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Bounded and Unbounded Function

The document discusses bounded and unbounded sets of real numbers. A set is bounded if it has both an upper and lower bound, and unbounded if it lacks either an upper or lower bound. The completeness property of real numbers states that every non-empty set that is bounded above has a least upper bound (supremum), and every non-empty set that is bounded below has a greatest lower bound (infimum). Several examples of bounded and unbounded sets are provided to illustrate these concepts. Bounded and unbounded functions are also defined based on whether their range is a bounded or unbounded set.

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Hanifa Shaikh
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556 views

Bounded and Unbounded Function

The document discusses bounded and unbounded sets of real numbers. A set is bounded if it has both an upper and lower bound, and unbounded if it lacks either an upper or lower bound. The completeness property of real numbers states that every non-empty set that is bounded above has a least upper bound (supremum), and every non-empty set that is bounded below has a greatest lower bound (infimum). Several examples of bounded and unbounded sets are provided to illustrate these concepts. Bounded and unbounded functions are also defined based on whether their range is a bounded or unbounded set.

Uploaded by

Hanifa Shaikh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The Completeness Property of R

Bounded and Unbounded Set


Definition: Let S be a nonempty subset of real numbers. An element MR is called an
upper bound of S if x≤ M for all xS.
An element mR is called a lower bound of S if m≤ x for all xS.
If S has an upper bound, then S is said to be bounded above and if S has a lower
bound, then S is said to be bounded below. A subset of R is said to be bounded if it is
bounded above as well as bounded below. If a set is not bounded, (i.e, it lacks either an upper
bound or a lower bound) then it is called an unbounded set.
It may be noted that if a set S has an upper bound M, then every real number greater
than M is also an upper bound of S. Thus, if S has an upper bound, then it has an infinite
number of upper bounds. if a set S has a lower bound m, then every real number smaller than
m is also a lower bound of S. Thus, if S has an upper bound, then it has an infinite number of
upper bounds, and if S has lower bound, then it has an infinite number of lower bounds.
Example 1: Let S = (1, 2, 3, ..., 20) be a finite set. Then every real number M≥20 is an upper
bound of S and every real number m≤1 is a lower bound of S. Note than 20 is the smallest
upper bound and 1 is the greatest lower bound of S.
M=Supremum=sup S=l.u.b=20
m= infimum=inf S=g.l.b=1
Upper bound=M≥20={20,21,22,…}
Lower bound = m≤1 = {…, -2,-1,0}

1 1 1
Example 2: Let 𝑆 = {1, 2 , 3 , … , 𝑛 }. An upper bound of S is 1 and a lower bound of S is 0,
Note that 0 does not belong to S.
M=Supremum=sup S=l.u.b=1
m= infimum=inf S=g.l.b=0
Upper bound=M≥1={…,2,1 }
Lower bound = m≤0 = {0,-1,-2, …}
Noted: Both sets presented in example1 and example are bounded set because it is bounded
above (sup S) as well as bellow (inf S).

Definition: Let S be a nonempty subset of R.


(i) If S is bounded above, then an upper bound M of S is called least upper bound
(Lu.b.) or supremum (sup) of S if it is less than any other upper bound of S. We
write M= sup S or M=L.u.b. S.
(ii) If S is bounded below, then a lower bound m of S is called greatest lower bound
(g.l.b) or infimum (inf) of S if m is larger than any other lower bound. In this case
we write, m=inf S or m g.l.b S. In Example 2, sup S=1 and inf S= 0.
We now state the Completeness Property of R,
(iii) Supremum Propert:. Every nonempty set of real numbers which has an upper
bound has the supremum.
(iv) Infimum Property: Every nonempty set of real numbers which has a lower bound
has the infimum.
It may be noted that the completeness property does not hold for the set of rational numbers
(i.e. 𝑆 = {𝑥  𝑄: 𝑥 2 < 2} this is set of rational numbers which is bounded above but does not
have a rational supremum.
Example 3: Let 𝑆 = {1,2,3, … , 𝑛}. S has no upper bound and a lower bound of S is 1,
therefore S is bounded below but not above, so S is unbounded set.
1 1 1
Example 4: Let 𝑆 = {1, 3 , 9 , … , 3𝑛 }. An upper bound of S is 1 and a lower bound of S is 0. S
is bounded above (M=1) as well as bounded below (m=0). Therefore, S is bounded set. Note
that 0 does not belong to S.
M=Supremum=sup S=l.u.b=1 m= infimum=inf S=g.l.b=0
Upper bound=M≥1 Lower bound = m≤0 =
2 4 8 2𝑛 2
Example 5: Let 𝑆 = {3 , 9 , 27 , … , 3𝑛 }. An upper bound of S is and a lower bound of S is 0,
3
therefore S is bounded below but not above, so S is unbounded set.
Remember: 𝑎𝑛 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑎  (0, 1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑛 =  𝑖𝑓 𝑎  (0, 1)

Bounded and Unbounded Function


Definition: A function f from R to R is said to be bounded if range (i.i. Rng) is a bounded set
otherwise it is called unbounded.
Example 3. Let 𝑠: 𝑁 → 𝑅 be defined by
𝑠𝑛 = (−1)𝑛 + (1)𝑛

Then s is bounded, since Rng s = {0,2} is a bounded set.


Example 4. Let 𝑓: 𝑅 → 𝑅 be defined by
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2

Then f is not bounded, since Rng f has no upper bound and so it is unbounded function or set.

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