SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT

This RADAR system consists of an ultra-sonic sensor and servo motor, these are the
major components of the system. Basic working of the system is that it have to detect objects
in its defined range. Ultra-sonic sensor is attached to the servo motor it rotates about 180
degree and gives visual representation on the software called processing IDE. Processing IDE
gives graphical representation and it also gives angle or position of the object and distance of
the object. This system is controlled through Arduino. Arduino UNO board is sufficed to
control ultrasonic sensor and also to interface the sensor and display device. While
researching, we learned about existing navigation and obstacle detection innovations and
different systems where ultrasonic sensors are used efficiently. Main application of this
RADAR system comes into different field of navigation, positioning, object identification,
mapping, spying or tracking and different applications. These less investment system are also
suitable for indoor applications.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

INTRODUCTION:

ARDUINO:

An Arduino is actually a microcontroller based kit which can be either used directly
by purchasing from the vendor or can be made at home using the components, owing to its
open source hardware feature. It is basically used in communications and in controlling or
operating many devices.
1. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and
software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a
Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED,
publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of
instructions to the
microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on
Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
2. Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects
to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,
artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their
contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of
great help to novices and experts alike. The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on
the ATmega328. It has 32k Byte in system programmable flash, 14 digital I/O pins (of which
6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack and a reset button. Arduino is an open-source platform used for
constructing and programming of electronics. It can receive and send information to most
devices, and even through the internet to command the specific electronic device. It uses a
hardware called Arduino Uno circuit board. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-
DC adapter or battery to get started. "Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the
upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of
Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards. The
transceiver module triggers and sends the signal to the water the water sends back an echo
signal which is read by the echo i.e. the receiver module.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG-1: Arduino board

During World War II, many countries were made radar secretly. In 1940 US Navy acronym
Radar word from Radio Detection and Ranging. The modern radar system is more advanced
and the uses of radar are highly diverse. Such as Air traffic control, Air-defence system, Radar
Astronomy, Antimissile system, Ocean Surveillance system, outer space surveillance and
many more.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig:1.2:ARDUINO BASED RADAR SYSTEM

1.1. How to program an Arduino ?

The Arduino tool window consists of the toolbar with the buttons like verify, upload,
new, open, save, serial monitor. It also consists of a text editor to write the code, a message
area which displays the feedback like showing the errors, the text console which displays the
output and a series of menus like the File, Edit, Tools menu. Thus the code is uploaded by the
bootloader onto the microcontroller.

HARDWARE:

 Arduino UNO 
 HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensor  
 Servo Motor
 Connecting Wires  
 Jumper Cables  
 5V Power Supply  
 USB Cable (for Arduino)  

SOFTWARE:

 Arduino IDE
 Processing Application
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ULTRASONIC SENSOR:

Sensor used in Ultrasonic sensors are based on the measurement of the properties of
acoustic waves with frequencies above the human audible range often at roughly 40kHz.
Three different properties of the received echo pulse may be evaluated for different sensing
Purposes: 1)Time of flight, 2)Doppler shift, 3)Amplitude attenuation. Ultrasonic ranging
module HC-SR04 provides 2cm-400cm non-contact measurement function, the ranging
accuracy can reach to 3mm. The modules includes ultrasonic transmitters, receiver and
control circuit. The ultrasonic sensor works using trigger and echo method. The transceiver
module triggers and sends the signal to the water the water sends back an echo signal which
is read by the echo i.e. the receiver module. The Ultra sonic sensor calculated distance of the
signal and returns the level of the water. The travel time value and the speed accumulation of
dust or dirt. [Complex shaped objects detectable] Presence detection is stable even for targets
The proposed system design shows how the model work with the help of required functions.
The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on a servomotor to cover the angle range for the Radar.
Where the sensor that produce frequent radio waves is interrupted by any object the
ultrasonic sensor return back as if finds any object which measures the distance and the
location of the object. These informations is then carried via the arduino controller such As
springs. Value allow sensor

FIG:2:Ultrasonic sensor

As the name indicates, ultrasonic sensors measure distance by using ultrasonic waves.The
sensor head emits an ultrasonic wave and receives the wave reflected back from the target.
Ultrasonic Sensors measure the distance to the target by measuring the time between the
emission and reception. An optical sensor has a transmitter and receiver, whereas an
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

ultrasonic sensor uses a single ultrasonic element for both emission and reception. In a
reflective model ultrasonic sensor, a single oscillator emits and receives ultrasonic waves
alternately. This enables miniaturization of the sensor head. Distance calculation The distance
can be calculated with the following formula: Distance L = 1/2 × T × C
Where L is the distance, T is the time between the emission and reception, and C is the sonic
speed. (The value is multiplied by 1/2 because T is the time for go-and-return distance.)
Features.
The following list shows typical characteristics enabled by the detection system. [Transparent
object detectable] Since ultrasonic waves can reflect off a glass or liquid surface and return to
the sensor head, even transparent targets can be detected. [Resistant to mist and dirt]
Detection is not affected by accumulation of dust or dirt. [Complex shaped objects
detectable] Presence detection is stable even for targets such as mesh trays or springs.

