Engineering Mathematics
Volume II
Madhumangal Pal
Professor
Department of Applied Mathematics
Vidyasagar University
Midnapore, West Bengal
Anita Pal
Assistant Professor
Department of Mathematics
National Institute of Technology
Durgapur, West Bengal
New Delhi-110001
2011
ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS, Volume II
Madhumangal Pal and Anita Pal
© 2011 by PHI Learning Private Limited, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this book may
be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other means, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
ISBN-978-81-203-3967-5
The export rights of this book are vested solely with the publisher.
Published by Asoke K. Ghosh, PHI Learning Private Limited, M-97, Connaught Circus,
New Delhi-110001 and Printed by Baba Barkha Nath Printers, Bahadurgarh, Haryana-124507.
Contents
Preface ...................................................................................................................... ix
1. Basic Concepts of Differential Equations ..................................................... 1–14
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Definition and Terminology 1
1.3 Solution of Differential Equation 3
1.4 Initial-value and Boundary-value Problems 3
1.5 Formation of Differential Equation 4
1.5.1 Differential Equation of a Family of Curves 4
1.5.2 Physical Origins of Differential Equations 8
Exercises 10
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 10
Section B Review Questions 11
2. Differential Equations of First Order ........................................................ 15–42
2.1 Introduction 15
2.2 Equations of First Order and of First Degree 15
2.3 Linear Equations 16
2.3.1 Bernoullis Equation 19
2.3.2 Equations Reducible to Linear Form 20
2.3.3 Applications of First Order Linear Equations 22
2.4 Exact Differential Equations 24
2.4.1 Equations Reducible to Exact Form 27
Exercises 35
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 35
Section B Review Questions 36
3. Differential Equations of First Order and Higher Degree ........................ 43–56
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Equations Solvable for p 43
3.3 Equations Solvable for y 45
3.4 Equations Solvable for x 47
3.5 Clairauts Equation 48
Exercises 53
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 53
Section B Review Questions 54
iii
iv Contents
4. Linear Differential Equations of Second and Higher Order ................... 57–100
4.1 Introduction 57
4.2 Complementary Function 59
4.3 Particular Integral (P.I.) 62
4.3.1 Rules for Finding Particular Integral 63
4.4 Additional Worked-Out Examples 68
4.5 CauchyEuler and Legendre Differential Equations 76
4.5.1 CauchyEuler Equations 76
4.5.2 Legendre Equations 80
4.6 Method of Variation of Parameters 82
Exercises 90
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 90
Section B Review Questions 92
5. Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations with
Constant Coefficients ................................................................................ 101–113
5.1 Introduction 101
5.2 Solution of First Order Simultaneous Equations 101
5.3 Solution of Second Order Simultaneous Equations 107
5.4 Using Eigenvalues 109
Exercises 112
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 112
Section B Review Questions 112
6. Graphs ...................................................................................................... 114–142
6.1 Introduction 114
6.2 Basic Definitions 114
6.3 Directed and Undirected Graphs 115
6.4 Degree of a Vertex 116
6.5 Some Special Graphs 122
6.5.1 Complete Graph 122
6.5.2 Bipartite Graphs 122
6.5.3 Paths and Cycles 123
6.5.4 Wheels 124
6.5.5 Cube 124
6.6 Isomorphism 124
6.7 Subgraph 127
6.8 Operations on Graphs 129
6.8.1 Union 130
6.8.2 Intersection 130
6.8.3 Ring Sum 130
6.8.4 Decomposition 130
6.8.5 Fusion 130
6.8.6 Complement 131
Contents v
6.9 Additional Worked-Out Examples 133
Exercises 137
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 137
Section B Review Questions 139
7. Paths, Circuits and Connectivity of Graphs .......................................... 143–177
7.1 Introduction 143
7.2 Walks, Paths and Circuits 143
7.3 Connected and Disconnected Graphs 145
7.4 Rank and Nullity 149
7.5 Euler Graphs 150
7.6 Hamiltonian Graphs 154
7.6.1 Applications of Hamiltonian Circuit 159
7.7 Radius and Centre of Graph 159
7.8 Cuts and Connectivity 160
7.9 Worked-Out Examples 167
Exercises 169
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 169
Section B Review Questions 172
8. Trees .........................................................................................................178–210
