EED2003 Digital Design

Presentation 1:
Digital Computers and
Number Systems

Asst. Prof.Dr. Ahmet ÖZKURT

Asst. Prof.Dr Hakkı T. YALAZAN

Based on the notes ofJaeyoung Choi, [email protected] fall 2000

1.1 Digital Computers

Digital Computers
 ‘information age’

a prominent and growing role in modern society

 'generality'

follow a sequence of instruction, called a program,
that operates on given data

perform a variety of information-processing tasks

Digital computer
 the best-known example of a digital system
 manipulate discrete elements of information
(ex) 10 decimal digits, 26 letters of the alphabets, ....
1.1 Digital Computers

Signals
 electrical signals such as voltages and currents
 two discrete values

High (output) 4.5~5.5 (input) 3.0~5.5

Low (output) -0.5~1.0 (input) -0.5~2.0
 High & Low (H & L), True & False, 1 & 0

Binary Number System

 a binary digit is called a bit
 information is represented in group of bits
 use various coding techniques
1.1 Digital Computers

Computer Structure
1.1 Digital Computers

Basic Structure
 memory unit: stores programs, input, output, data
 ALU Unit (Arithmetic Logic Unit): performs arithmetic and other
dataprocessing operations, as specified by the program
 control unit: supervises the flow of information between units
(CPU = control unit + data path)
 input device: key board
 output device: CRT, LCD

More
 FPU (floating-point unit)
 MMU (memory management unit)
(Memory: MMU + internal cache + external cache + RAM)
Combinational Logic

logic circuits for digital systems: combinational vs sequential

Combinational Circuit
 outputs are determined by the present applied inputs
 performs an operation, which can be specified logically
by a set of Boolean expressions

Combinational
Circuit
1.2 Number Systems

decimal number (base 10 or radix 10)
 724.5 = 7 x 102 + 2 x 101 + 4 x 100 + 5 x 10-1
 In general,

AnAn-1....A1A0.A-1A-2....A-m+1A-m

Each Ai coefficient is (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

base r or radix r
 expressed with a power series in r
An rn + An-1 rn-1 + .... + A1 r1 + A0 r0 + A-1 r-1 + A-2 r-2 + .…
+ A-m+1 r-m+1 + A-m r-m
 expresses in positional notation

AnAn-1....A1A0.A-1A-2....A-m+1A-m

 . is called radix point

 1.2 Number Systems
 An is the most significant digit (msd)
 A-m is the least significant digit (lsd)
 enclose coefficients in parentheses and place a
subscript
(312.4)5 = 3 x 52 + 1 x 51 + 2 x 50 + 4 x 5-1
= 75 + 5 + 2 + 0.8 = (82.8)10
 in computer work, binary, octal, and hexadecimal is
popular

Binary Numbers
 base 2 with two digits: 0 & 1
(11010)2 = 1x24 + 1x23 + 0x22 + 1x21 + 1x20 = (26)10
 digits in a binary numbers are called bits
 powers of two are listed in Table 1-1.
1.2 Number Systems

Table 1-1: Powers of Two

210 = 1024 referred to as K (Kilo); 220 as M (Mega);
230 as G (Giga)
1.2 Number Systems

conversion of decimal to binary
 successively subtracts powers of two from the
decimal number
 (625)10 = ( ? )2
625 - 512 = 113 512 = 29
113 - 64 = 49 64 = 26
49 - 32 = 17 32 = 25
17 - 16 = 1 16 = 24
1- 1 = 0 1 = 20

(625)10 = 29 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 20 = (1001110001) 2
1.2 Number Systems

Octal and Hexadecimal Number
 octal number - base 8 (0, 1, ..., 6, 7)
(127.4)8 = 1x82 + 2x81 + 7x80 + 4x8-1 = (87.5 )10
hexadecimal number - base 16 (0,1,....,9,A,B,C,D,E,F)
(B65F)16 = 11x163 + 6x162 + 5x161 + 15x160 =
(46687)10
 1 octal digit = 3 binary digits
1 hexa digit = 4 binary digits
 conversion
(0010 1100 0110 1011. 1111 0000 0110)2 =
(2C6B.F06)16
(3A6.C)16 = 0011 1010 0110. 1100 =
(1110100110.11)2
1.2 Number Systems

