Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (2017) 1226–1230

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Original article

Comparative nutritional value and antimicrobial activities between

three Euphorbia species growing in Saudi Arabia
Amani S. Awaad a,⇑, Monerah R. Alothman b, Yara M. Zain c, Ghada M. Zain c, Saleh I. Alqasoumi d,
Dina A. Hassan e
a
Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
b
Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
c
MPharm Dept., Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
d
Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
e
Pharmacology Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul-Aziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Plants are excellent sources of nutrition and highly bioactive substances that might use in the develop-
Received 2 August 2017 ment of new drugs and pharmaceutical agents. Three species of the Genus Euphorbia (Family
Accepted 19 September 2017 Euphorpiaceae), namely; Euphorbia granulata Forssk, Euphorbia helioscobia L., and Euphorbia hirta Linn
Available online 20 September 2017
growing in Ryiadh, KSA were air-dried, powdered, and their active materials were extracted with alcohol.
The nutritional value phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the plants were deter-
Keywords: mined. The chemical contents were similar in the three species; however, lipid profile of the plants
Herbal therapies
showed that the stearic acid and lignoceric acid were detected only in E. helioscopia and E. hirta, while
Natural products
Euphorbia sp.
palmitoleic acid was detected only in E. hirta. The percentage of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters were
Steroidal compounds 52.48%, 69.39% and 66.52% in Euphorbia granulate, Euphorbia helioscobia, E. hirta, respectively. Three com-
Biological activity pounds, 1-ethoxypentacosane, heptacosan-1-ol and b-sitosterol were isolated from the three plant
Amino acids extracts and identified using different spectroscopic analysis. The percentage of crude protein was
Fatty acids 43.65%, 25.00% and 18.75% in E. granulata, E. helioscobia, and E. hirta, respectively. The free amino acids
and amino acid composition were quantitatively determined using amino acid analyzer. All the plant
extracts were active against bacterial and fungal test organisms, however, the antimicrobial activity were
varied according to both the Euphorbia species and the test organism.
Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an
open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction oped countries, with these natural products being available in drug
stores, food stores and supermarkets as well. Interestingly, almost
Nowadays, the use of herbal medicines and phytonutrients and/ 80% of the world’s populations (4 billion) which are living in the
or nutraceuticals continues significantly to expand quickly around developing world rely on natural products as a primary source of
the world with many people now turning to these natural products healthcare and traditional medical practice (Mukherjee, 2002;
for treatment of various health challenges in different national Bodeker et al., 2005).
healthcare settings (WHO, 2004). Recently, there was a tremen- Genus Euphorbia is important in herbal remedy due to its vari-
dous surge in interest in herbal therapies in developing and devel- ous phytochemical constituents as phenolic compounds (Duarte
et al., 2008; Mueller and Pohl, 1970), terpenoids (Liu et al., 2002;
Cao et al., 1992), tannins (Giordani et al., 2001; Yashida et al.,
⇑ Corresponding author at: College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz 1994), and alkaloids, cyanogenic glycosides, flavonoids, and lipids
University, Al-Kharj. KSA. P.O. Box 173, Alkharj 11942, Saudi Arabia. (Uzair et al., 2009). Moreover, it is used for treatment of variable
E-mail address: [email protected] (A.S. Awaad). health problems including spasmolytic (Bondarenko, 1972), diure-
Peer review under responsibility of King Saud University. tic (Liu et al., 2002), increase capillary strength (Bondarenko,
1972), antileukemic (Kupchan, 1976), anti-inflammatory and anal-
gesic (Heirmann and Bucar, 1994; Singh et al., 1984). The extract of
Euphorbia stenoclada was proved to have positive effect on human
Production and hosting by Elsevier airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) (Chaabi et al., 2007). While

