Introduction

Dr. Yesuenyeagbe A.K. Fiagbe

 Understand the Characteristics/Properties
of fluid
 Have good knowledge of fluid static
◦ Static Pressure in Fluid
◦ Manometers
◦ Hydrostatic forces
◦ Buoyancy and flotation
 Appreciate the importance of dimensions
and dimensional analysis in problem
solving.
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 Characteristics/Properties of Fluid
◦ Properties of fluid (Density, mass density, viscosity).
◦ Thermodynamic properties (compressibility, surface
tension and capillarity).
 Fluid Statics
◦ Pressure variation in a fluid at rest
◦ Absolute, gauge, atmospheric and vacuum
pressures
◦ Measurement of pressure: Manometers, mechanical
gauges
◦ Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces
◦ Buoyancy and flotation
◦ Fluids in rigid-body motion

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 Introduction to Dimensional Analysis
◦ Secondary or derived quantities,
◦ Dimensional homogeneity,
◦ Methods of dimensional analysis:
◦ Buckingham's pie theorem,
◦ method of selecting repeating variables,
◦ procedure for solving problems by Buckingham's
pie theorem

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 Aero: rtlsue
Agric: g593hg

Lecture Mech: v9589p2

Mechanical Thursday FOSS FF 8.00 – 10.00 a.m.

Aerospace Monday Room B 2.00 – 4.00 p.m.
Agricultural Tuesday PB020 4.00 – 6.00 p.m.

Laboratory session will be taken in ME 295

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Week Date Subject Category What to cover (Topic) Remark
1 10/09/19 Introduction
2 17/09/19 Characteristics of Properties of fluid (Density, mass density,
Fluid viscosity).
3 24/09/19 Thermodynamic properties (compressibility,
surface tension and capillarity).
4 1/10/19
5 8/10/19
6 15/10/19 Fluid Statics Pressure variation in a fluid at rest Absolute,
gauge, atmospheric and vacuum pressures
7 22/10/19 Measurement of pressure: Manometers, Mid Sem Exam
mechanical gauges
8 29/10/19 Hydrostatic forces on submerged surfaces
Buoyancy and flotation
9 5/11/19 Fluids in rigid-body motion

10 12/11/19 Introduction to Secondary or derived quantities,

Dimensional Dimensional homogeneity,
Analysis Methods of dimensional analysis:
11 19/11/19 Buckingham's pie theorem, method of
selecting repeating variables,
12 26/11/19 procedure for solving problems by
Buckingham's pie theorem
13 3/12/19 Review
14 10/12/19 End of Semester
Exam
15 17/12/19
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 Random and Unannounced
Quizzes
 Assignments
 Attendance
 Mid Semester Examination
 End of Semester Examination

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 No lateness beyond 10 minutes: Student will
be turned out.
 No mobile phone use in class: the phone will
be confiscated for one week on first offence
and for the semester on second offence.
 Decent conduct (both in dressing and
demeanour).

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1. Cengel Y.A. and Cimbala J.M (2006) Fluid
Mechaics: Fundamentals and Application,
McGraw-Hill Companies Inc
2. Cengel, Y. A., & Turner, R. A. (2001).
Fundamentals of Thermal-Fluid Sciences. New
York: McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.
3. Crowe, C., & Elger, D. (2009). Engineering Fluid
Mechanics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4. Fox, R. W., McDonald, A. T., & Pritchard, P. J.
(2004). Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Sixth
Edition ed.). Bogota: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. NAKAYAMA, Y. (2000). Introduction to Fluid
Mechanics. Tokyo: Yokendo Co. Ltd.

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 The science that deals with the
behavior of
◦ Fluids at rest (fluid statics) or
◦ Fluid in motion (fluid dynamics), and
◦ Interaction of fluids with solids or other
fluids at the boundaries.
 Fluid mechanics = fluid dynamics
(fluids at rest as a special case of
motion with zero velocity).

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 Hydrodynamics - Study of the motion of fluids that are
practically incompressible (such as liquids, especially
water, and gases at low speeds).
 The study that deals with liquid flows in pipes and open channels is
referred to as hydraulics
 Aerodynamics deals with the flow of gases (especially
air) over bodies such as aircraft, rockets, and
automobiles at high or low speeds.
 Gas dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo
significant density changes, such as the flow of gases
through nozzles at high speeds.
 Meteorology, Oceanography, and Hydrology deal with
naturally occurring flows.
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 Widely used both in everyday activities
and in the design of modern engineering
systems.
 Fluid mechanics plays a vital role in the
human body. The heart is constantly
pumping blood to all parts of the human
body through the arteries and veins, and
the lungs are the sites of airflow in
alternating directions.
◦ All artificial hearts, breathing machines, and
dialysis systems are designed using fluid
dynamics.

