#1208 221 222 205 206 EGON STATE UNIVERSITY £-€4D: CORVALLIS» OREGON USA THESIS TITL TRANSMISSION LINE TOI ON NONFLAT TERRAIN SY DIGITA! LOCATION COMPUTER METHODS BY SOMKIET PHALOPRAKARN PROGRAM 2. - 503 SAG TENSION Se PHALOPRAXARN 2-29-64 READ 2009 TH» Pa © READ 201s X> Ds Hs Ay Ey ALPHA SUKL = X + 14244*TH#(D + TH) SUM2 = PR(D + 2.0#TH)/1200 Wo= SQRTF(SUML#SUM] + SUM2*SUi2) READ 203% TEMP DIST = 100.0 SPAN = 2,08DIST DIST] = DIST#DIST DD = O.5"WeDISTI SH PUNCH 202% SPANs Hy» Ws DD WLH = WHOIST/H PERIN = SPAN®(1.0 + WLHFWLH/6.0) AE = ARE STRET = SPANSH/AE ARCL = PERIM - STRET SUM3 = 140 + ALPHAR(TEMP - 3240) ARC2 = ARCI*SUI3 PUNCH 280s ARC1> ARC2 DIV = AEX(ARC2 — SPAN) /SPAN CON = WRWEDIST#OIST*AE/5.0 DIF = O.75*DIST*(ARC2 - SPAN) FIX = 0,75*W#OISTI*DISTI/AE 0.0 4 ee Te}F YL = TeT#T + DIVeT#T = CON ZERO = 040 IF (Y1 = ZERO) 10+ 8 204 : T= (S + F)/2.0 YL = TeT#T + o1ver#t - CON YIAB = ABSF(Y1} G = 1000000090.0 IF (Y1AB - G) 8» 8 205 IF (YL - ZERO) 7+ 85 206 Fos (8 + F1/2.02ic 213 215 214 211 226 217 218 212 220 200 201 202 293 209 219 280 GO TO 204 S = (S + F1/240 GO TO 204 T= US + F1/249 Yi = TRTAT + DIVET#T ~ CON Y1AS = ABSFCYL) IF (Y1A3 - S) 8s 8» 207 IF (Y1 = ZERO) 12> 8» 208 Ss = tS + FI GO TO 10 Foe (S + F/260 Go TO 10 PUNCH 2099 Ts Y1 S$ = 0.0 F = 80.0 TSF Y2.= TRIXT - DIFKT =. FIX ZERO = 0 IF (¥2 - ZERO) 212% 2129 210 T= tS + F1/200 Y2 = TRTT ~ DIFAT - FIX Y2A8 = ABSF(Y2) v= 0.01 IF (Y2AB - V) 2129 2125 213 IF (¥2 = ZERO) 2145 2129 215 F = (8 + F1/240 Go TO 210 S = (S + FY/240 Go TO 210 T= (8 + FI/2.0 Y2 = THT#T = DIFeT - FIX Y2A8 = ABSFCY2) IF (Y2A3 = V) 2129 212 216 IF (YZ = ZERO) 218) 212s 217 S = (3 # F1/2.0 Go TO 211 Fos (S + F1/2.0 GO TO 211 SAG = T UNCH 2194 SAG» Y2 TEST = 60040 IF (DIST = TEST) 2205 2219 223 DIST = DIST + 10040 Gq TO 222 FORMAT (354.2) FORMAT (FSe4s F5e4s FOels FOaGs FORMAT (GHSPAN® FB.29 2X1HH? FTe FORMAT (F542) FL ly Oel> F867) 2X1Hae FORMAT (2X1HT» E1448) 3X2HY1) £1408) FORMAT (3HSAGs E14.8) 3X2HY2s FORMAT (GHARCL» F12.6% 3X4HARC2» END a) 1246) F12089 2X2HDD» F1O.4)