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.09.007
1319-0164/Ó 2017 The Authors. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
 A.S. Awaad et al. / Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (2017) 1226–1230 1227

the extract of Euphorbia esula showed a mild antiviral activity respectively) were kept for further investigation. The aqueous layer
(Halowish et al., 2003). which have been filtered off to give the polar components
The extract of different species of Euporbia; E. wallichii, E. (P1–P3) were separately dried by lyophilization. The obtained
neoboutonia mannii, E. fusiformis, granulate, helioscopia and E. hirta dry residues were kept for determinations of its nutritional values.
are biologically active and used in treatment of fever and intestinal
disorders and wound, bacterial and fungal infections (Ali et al., 2.3.1. Lipid contents
2009; Uzair et al., 2009; Ramezani et al., 2008; Tene et al., 2008). Lipid contents of the three plants (A1–A3) were separately
The current study was carried out to determine the phytochemical saponified using the method described by Mathew et al.
constituents and antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer activi- (2007) to obtain the saponifiable (S1–S3) and unsaponifiable
ties of Euphorbia granulata, Euphorbia helioscobia and Euphorbia (US1–US3) fractions (Percentages are recorded in Table 1).
hirta.
2.3.1.1. The saponifiable fractions (S1–S3). The saponifiable fractions
(S1–S3) were subjected to GLC (after methylation) to determine
2. Material and methods
their fatty acids content according to the method described by
Fakhry and Maghraby (2013). Results are represented in Table 2.
2.1. Plant materials

2.3.1.2. Unsaponifiable fractions (US1–US3). Unsaponifiable frac-

The aerial parts of; Euphorbia granulata Forssk, Euphorbia
tions (US1–US3) were applied simultaneously on top of 3 glass col-
helioscobia L., and Euphorbia hirta Linn were collected from terri-
umn (120  2 cm) packed with silica gel (120 g) and eluted using
tory desert of Riyadh, KSA in 2016. The plant samples were identi-
hexane: ethyl acetate (95:5). Eighty fractions were collected
fied by Dr. Jacob T. Pandalayil (Assistant Professor of Plant
(40 ml. each) all similar fractions (according to color, number and
Taxonomy, Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of
Rf of spots), from each column, were collected and combined
science, King Saud University) and also compared with the pub-
together. In the end, three subfractions were obtained and used
lished plant description (Migahid, 1996). A voucher specimen has
for isolation of three compounds (T1–T3) by purifications and
been deposited in the herbarium of Faculty of Sciences, King Saud
recrystallization from methanol. The isolated compounds were
University. The plant materials were air-dried in shade, reduced to
identified and screened for their antimicrobial activity (Results
fine powder, packed in tightly closed containers and stored for
are recorded in Table 3).
phytochemical and biological studies.
2.3.1.2.1. T1: 1-ethoxypentacosane. White crystals (198.7 mg)
with Rf = 0.45 (in system Benzene: ethyl acetate 86/14 v/v). 1HNMR
2.2. Phytochemical screening (CDCl3) showed signals at d; 3.62 ppm (2H q, J = 4.98, H-26) its
position indicate that its CH3 occurs next to Oxygen atom; d
The air-dried powder of the E. granulata Forssk, E. helioscobia L., 1.55 ppm (3H t, J = 5.34, H-27); multiple d 1.27 ppm (48H, m,
and E. hirta Linn were subjected to screening for their phytochem- (CH2)24H-1 ? 24); d 0.86 ppm (3H t, J = 6.48, H-25) for the terminal
ical constituents according to the method described by Khan et al. CH3 group. 13C-NMR (CDCl3) showed 27 carbons 14 carbons of
(2011). them were similar. HMQC, DEPT-135 and HMQC confirmed the
structure in addition to comparing with published data (Awaad
2.3. Extraction and isolation et al., 2013).
2.3.1.2.2. T2: Heptacosan-1-ol. White crystals (700 mg) with Rf
The air-dried powder of E. granulata, E. helioscobia and E. hirta 0.33 (in system Benzene: ethyl acetate 86/14 v/v). 1HNMR (CDCl3)
was extracted according to the method described by Awaad et al. showed signals at d: 3.62 ppm (2H q, J = 5.52, H-2) this proton near
(2016). One-hundred grams of the plant powder was extracted to AOH group, quintet d 1.55 ppm (2H q, J = 7.38, H-3) this proton
by percolation in 95% ethanol at room temperature for two days. between two CH2, multiplet d 1.28 ppm (48H m, (CH2) 24 H-3 ?
The extract was then filtered and the residue was re-percolated 26), and triplet at d 0.86 ppm (3H t, J = 7.08, H-28). 13C-NMR
for another two days. The re-percolation process was repeated four (CDCl3) showed 13 carbons 9 of them were similar. HMQC, DEPT-
times during 8 days. The combined filtrates of each plant were con- 135 and HMQC confirmed the structure in addition to comparing
centrated under reduced pressure at low temperature. The with published data (Awaad et al., 2013).
obtained residue (20, 22 and 17 g for E. granulata, E. helioscobia 2.3.1.2.3. T3: b-sitosterol. Whitish crystal residue (300 mg) with
and E. hirta, respectively) was suspended in 100 ml distilled water Rf 0.45 (in system Benzene: ethyl acetate 86/14 v/v). 1HNMR
and then filtered. The un-dissolved pellets (9, 8 and 6 g; lipid (CDCl3) showed signals at d d 5.34 ppm (1H d, J = H-7) this proton
contents (A1–A3) of E. granulata, E. helioscobia and E. hirta, double bound, singlet at d 3.51 ppm (1H, s, AOH), at d 2.26 ppm