Table 1-2 Numbers with Different Bases

1.3 Arithmetic Operations

addition, subtraction, and multiplication
 same as for decimal numbers
(Ex1.1) (59F)16 + (E46)16
(1)
59F 5 9 15
E46 14 4 6
13E5 19 14 21
1 3 E 5
(Ex1.2) (762)8 x (45)8
(Octal) (Octal) (Decimal) (Octal)
762 5x2 = 10 = 8 + 2 = 12
45 5x6+1 = 31 = 24 + 7 = 37
4672 5x7+3 = 38 = 32 + 6 = 46
3710 4x2 = 8= 8+0 = 10
43772 4x6+1 = 25 = 24 + 1 = 31
4x7+3 = 31 = 24 + 7 = 37
1.3 Arithmetic Operations

Conversion from Decimal to Other Base
(Ex1.3) (153)10 = ( ? )8
153/8 = 19 + 1/8 .... 1
19/8 = 2 + 3/8 .... 3
2/8 = 0 + 2/8 .... 2
(153)10 = (231)8

(Ex1.5) (0.6875)10 = ( ? )2
0.6875 x 2 = 1.375 .... 1
0.375 x 2 = 0.75 .... 0
0.75 x 2 = 1.5 .... 1
0.5 x 2 = 1.0 .... 1
(0.6875)10 = (0.1011)2
1.4 Decimal Codes

decimal number system (people are accustomed to)
(vs) binary number system (natural for computer)

2 ways
 convert decimal numbers to binary

perform all arithmetic calculation in binary

and then convert the binary results back to decimal

 perform the arithmetic operations with decimal numbers
when they are stored in coded form

n-bit binary code
 a group of n bits up to 2n distinct combinations of 1's &
0's
 2-bit binary code: 00, 01, 10, 11
1.4 Decimal Codes

10 decimal digits
 4-bit binary code (6 are unassigned)
 numerous different binary codes
 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
0 0000 5 0101
1 0001 6 0110
2 0010 7 0111
3 0011 8 1000
4 0100 9 1001

 (185)10
= (0001 1000 0101)BCD = (101110001)2
 BCD numbers are decimal numbers, not binary
numbers
1.4 Decimal Codes

BCD Addition

4 0100 4 0100 8 1000

+5 0101 +8 1000 +9 1001
9 1001 12 1100 17 1 0001
+0110 +0110
1 0010 1 0111

 add two BCD numbers as if two binary numbers

 if sum is greater than or equal to 1010, add 0110
1.5 Alphanumeric Codes

handle of data of numbers and letters
 set of elements include 10 digits, 26 letters, special
characters
 36 ~ 64 letters if only capital letters: need 6 bits
64 ~ 128 letters if upper/lower letters: need 7 bits

ASCII Character Code

 standard binary code is ASCII (Table 1.4)
 ASCII contain 94 graphic chars + 34 control chars

Parity Bit
 ASCII is a 7-bit code + 1 bit => 8-bit (1 byte)
\---- used for specific purpose
1.5 Alphanumeric Codes

 parity bit: total number of 1 is even (even parity)

total number of 1 is odd (odd parity)
(even parity) (odd parity)
ASCII A = 1000001 01000001 11000001
ASCII T = 1010100 11010100
01010100
- helpful in detecting errors during the transmission of
information

Unicode
 a new standard for 16-bit alphanumeric codes
 referred to as Unicode/10646
 16 bits provide 65,536 code words,

represent the symbols and ideographs of the
world's languages
 16 bits, implemented in computers by 2 bytes

little-endian vs big-endian
Complements

Complements
 2 types:

radix complement: r's complement

diminished radix complement: (r-1)'s complement

 2's & 1's for binary numbers

 10's & 9's for decimal numbers

 1's complement of N (binary number): (2n - 1) - N

1's comp of 1011001 ==> 0100110

1's comp of 0001111 ==> 1110000

Complements
 2's complement of N: 2n - N for N != 0, 0 for N = 0

add 1 to the 1's complement

2's comp of 101100 ==> 010011 + 1 ==> 010100

leaving all least significant 0's and the first 1 unchanged then
replacing 1's with 0's, 0's with 1's

2's comp of 1101100 ==> 0010100

2's complement of N is 2n – N
& the complement of the complement is 2n - (2n-N) = N
Complements

Subtraction with Complements
 (M - N)
1) add 2's comp of the
subtrahend N to the minuend
M
M + (2n-N) = M - N + 2n
2) if M > N, the end cary is
discarded
3) if M < N, the result is 2n - (N
- M)
take the 2's complement of
the sum & place a minus sign
 avoid overflow problem to
accomodate the sum