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 Homes/house and its fittings (water
and sewage networks) and appliances.
 The piping systems for cold water,
natural gas, and sewage for an
individual house and the entire city.
 Piping and ducting network of heating
and air-conditioning systems.
 Refrigerators use in homes.
 Operation of ordinary faucets.
 Fluid mechanics plays a major role in
the design of all these components.

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 Transportation: Cars, Train, airplanes, etc.
 All components associated with the transportation
of the fuel from the fuel tank to the cylinders—the
fuel line, fuel pump, fuel injectors, or carburetors—
as well as the mixing of the fuel and the air in the
cylinders and the purging of combustion gases in
exhaust pipes are analyzed using fluid mechanics.
 Fluid mechanics is also used in the design of the
heating and air-conditioning system, the hydraulic
brakes, the power steering, automatic transmission,
and lubrication systems, the cooling system of the
engine block including the radiator and the water
pump, and even the tires.
 The sleek streamlined shape of recent model cars is
the result of efforts to minimize drag by using
extensive analysis of flow over surfaces.

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 On a broader scale, fluid mechanics plays a major
part in the design and analysis of aircraft, boats,
submarines, rockets, jet engines, wind turbines,
biomedical devices, the cooling of electronic
components, and the transportation of water, crude
oil, and natural gas.
 In the design of buildings, bridges, and even
billboards.
 Numerous natural phenomena such as the rain cycle,
weather patterns, the rise of ground water to the top
of trees, winds, ocean waves, and currents in large
water bodies are also governed by the principles of
fluid mechanics.

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Write a brief note on history
and development of Fluid
Mechanics.

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 Properties of fluid (Density, mass density,
viscosity). Thermodynamic properties
(compressibility, surface tension and capillarity).
 Substances exist in three primary phases :
◦ solid,
◦ liquid, and
◦ gas.
◦ At very high temperatures, it also exists as plasma.
 liquid or gas phase is referred to as FLUID.

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 Distinction between a solid and a fluid is
made on the basis of the substance’s ability
to resist an applied shear (or tangential)
stress that tends to change its shape.
 A solid can resist an applied shear stress by
deforming, whereas a fluid deforms
continuously under the influence of shear
stress, no matter how small.

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 In solids, stress is proportional to strain.
 In fluids, stress is proportional to strain rate.
 When a constant shear force is applied, a
solid eventually stops deforming, at some
fixed strain angle, whereas a fluid never stops
deforming and approaches a certain rate of
strain.

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 Stress is defined as force per
unit area (dividing the force
by the area upon which it
acts).
 The normal component of
the force acting on a surface
per unit area is called the
normal stress.
 The tangential component of
a force acting on a surface
per unit area is called shear
stress.
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 In a fluid at rest, the normal stress is called
pressure.
 The supporting walls of a fluid eliminate
shear stress, and thus a fluid at rest is at a
state of zero shear stress.

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 The molecules of a solid are usually closer and
the attractive forces between the molecules are
so large that a solid tends to retain its shape.
 The intermolecular cohesive forces in a fluid are
not great enough to hold the various elements of
the fluid together making the fluid to flow under
the action of the slightest stress and flow will
continue as long as the stress is present.

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 A fluid may be either a gas or a liquid.
 The molecules of a gas are much farther
apart than those of a liquid.
 Gas is very compressible, and when all
external pressure is removed, it tends to
expand indefinitely.
 A gas is in equilibrium only when it is
completely enclosed.

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 A liquid is relatively incompressible, and if all
pressure, except that of its own vapor
pressure, is removed, the cohesion between
molecules holds them together, so that the
liquid does not expand indefinitely.
 A liquid may have a free surface, ( i.e., a
surface from which all pressure is removed,
except that of its own vapor.)

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 In your own words,
◦ briefly state the problem,
◦ the key information given, and
◦ the quantities to be found.
 This is to make sure that you understand the
problem and the objectives before you
attempt to solve the problem.