Table 1
GLC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscopia and E. hirta.

Peak No. tR tRR Authentic methyl ester of No of carbons E. granulata E. helioscopia E. hirta
1 11.76 00.81 Myristic acid 14 01.61 03.43 03.18
2 14.18 00.97 Palmitoleic acid 16.1 00.00 00.00 00.18
3 14.59 01.00 Palmitic acid 16 50.45 60.72 57.92
4 16.22 01.11 Heptadecanoic acid 17 04.75 06.11 10.59
5 17.62 01.21 Oleic acid 18.1 36.88 18.87 13.49
6 18.02 01.22 Stearic acid 18 00.00 03.19 04.77
7 19.16 01.31 Linoleic acid 18.2 05.99 05.63 09.23
8 21.52 01.47 Arachidic acid 20 00.42 01.00 00.28
9 25.27 01.73 Lignoceric acid 24 00.00 01.05 00.37
Unsaturated fatty acids 52.48 69.39 66.52
Saturated fatty acids 47.62 30.61 33.49
Total 100% 100% 100%

tR; Retention time, tRR is relative retention time to Palmitic acid.

1228 A.S. Awaad et al. / Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (2017) 1226–1230

Table 2
The free, protein- hydrolysate and total amino acids of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscopia and E. hirta.

No tR Amino acid Percentage of amino acid (mg/g)

E. granulata E. helioscopia E. hirta
Free Protein hydolysate Total Free Protein hydolysate Total Free Protein hydolysate Total
1 11.53 Aspartic 04.70 10.48 18.18 04.50 11.19 13.69 01.25 13.84 15.09
2 14.85 Therionine 03.89 09.12 12.01 02.54 06.45 08.99 01.67 07.44 09.11
3 16.26 Serine 01.55 06.99 08.54 01.03 03.05 04.08 02.31 00.68 05.31
4 18.47 Glutamic acid 02.67 03.81 06.48 02.20 08.69 10.89 05.40 04.06 09.46
5 25.54 Glycine 01.66 04.55 06.20 01.15 05.43 06.58 02.63 06.18 08.81
6 26.87 Alanine 03.01 01.40 04.41 00.50 01.59 02.09 01.52 03.14 04.64
7 30.22 Valine 00.41 00.50 00.91 00.10 00.09 00.19 01.20 04.06 05.26
8 32.57 Methionine 02.30 03.32 05.62 02.20 07.12 09.32 01.04 00.11 00.15
9 34.20 Isoleucine 02.96 06.01 08.90 00.91 04.03 04.94 01.20 04.05 04.25
10 35.44 Leucine 03.45 07.13 10.50 00.44 05.01 05.45 03.20 01.60 04.83
11 39.70 Tyrosine 01.54 01.73 03.27 01.50 05.16 06.66 01.00 00.91 01.91
12 42.40 Phenyl alanine 00.95 00.76 01.71 02.02 02.82 04.84 02.03 05.02 07.05
13 50.57 Histidine 00.90 02.03 02.93 04.08 05.03 09.21 02.18 04.22 06.40
14 54.19 Lysine 01.77 01.04 02.81 02.00 01.02 03.02 02.30 05.12 07.52
15 63.02 Argenine 04.79 02.82 07.61 03.03 07.02 10.05 2.00 06.01 08.01
Total% 100.00 100 99.9

