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EWC 333 Problem and Solution

This document contains 6 engineering problems related to waste water engineering. Problem 1 asks to calculate maximum, average, and minimum hourly residential sewage flows. Problem 2 involves using nomograms and diagrams to calculate discharge rate and velocity in a circular sewer. Problem 3 calculates a runoff coefficient for an area based on land use percentages. Problem 4 calculates peak runoff for an area given time of concentration and rainfall intensity. Problem 5 similarly calculates maximum runoff. Problem 6 provides detailed information to calculate storm sewage discharge and dry weather flow, and indicates whether separate or combined sewerage would be more suitable.

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Azgar Ali
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192 views

EWC 333 Problem and Solution

This document contains 6 engineering problems related to waste water engineering. Problem 1 asks to calculate maximum, average, and minimum hourly residential sewage flows. Problem 2 involves using nomograms and diagrams to calculate discharge rate and velocity in a circular sewer. Problem 3 calculates a runoff coefficient for an area based on land use percentages. Problem 4 calculates peak runoff for an area given time of concentration and rainfall intensity. Problem 5 similarly calculates maximum runoff. Problem 6 provides detailed information to calculate storm sewage discharge and dry weather flow, and indicates whether separate or combined sewerage would be more suitable.

Uploaded by

Azgar Ali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EWC 333

WASTE WATER ENGINEERING

Problem 1. Estimate the maximum hourly, average daily and minimum hourly residential sewage
flows from an area occupied by 750 people having average per capita sewage flow of 59 gpcd.
Consider the length of the sewer and house connections to be 1.3 miles and infiltration to be 30,000
gpd per miles.

Solution

Design Flows:
Qav (san) = 100 % of water use (60 –80% for developed country)
Qav (design) = Qav (san) + Infiltration + Storm Inflow
Qmax (design) = 2.5 Qav (san) + Infiltration + Storm Inflow
Qmin (design) = 0.34 Qav (san) + Infiltration + Storm Inflow
No of people to be served = 750
Average sanitary sewage flow, Qavg (san) = 750 × 59 = 44250 g/d = 1843.75 g/h
Infiltration = 30000 × 1.3 = 39000 g/d = 1625 g/h
Qav (daily) (design) = Qav (san) + Infiltration = 44250 + 39000 = 83250 g/d
Qmax (hourly) (design) = 3 Qav (san) + Infiltration = 3× 1843.75 + 1625 = 7156.25 g/h
Qmin (hourly) (design) = 0.33 Qav (san) + Infiltration = 0.33× 1843.75 + 1625 = 2233.44 g/h

Problem 2. Determine the rate of discharge and discharge velocity in a 30 cm circular sewer with
n = 0.013, slope = 0.004 and depth of flow equal to 7.5 cm, using both of the Nomograms and
Partial flow diagram, given below.

Solution
From the nomograms –
for slope =0 .004 (m/m) = 4m/ 1000 m and diameter, D = 30 cm,
Discharge, Q = 3570 l/min = 59.5 l/s and Velocity, V = 84 cm/s = 0.84 m/s
Now, depth ratio, d/D = 7.5 / 30 = 0.25
From the partial flow diagram, q/Q = 0.12
Therefore, q = 0.12 × 59.5 = 7.14 l/s
Again, v = 0.65 × 0.84= 0.55 m/s

Problem 3. The surface of a country on which the rain falls is classified as follows:
(i) 25% of area consists of roof (C = 0.80)
(ii) 25% of area is paved (C = 0.85)
(iii) 15% of area is macadamized road (C = 0.32)
(iv) 10% of area is gravel road (C = 0.20)
(v) 20% of area is unpaved streets (C = 0.15)
The rest of the area is occupied by lawns and gardens for which the value of C is 0.2. Determine
the value of C for the entire district.

Solution
C for entire district = 0.25×0.80+0.25×0.85+0.15×0.32+0.10×0.20+0.20×0.15+0.05 ×0.2 = 0.52

Problem 4. If the total area is 12 hectares in previous problem (2) and time of concentration for
the area is 15 minutes, what is the runoff of the catchment? Use the formula: I = 76.2 / (t + 10)
Solution
Peak discharge, Q = FCIA
where, Q = peak discharge in l/s
F = Factor of proportionality = 27.8 (when A in ha and I in cm/hr)
C = run-off coefficient (is a function of area type, soil)
I = Rainfall intensity, cm/hr
A = Catchment area, ha
I = 76.2 / (15+10) = 3.05 cm/h
Now, Q= FCIA = 27.8 × 0.52 × 3.05 ×12 = 529 l/s

Problem 5. The equation of the rainfall curve is I = 914.4/ (t + 60), where t in min. The drainage
area and the time of concentration are 1.2141 ha and 30 min respectively. Find the maximum
runoff if 20% area is hard pavement (C = 0.85), 20% area is roof (C = 0.80), 15% area is gravel
road (C = 0.20), 30% area is garden and lawn (C = 0.20) and 15% area is wooded (C = 0.15).
Solution
C for the area = 0.20×0.85+0.20×0.80+0.15×0.20+0.30×0.20+0.20×0.15+0.15 ×0.2 = 0.44
Rainfall intensity, I = 914.4 / (30 +60) = 10.16 cm/h
Now, Q= FCIA = 27.8 × 0.44 × 10.16×1.2141 = 150.88 l/s = 151 l/s
Problem 6. A drainage area, having rain falls during four months of the year only, has an area of
15 ha, with 30 houses/ha. The area has the following surface characteristics:
(i) The average area of the roof is 80 m2/house, with runoff coefficient of 0.9.
(ii) The roads occupy 25% of total area. The main roads are tarred and interior ones are of water
bound macadam. Impermeability factor for these roads could be taken as 0.6.
(iii) The remaining area is open space whose coefficient of runoff may be taken as 0.12.

If the rainfall records show that the intensity of an ordinary rainstorm is 4.5 cm/h, what will be the
discharge from this district? Determine the dry weather flow from the area if the population is 300
persons/ha and the rate of water supply is 250 lpcd. Also find the ratio of storm sewage to dry
weather flow and indicate the suitability of separate sewerage scheme in the area in preference to
combined sewerage scheme.

Solution
For the area of 1 ha,
Roof area, A1 = 30 × 80 = 2400 m2
Equivalent roof area, A1 C1 = 2400 × 0.9 = 2160 m2
Road area, A2 = 0.25 × 1 = 0.25 ha = 2500 m2
Equivalent road area, A2 C2 = 2500 × 0.6 = 1500 m2
Open space area, A3 = (10000 – (2400 + 2500) = 5100 m2
Equivalent open space area, A3 C3 = 5100 × 0.12 = 612 m2

Q = FCIA = 27.8 ×0.43 × 4.5 × 15 = 807 l/s


Total population to be served = 300 persons / ha = 300 × 15 = 4500 persons
Average daily sewage contribution = 80% of average water supply = 0.8 × 250 × 4500
= 900000 l/d = 10.42 l/s
Assuming that the sewer is a branch/ lateral sewer, the maximum discharge of dry weather flow,
Q max = 2.5 × 10.42 = 26.05 l/s
Now, ratio of storm sewage to max dry weather flow = 807/26.05 = 31
From this problem, it is clear that if a combined sewer is adopted for the given area, the sewer
would carry only 1/ 31 th of total discharge for about 8 months of a year. Thus, a separate sewerage
scheme is most suitable for the area given in this problem. However, the modern trend for well
planned cities is to adopt combined schemes for their overall merits over separate sewerage
schemes.

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