8.1 Introduction 178
8.2 Definition of Tress 178
8.3 Properties of Trees 179
8.4 Pendent Vertices in a Tree 182
8.5 Centre of a Tree 182
8.6 An Application of Tree 184
8.7 Binary Trees 185
8.8 Complete Binary Tree 186
8.8.1 An Application of Binary Tree 187
8.9 Spanning Trees 188
8.10 Fundamental Circuits 190
8.11 Generation of all Spanning Trees 191
8.12 Labelled Trees 195
8.13 Connectivity of Trees 195
8.14 Additional Worked-Out Examples 196
Exercises 201
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 201
Section B Review Questions 206
9. Matrix Representation of Graph ............................................................. 211–229
9.1 Introduction 211
9.2 Adjacent Matrix 211
9.2.1 Adjacent Matrix for a Multigraph 213
9.2.2 Adjacent Matrix for a Digraph 213
9.2.3 Adjacent Matrix for a Weighted Graph 214
vi Contents
9.3 Incidence Matrix 220
9.3.1 Incidence Matrix for Directed Graph 220
Exercises 224
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 224
Section B Review Questions 226
10. Graph Theoretic Algorithms ...................................................................230–265
10.1 Introduction 230
10.2 Graph Searching 230
10.2.1 Breadth First Search 230
10.2.2 Properties of BFS Tree 232
10.2.3 Depth First Search 235
10.3 Shortest Path Problem 239
10.3.1 BFS Algorithm to Find Shortest Path between Two Vertices 239
10.3.2 Dijkstra Algorithm 241
10.4 Minimum Spanning Tree 250
10.4.1 Kruskal Algorithm 251
10.4.2 Prims Algorithm 253
Exercises 257
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 257
Section B Review Questions 259
11. Laplace Transforms .................................................................................. 266–296
11.1 Introduction 266
11.2 Definition 266
11.3 Sufficient Conditions for Existence of Laplace Transform 266
11.4 Transformations of Elementary Functions 268
11.5 Properties of Laplace Transforms 270
11.5.1 Linear Property 270
11.5.2 Shifting Property 270
11.5.3 Change of Scale Property 272
11.5.4 Multiplication by Powers of t 272
11.5.5 Division by t 274
11.6 Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions 275
11.7 Laplace Transforms of Derivatives 276
11.8 Laplace Transform of Integral 277
11.9 Evaluation of Integrals by Laplace Transforms 278
11.10 Laplace Transforms of Bessels Functions 279
11.11 Unit Step Function and Its Laplace Transformation 280
11.12 Additional Worked-Out Examples 283
Exercises 286
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 286
Section B Review Questions 288
12. Inverse Laplace Transforms .....................................................................297–322
12.1 Introduction 297
12.2 Definition and Some Standard Results 297
Contents vii
12.3 Properties of Inverse Laplace Transform 298
12.3.1 Linear Property 298
12.3.2 Shifting Property 299
12.3.3 Change of Scale Property 300
12.4 On Derivatives 300
12.5 Multiplication by sn 301
12.6 Division by s 302
12.7 Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals 303
12.8 Convolution Theorem 303
12.9 Method of Partial Fractions 307
12.10 Additional Worked-Out Examples 310
Exercises 313
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 313
Section B Review Questions 316
13. Solution of ODEs Using Laplace Transform ........................................... 323–335
13.1 Introduction 323
13.2 Solution of Differential Equation 323
13.3 Solution of Simultaneous Linear Differential Equations
with Constant Coefficients 329
Exercises 331
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 331
Section B Review Questions 332
14. Improper Integral, Gamma and Beta Functions .................................... 336–382
14.1 First Type Improper Integrals 336
14.2 Second Type Improper Integrals 340
14.3 Test for First Type Improper Integrals 343
14.3.1 A Standard Integral 344
14.3.2 Absolute and Conditional Convergent 347
14.4 Test for Second Type Improper Integrals 348
14.4.1 A Standard Integral 348
14.4.2 Absolute Convergent 351
14.5 Gamma Function 352
14.6 Beta Function 353
14.7 Additional Worked-Out Examples 361
Exercises 375
Section A Multiple Choice Questions 375
Section B Review Questions 378
Bibliography ................................................................................... 383–384
University Question Papers ........................................................... 385–417
Index ............................................................................................. 419 –421
Preface
This Volume II of Engineering Mathematics is a companion volume to our Volume I of
Engineering Mathematics published in 2009 for the first-year, first-semester [Link]/B.E.