tR; Retention time.

Table 3
Antimicrobial activities of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscopia and E. hirta.

Sample
Microorganism Diameter of the inhibition zone (mm)
E. granulata E. helioscopia E. hirta T1 T2 T3 Standard
Gram negative bacteria: Gentamycin
Proteous vulgaris (RCMB 010085) 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 20.3 ± 0.30
Klebsiella pneumoniae (RCMB 0010093) 18.9 ± 0.44 16.7 ± 0.35 24.4 ± 0.19 18.3 ± 0.44 23.7 ± 0.58 00.0 26.3 ± 0.15
Escherichia coli (RCMB 010056) 14.2 ± 0.35 13.5 ± 0.58 21.4 ± 0.35 15.8 ± 0.58 18.9 ± 0.39 00.0 25.3 ± 0.18
Gram positive bacteria: Ampicillin
Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB 010027) 20.3 ± 0.35 16.8 ± 0.19 23.8 ± 0.25 18.2 ± 0.44 22.4 ± 0.44 00.0 28.9 ± 0.14
Staphylococcus epidermidis (RCMB 010024) 21.1 ± 0.44 18.9 ± 0.25 21.2 ± 0.19 16.5 ± 0.35 20.8 ± 0.19 00.0 25.4 ± 0.18
Streptococcus pyogenes (RCMB 010015) 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 00.0 26.4 ± 0.34
Fungi Amphotericin B
Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB 02564) 18.4 ± 0.58 15.9 ± 0.58 19.8 ± 0.25 15.3 ± 0.25 18.2 ± 0.44 00.0 23.7 ± 0.10
Candida albicans (RCMB 05035) 16.8 ± 0.63 12.9 ± 0.25 18.9 ± 0.25 12.7 ± 0.39 15.4 ± 0.58 00.0 21.9 ± 0.12
Candida tropicalis (RCMB 05042) 15.4 ± 0.25 13.4 ± 0.35 19.8 ± 0.58 13.6 ± 0.63 18.6 ± 0.44 00.0 25.4 ± 0.16
Geotricum candidum (RCMB 05096) 19.8 ± 0.25 17.6 ± 0.25 21.6 ± 0.58 16.7 ± 0.58 20.4 ± 0.44 00.0 26.4 ± 0.20
Microsporum canis (RCMB 0834) 17.5 ± 0.58 13.6 ± 0.44 22.6 ± 0.19 14.5 ± 0.19 20.4 ± 0.58 00.0 22.2 ± 0.34
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (RCMB 0925) 19.2 ± 0.44 15.8 ± 0.35 16.8 ± 0.44 13.9 ± 0.25 15.7 ± 0.19 00.0 24.1 ± 0.18

