REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

BICOL UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
LEGAZPI CITY

LECTURE NOTES IN

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES

ENGR. EDUARDO C. BORROMEO

Subject Professor

Second Semester (A.Y. 2020-2021)

Second semester A.Y. 2020-2021
BES 15 MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES (CRP)

TOPICS:

1. Stresses
2. Torsion
3. Shear and Moment in Beams
4. Stresses in Beams
5. Deflection in Beams
6. Statically Indeterminate Beams
7. Stresses due to Combined Loads
3 Fundamental Areas of Engineering Mechanics:
a. Statics
b. Dynamics
c. Mechanics of Materials
Statics and Dynamics are devoted primarily to the study of the external effect upon rigid
bodies that is, bodies for which the change in shape (deformation) can be neglected.
Mechanics of Materials – deals with the internal effects and deformations that are
caused by the applied loads.
P = The component of the resultant force that is perpendicular to the cross section,
tending to elongate or shorten the bar, is called normal force.
V = The component of the resultant force lying in the plane of the cross-section tending
to shear (slide) one segment of the bar relative to the other segment is called the shear
force.
T = The component of the resultant couple that tends to twist (rotate) the bar is called
the twisting moment or torque.
M = The component of the resultant couple that tends to bond the bar is called the
bending moment. The deformations produced by these internal forces and internal
couples.
If the stresses are uniformly distributed,

P V
σ= and τ=
A A

where A – is the area of the cross section

P – is the resultant force ρA

For axially loaded bar

Stresses on the inclined plane

Pcosθ P
σ= = cos2 θ
A /cosθ A

Psin θ P P
τ= = sinθcosθ = sin 2θ
Acos θ A 2A

P
From the above equations, the maximum normal stress is and it acts on the cross
A
P
section of the bar. The shear stress is 0 or zero when θ=0. The maximum stress is ,
2A
which acts as the planes inclined at θ=45 ° to the cross section.
Procedure for the Stress Analysis

a) equilibrium of stress
b) computation of stress
c) design considerations

a) Equilibrium of Stress
If necessary, find the external reactions using a free-body diagram (FBD) of the
entire structure. Compute the axial force (P) in the member using the method of
sections. This method introduces an imaginary cutting plane that isolates a
segment of the structure. The cutting plane must include the cross section of the
member of interest. The axial force acting in the member can then be found from
the FBD of the isolated segment because it now appears as an external force on
the FBD.

b) Computation of Stress
After the axial force has been found by equilibrium analysis, the average normal
stress in the member can be obtained fromσ =P/ A, where A is the cross-
sectional area of the member at the cutting plane.

c) Design Considerations
For purposes of design, the computed stress must be compared with the
allowable stress, also called the working stress. The working stress, which we
denote by σ w, is discussed in detail in the next chapter. To prevent failure of the
member, the computed stress must be less than the working stress.

Shear Stress
 Shear stress is tangent to the plane on which it acts. Shear stress arises
whenever the applied loads cause one section of a body to slide past its adjacent
section.
 normal stress acting on an interior plane is directed perpendicular to that plane
a) Single Shear
b) Double Shear
c) Direct Shear
Note:
The distribution of direct shear stress is usually complex and not easily determined. It is
common practice to assume that the shear force V is uniformly distributed over the
shear area A, so that the shear stress can be computed from

V
τ=
A

(average shear stress)

Examples of Direct Shear

Figures:

a) shear in a metal sheet

c) single shear b) double shear in a bolt
produced by a punch

Bearing Stress

If two bodies are pressed against each other, compressive forces are developed
on the area of contact. The pressure caused by these surface loads is called bearing
stress.
Figure:

Ab = td

where: t = thickness of the plate

d = diameter of the rivet

Pb= bearing force is equal to the applied load

Problem ①

For the truss shown in the figure; a) calculate the normal stress in member AC, member
BD. The cross sectional area of each member is 900mm 2.
To determine Ay&Hy:

FBD of entire truss:

Σ F y =0

A y + H y −100=0

A y + H y =30+70=100 kN

Σ M A =0

30 ( 4 ) +70 ( 12 )=H y ( 16 )

120+840
H y= =60 kN
16

A y + H y =100

A y =100−60=40 kN

To determine member AC:

FBD of pin A:

Σ F y =0+↑

3 −40(5)
40+ F AB=0 ; F AB= =−66.67 kN
5 3

Σ F x =0+→

4 −4 −4
F AC + F AB=0 ; F AC = F AB = ( 66.67 )=53.34 kN (T )
5 5 5
 1 MN
53.34 kN ×
F 1000 kN
σ AC = AC = =59.26 MPa
A AC 2 1m 2
900 mm ×( )
1000 mm

To determine member BD:

Line 1 cuts section through member BD, BE and CE

Σ M E=0+↺

4
−3 ( F BD ) − ( F BE ) 3
5

−3 ( F BD ) +30 ( 4 )−40 ( 8 )=0

120−320
−F BD= =66.67 kN (C )
3

Normal stress in member BD

1 MN
−66.67 kN ×
F 1000 kN
σ BD= BD = =−74.07 MPa (C)
A BD 1m 2
900 mm ×( )
1000 mm

Problem 2
The bar ABCD in the figure consists of three cylindrical steel segments with different
lengths and cross-sectional areas. Axial loads are applied as shown. Calculate the
normal stress in each segment.

Figure:

Free Body Diagrams:

Axial Force Diagram: (Tension Assumed Positive)

SOLUTION:

PAB 4000 lb
GAB = = = 3330 psi (T)
AAB 1.2 in2

PBC 5000 lb
ABC 1.8 in2
GBC = = = 2780 psi (C)

GCD = PCD = 7000 lb2 = 4380 psi (C)

ACD 1.6 in

Problem:

Figure (a) shows a two-member truss supporting a block of weight W. The cross-
sectional areas of the members are 800 mm2 for AB and 400 mm2 for AC. Determine
the maximum safe value of W if the working stresses are 110 MPa for AB and 120 MPa
for AC.

Figure (a)

Free-Body Diagram:

For equilibrium conditions:

∑ F x =0+ →¿ P AC cos 60°−P AB cos 40 °=0 ¿

∑ F y =0+ ↑ P AC sin 60° + P AB 40 ° −W =0
Solving for P AC and P ABsimultaneously
P AB=0.5077W

P AC =0.7779 W

Design for normal stresses in Bar AB:

P AB 0.5077 W ( 110 ) ( 1000 kN / m2 ) ( 800 )

σ AB = ; 110 MPa= ; W=
A AB 800 mm2 0.5077

1 m2

W=
[
( 110 )( 1000 ) ( kN /m 2 ) 800 mm2 x
( 1000 mm )2 ]
0.5077

W =173.3 kN ❑ ( 1 )
❑
Design for normal stress on Bar AC

P AC 0.7779 W ( 120 ) ( 1000 kN /m2 ) ( 400 )

σ AC = ; 120 MPa= ; W=
A AC 400 mm2 0.7779
2
1m

W=
[
( 120 )( 1000 ) ( kN /m2 ) 400 mm2 x ( 1000 mm )]
0.7779

W =61.7 kN ❑ ( 2 )
❑
The maximum safe value of W is the smaller value, W =61.7 kN

Assignment:

Submit at least 3 problems in axial load, normal stresses with figures and
solutions.