students of all disciplines of engineering. The Volume II in continuation is designed for
the first-year, second-semester [Link]/B.E. students. Whereas the Volume I covers the
topics in differential and integral calculus, vector algebra and three-dimensional
geometry, the Volume II presents the theory of ordinary differential equations, graph
theory, Laplace transform and improper integrals. Engineering Mathematics does not
differ much from traditional mathematics. Traditional mathematics puts more emphasis
on concepts and techniques, whereas engineering mathematics gives added importance
to methods needed for the solution of problems encountered in engineering profession.
This textbook is written according to the syllabus (M 201) of the West Bengal
University of Technology (WBUT) covering the latest revisions promulgated in the
syllabus effective from the academic year 20102011.
The book is so written that it is self-contained for independent study as well. The
theorems and problems have been stated carefully and whenever possible complete
proofs of the theorems have been given. A large number of worked-out examples are
provided in all the chapters. Numerous chapter-end exercises (multiple choice questions
and review questions) extracted from the question papers of the West Bengal University
of Technology and also compiled from our own classroom lectures, have been properly
graded and supplied with answers.
Despite our best endeavours, some errors might have inadvertently crept into the
book. We hope to rectify them in the later reprints of the book through the kind
cooperation of our readers.
It is earnestly hoped that the book will be patronized by the students and teachers
alike. Comments and suggestion for improvement of the book will be gratefully accepted
and acknowledged.
We wish to profusely thank our publisher, PHI Learning, for their great care in
bringing out this book.
Madhumangal Pal
mmpalvu@[Link]
Anita Pal
[Link]@[Link]
ix
Chapter 1
Basic Concepts of Differential
Equations
1.1 Introduction
The differential equation is one of the most important entities in the study of applied sciences.
It occurs in different disciplines of engineering as well as in most areas of science. Studies of
differential equations by pure and applied mathematicians, theoretical and applied physicists,
chemists, engineers and other scientists have established that there are certain definite methods
by which many of the differential equations can be solved. Many interesting methods have been
developed so for, however, there remain many unsolved equations, some of which are of great
importance. Here some methods are discussed to solve some particular types of differential
equations.
1.2 Definition and Terminology
Definition 1.2.1 (Differential equation). An equation containing independent and depen-
dent variables and the derivatives or differentials of one or more dependent variables with
respect to one or more independent variables is called a differential equation.
The following are some examples of differential equation:
d2 x
m = −kx (1.1)
dt2
dy k
5y = x + dy (1.2)
dx
√ dx( )
2
d y W dy 2
2
= 1+ (1.3)
dx H dx
′ 2 32
[1 + (y ) ]
r= (1.4)
y ′′
∂2u ∂2u ∂2u
+ 2 + 2 =0 (1.5)
∂x2 ∂y ∂z
2 2
∂ y ∂ y
= c2 2 (1.6)
∂t2 ∂x
1
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