(2H q, J = H-3) nearest from AOH, triplet at d 1.98 ppm (2H,t,J = H-5 pneumonia (RCMB 0010093), and Proteus vulgaris (RCMB 010085),
& H-8), at d 1.83 ppm (3H, t, H-28), sextet at 1.63 ppm (1H,s, H-18), Gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epi-
singlet at 1.57 ppm (8H, s, H-1, H-2, H-15 & H-16), at 1.33 ppm dermidis (RCMB 010027) and Stroptococcus byogenes (RCMB
(5H, m, H-9, H-11, & H-12), multiplet at 1.14 ppm (6H, m, H-4, 010015); and six fungal strains fungal strains including Aspergillus
24, 21, 17, & 22), at 1.12 ppm (6H, d, H-29 & H-30), at 0.91 ppm fumigatus (RCMB 02564), Candida albicans (RCMB 05035), C. tropi-
(4H d, J = H-19 & H-20), singlet at 0.81 ppm (9H, s, H-24, H-25 & calis (RCMB 05042), Geotricum candidum (RCMB 05096), Microspo-
H-26), singlet at 0.66 ppm (3H, s, H-23). 13C-NMR (CDCl3) showed rum canis (RCMB 0834) and Trichophyton mentagrophytes (RCMB
30 carbons. HMQC, DEPT-135 and HMQC confirmed the structure 0925) were used. The test organisms were obtained from the
in addition to comparing with published data (Awaad et al., 2013). Microbiology Laboratory, Regional Center for Mycology and
Biotechnology, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
2.3.2. Polar components (P1–P3)
Polar components (P1–P3) including proteins, carbohydrates,
3.2. Antimicrobial activity assay
phenols, flavonoids and tannins of the three plants were deter-
mined using the procedures published by Bhumi and
The antimicrobial activity, for ethanolic extract and the isolated
Savithramma (2014).
compounds, of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscobia and E. hirta was
determined using the well diffusion method according to National
3. Antimicrobial activities Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (Zain et al.,
2012). Petri plates containing 20 ml of, nutrient (for bacteria) or
3.1. Test organisms malt extract (for fungi), agar medium were seeded with 1–3 day
cultures of microbial inoculums. Wells (6 mm in diameter) were
Different microorganisms including six bacterial strains; cut off from agar and 50 ml of plant extracts were tested in a con-
Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (RCMB 010056), Klebsiella centration of 100 mg/ml and incubated at 37 °C for 24–48 h
 A.S. Awaad et al. / Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (2017) 1226–1230 1229

(bacterial strains) and at 25 °C for 3–5 days (fungal strains). The 4.2. Lipid contents
antimicrobial activity was determined by measurement of the
diameter of the inhibition zone around the well. 4.2.1. The saponifiable fractions isolated compounds
The saponifiable fractions of E. granulate, E. helioscobia, and E.
hirta (S1–S3) were analyzed using GLC for the methyl esters
3.3. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) derivatives of the fatty acids. The major fatty acids were palmitic
acid (50.45%, 60.72% and 57.92%) and oleic acid (36.88%, 18.87%
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined and 13.49%) for E. granulata, E. helioscopia, and E. hirta, respectively
by micro-dilution method using serially diluted (2 folds) plant (Table 1). On the other hand, the lowest fatty acid percentage was
extracts and the isolated compounds according to the National arachidic acid (0.42%, 1.00% and 0.28%) for E. granulata, E. helio-
Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) (Zain et al., scopia and E. hirta, respectively. Interestingly, stearic acid and lig-
2012). The MIC of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscobia and E. hirta noceric acid were present only in E. helioscopia and E. hirta, while
extracts and isolated compounds were determined by dilution of palmitoleic acid was detected only in E. hirta (Table 1).
concentrations from 0.0 to 100 mg/ml. Equal volume of each The percentage of unsaturated fatty acids methyl esters (52.48,
extract and nutrient broth were mixed in a test tube. Specifically, 69.39 and 66.52) is remarkable compared to that of saturated fatty
0.1 ml of standardized inoculum (1–2  107 cfu/ml) was added in acids methyl esters (47.62, 30.61 and 33.49) in E. granulate,
each tube. The tubes were incubated at 25 °C and 37 °C for 24– E. helioscobia, and E. hirta, respectively. The amount of unsaturated
48 h and/or 3–5 days. Two control tubes, containing the growth fractions is between 1.00% and 60.72%, while that of saturated is
medium, saline and the inoculum were maintained for each test between 36.88% and 0.18%.
batch. The lowest concentration (highest dilution) of the extract
that produced no visible microbial growth (no turbidity) when
compared with the control tubes were regarded as MIC. 4.2.2. The unsaponifiable fractions isolated compounds
Three compounds (Fig. 1) were isolated from each plant under
investigation and identified as; (T1: 1-ethoxypentacosane, T2:
4. Results and discussion heptacosan-1-ol and T3: b-sitosterol). Identifications were carried
out using different spectroscopic analysis and compare with pub-
4.1. The primary phytochemical lished data (Awaad et al., 2013).

