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Near-Far Problem: CDMA Signal 1+2

The document discusses the near-far problem in DS/CDMA systems where stronger nearby mobile signals can overwhelm weaker distant mobile signals at the base station. To address this, power control is used where the base station samples signal strength from each mobile and sends power adjustment commands to keep all mobile signals at the same level. Power control has two stages - open-loop where mobiles adjust power based on downlink strength, and closed-loop where the base station directly instructs mobiles to adjust uplink power levels every 1.25ms to maintain constant received signal strength.

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pathmakerpk
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69 views

Near-Far Problem: CDMA Signal 1+2

The document discusses the near-far problem in DS/CDMA systems where stronger nearby mobile signals can overwhelm weaker distant mobile signals at the base station. To address this, power control is used where the base station samples signal strength from each mobile and sends power adjustment commands to keep all mobile signals at the same level. Power control has two stages - open-loop where mobiles adjust power based on downlink strength, and closed-loop where the base station directly instructs mobiles to adjust uplink power levels every 1.25ms to maintain constant received signal strength.

Uploaded by

pathmakerpk
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Near-Far Problem

▪ In DS/CDMA systems, although the received power level of each


traffic channel is kept at the same level in the downlink, they are
not equal in the uplink because of the near-far problem.

CDMA Signal 1+2


CDMA Signal 1

#2
#1 #2 #1
CDMA Signal 2
Downlink Uplink

▪ When all of the terminals transmit signals with the same


transmission power; the received signal level is strong from a
nearby mobile unit, whereas it is weak from a mobile unit far away
due to propagation path loss.
1
Near-Far Problem
▪ In general, the strongest received mobile signal will capture the
demodulator at the base station
▪ Stronger received signal levels raise the noise floor at the base
station demodulators for the weaker signals, thereby decreasing the
probability that weaker signals will be received
▪ To combat near-far problem, power control is used

2
Power Control
▪ Power control is provided by each base station, assuring that each
mobile within the base station coverage area provides the same
signal level to the base station receiver
▪ Solve the problem of a nearby mobile overpowering the base
station receiver and drowning out the signals of far away mobiles
▪ Power control is implemented by rapidly sampling the radio signal
strength indicator (RSSI) levels of each mobile and then sending a
power change command over the forward radio link
▪ Despite the use of power control within each cell, out-of-cell
mobiles provide interference which is not under the control of the
receiving base station

3
Two-stage power control
▪ The IS-95 system employs a two-stage power control:
❖ Open-loop power control

❖ Closed-loop power control


▪ Open-loop power control is used by the mobile station (MS) to
lower its transmitter power level in inverse proportion to the
strength of the downlink signal received from the base station (BS).
▪ Using open-loop control, the dynamic range of the fading variation
is controlled to several dB.

4
Open-loop power control

BS MS

Note:
forward link = downlink
reverse link = uplink

Reverse link open-


BS MS loop power control.
5
Closed-loop power control
▪ In closed-loop power control, the BS specifically instructs a MS to
adjust its transmitter power based on the power level it receives
from the MS.
▪ This will prevent any power imbalance among all the uplink signals
received at the BS.
▪ The closed-loop power control system may base its decision on an
actual communication link performance metric, e.g., received
signal power level, received BER, or a combination of them.
▪ In the closed-loop control, deviation of the received signal level is
controlled to a constant level with its deviation of about 1 dB.
▪ In IS-95, the MS transmission power is updated every 1.25 ms

6
Closed-loop power control
BS MS

BS MS

Reverse link closed-


loop power control
7

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