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 Draw a realistic sketch of the physical system
involved, and list the relevant information on the
figure.
 The sketch does not have to be something
elaborate, but it should resemble the actual
system and show the key features.
 Indicate any energy and mass interactions with
the surroundings. Listing the given information
on the sketch helps one to see the entire
problem at once.
 Also, check for properties that remain constant
during a process (such as temperature during an
isothermal process), and indicate them on the
sketch.

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 State any appropriate assumptions and
approximations made to simplify the problem
to make it possible to obtain a solution.
 Justify the questionable assumptions.
 Assume reasonable values for missing
quantities that are necessary.
◦ For example, in the absence of specific data for
atmospheric pressure, it can be taken to be 1 atm.

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 Apply all the relevant basic physical laws and
principles (such as the conservation of mass),
and reduce them to their simplest form by
utilizing the assumptions made.
 However, the region to which a physical law is
applied must be clearly identified first.
◦ For example, the increase in speed of water flowing
through a nozzle is analyzed by applying
conservation of mass between the inlet and outlet
of the nozzle.

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 Determine the unknown properties at known
states necessary to solve the problem from
property relations or tables.
 List the properties separately, and
 Indicate their source, if applicable.

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 Substitute the known quantities into the
simplified relations and perform the calculations
to determine the unknowns.
 Pay particular attention to the units and unit
cancellations, and remember that a dimensional
quantity without a unit is meaningless.
 Also, don’t give a false implication of high
precision by copying all the digits from the
screen of the calculator.
◦ (round the results to an appropriate number of
significant digits).

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 Check to make sure that the results obtained are
reasonable and intuitive, and verify the validity of the
questionable assumptions.
 Repeat the calculations that resulted in unreasonable
values.
◦ For example, under the same test conditions the aerodynamic
drag acting on a car should not increase after streamlining the
shape of the car.
 Point out the significance of the results, and discuss their
implications.
 State the conclusions that can be drawn from the results,
and any recommendations that can be made from them.
 Emphasize the limitations under which the results are
applicable, and caution against any possible
misunderstandings and using the results in situations
where the underlying assumptions do not apply.

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 Keep in mind that the solutions you present to
your instructors, and any engineering analysis
presented to others, is a form of communication.
 Therefore neatness, organization, completeness,
and visual appearance are of utmost importance
for maximum effectiveness.
 Besides, neatness also serves as a great checking
tool since it is very easy to spot errors and
inconsistencies in neat work.
 Carelessness and skipping steps to save time
often end up costing more time and unnecessary
anxiety.

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 A dimension is a category that represents a
physical quantity
◦ mass,
◦ length,
◦ time,
◦ momentum,
◦ force,
◦ acceleration, and
◦ energy.
 Primary and Secondary Dimensions

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 Primary dimensions are the most fundamental
dimensions
 Primary dimensions are independent dimensions,
from which all other dimensions can be obtained
 All other dimensions are secondary
dimensions and can be constructed from
combinations of primary dimensions
 Dimensions have no numbers associated with
them

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 Force is not a primary dimension in fluid
mechanics. Yet, force can be written as a
combination of the four primary dimensions,
i.e. in terms of mass, length, time, and
temperature.

 Power is not a primary dimension in fluid

mechanics. Yet, power can be written as a
combination of the four primary dimensions,
i.e. in terms of mass, length, time, and
temperature.

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 A unit is a way to assign a number/value or
measurement to a dimension.
 A unit of measurement is a definite magnitude of
a physical quantity,
 They are defined and adopted by convention, and
is used as a standard for measurement of the same
physical quantity.
 There are three primary unit systems in use:
 the International System of Units (SI units - kg, N, m, s, K)
 the English Engineering System of Units (commonly called
English units - lbm, lbf, ft, s, R)
 the British Gravitational System of Units (BG - slug, lbf, ft, s, oR)
 Units must always have numbers associated with them.
 For example, length is a dimension, but it is measured
in units of feet (ft) or meters (m).

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  Primary Dimensions

Dimension Symbol Unit (SI)

Length L meter (m)
Mass M kilogram (kg)
Time T second (s)
Temperature θ Kelvin (K)
Electric current i ampere (A)
Amount of light C (cd)
Amount of matter N mole (mol)
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 Dimensional homogeneity is the quality of an
equation having quantities of same units on
both sides.
 A valid equation must be homogeneous,
since equality cannot apply between
quantities of different nature.

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