The primary phytochemical screening showed that the

E. granulata, E. helioscopia and E. hirta were similar in their chemical 4.3. Polar components (P1–P3)
contents, particularly, carbohydrates and/or glycosides, flavonoids,
tannins, sterols and/or triterpenes, and proteins and/or amino 4.3.1. Protein content
acids, traces of anthraquinones. On the other hand, alkaloids and/ The percentage of crude protein, as determined by the A.O.A.C
or nitrogenous bases, cardinolides, saponins, anthraquinones and method, was found to be 43.65, 25.00 and 18.75% for E. granulata,
oxidase enzyme were absent. E. helioscobia, and E. hirta respectively. The free amino acids and

HO
HO

(T1). 1-Ethoxypentacosane (T2). Heptacosan-1-ol (T3). β-Sitosterol

Fig. 1. The isolated compounds from E. granulata, E. helioscopia, and E. hirta.

Table 4
The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Euphorbia granulata, E. helioscopia and E. hirta.

Sample
Microorganism MIC lg/ml
E. granulata E. helioscopia E. hirta T1 T2 Standard
Gram negative bacteria: Gentamycin
Klebsiella pneumoniae (RCMB 0010093) 15.62 ± 00.23 62.50 ± 00.11 03.90 ± 00.41 15.62 ± 00.43 03.90 ± 0.07 00.97 ± 00.23
Escherichia coli (RCMB 010056) 62.50 ± 00.12 250.00 ± 00.15 15.62 ± 00.43 62.50 ± 00.23 15.62 ± 00.11 00.06 ± 00.11
Gram positive bacteria: Ampicillin
Staphylococcus aureus (RCMB 010027) 03.90 ± 00.33 15.62 ± 0.22 01.95 ± 00.35 03.90 ± 00.19 01.95 ± 00.44 00.06 ± 00.12
Staphylococcus epidermidis (RCMB 010024) 03.90 ± 00.09 07.80 ± 00.25 03.90 ± 00.22 07.80 ± 00.11 03.90 ± 00.18 00.24 ± 00.32
Fungi Amphotericin B
Aspergillus fumigatus (RCMB 02564) 07.80 ± 00.24 07.80 ± 00.09 03.90 ± 00.31 15.62 ± 00.13 03.90 ± 00.44 00.24 ± 00.12
Candida albicans (RCMB 05035) 125.00 ± 00.25 250.00 ± 00.58 31.25 ± 00.24 250.00 ± 00.39 125.00 ± 00.16 03.9 ± 00.54
Candida tropicalis (RCMB 05042) 500.00 ± 00.25 500.00 ± 00.35 31.25 ± 00.58 500.00 ± 00.63 31.25 ± 00.44 00.97 ± 00.29
Geotricum candidum (RCMB 05096) 03.90 ± 00.37 07.80 ± 00.35 03.90 ± 00.06 15.62 ± 00.22 03.90 ± 00.23 01.95 ± 00.19
Microsporum canis (RCMB 0834) 15.62 ± 00.58 500.00 ± 00.44 01.95 ± 00.19 125.00 ± 00.19 03.90 ± 00.58 01.95 ± 00.59
Trichophyton mentagrophytes (RCMB 0925) 03.90 ± 00.34 07.8 ± 0.35 07.8 ± 0.44 31.25 ± 0.25 07.80 ± 00.19 01.95 ± 00.23
1230 A.S. Awaad et al. / Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal 25 (2017) 1226–1230

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