SERVO MOTOR:

A servo motor is an electrical device which can push or rotate an object with great
precision. If you want to rotate and object at some specific angles or distance, then you use
servo motor. It is just made up of simple motor which run through servo mechanism. Servo
Motor is a rotary actuator or linear actuator that allows for precise control of angular or linear
position, velocity and acceleration.
Servos are controlled by sending an electrical pulse of variable width, or pulse width
modulation [PWM] through the control wire.
Servo motors have three wires: power, ground, and signal. If motor is used is DC powered
then it is called DC servo motor, and if it is AC powered motor then it is called AC servo
motor.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Fig 3: servo motor

PRINCIPLE OR MEDTHODOLOGY:

A radar system has a transmitter that emits radio waves called a radar signals in
predetermined directions. When these come into contact with an object they are usually
reflected or scattered in many directions Example:- let us take example for bat Bat released
the eco sound while travelling .if any object came in middle and it reflect back to the bat.
In order to testify the working of this system, after its designing, construction and
programming we placed few objects in front of the ultrasonic sensor. As the motor started to
rotate, our monitor started to display the output through processing IDE. Hence, when the
sensor crossed over the object it showed a red segment with the distance and angle where the
object is paced. The first object was placed at the distance of 30.5cm measured through a
ruler and the system measured the distance at 32cm.While the second object was placed at a
distance of 20 cm and the system measured it as 21cm. Hence the calculated efficiency turned
out to be 95%.

APPLICATIONS AND USAGES:

The development of the radar technology took place during the World War II in
which it was used for detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many other
purposes which finally led to the development of advanced military radars being used these
days. Military radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily
transportable, by air as well as ground. Military radar should be an early warning, altering
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

along with weapon control functions. It is specially designed to be highly mobile and should
be such that it can be deployed within minutes.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW:

Subsequent to experiencing a portion of the papers with respect to usage utilizing

ultrasonic sensors and ARDUINO, it was found that this idea is searched a lot and is a
mainstream idea which is still in advance. The advances utilized were not just productive and
solid yet in addition financially achievable [5]. Not only this, here other very useful
applications of ultrasonic sensors were observed too. This paper discusses about a monitoring
system which is designed measure to speed of waves and height of river through ultra-sonic
sensor using micro-controller (Arduino). On the off chance that the waterway can't oblige the
volume of water, then all the water will submerge with land and this phenomenon is called as
flood or surge. We can overcome this flood problem by earlier identification in height of
water and observing speed. If we identify problem earlier we can overcome this problem
before it become crisis. By testing the system i.e. simple water level, it was observed that
ultra-sonic have accuracy of 96.6%. But when it is implemented in the rivers there are many
errors because of different type of water levels due to heavy waves and speed of water and
also due to floating of heavy objects. Unlike Previous testing results, author directed this
analysis on tracking of speed of water improvement or modification and level of water in
flooding. The test was completed when the Arduino used as controller of application. For
more research, information of depth level and speed of water of this system will be sent to
database server website to be checked regularly .

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE:
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG:4:-System Architecture

The above fig shows the Block Diagram of the short range radar system. Here we use
Arduino Uno microcontroller which is open source to implement embedded based system.
ATMEGA 328 microcontroller send 10 micro second pulse width to ultrasonic transmitter,
echo back signal receive by TX module of ultrasonic. After then receive pulse width
calculated by micro controller. Here we use servo motor on which ultrasonic module is
mounted for receive 180 degree signal. The Microcontroller and MATLAB communicated
through UART protocolwith the baud rate of 9600. This protocol work on ASCII value. So
calculated distance transmit from microcontroller to MATLAB COM PORT. According
sensing different obstacle which are around 180 degree and 250 cm range, visible as a red
spot on MATLAB GUI.
Radar is an object-detection system that uses radio waves to determine the range, angle, or
velocity of objects. It can be used to detect aircraft, ships, spacecraft, guided missiles, motor
vehicles, weather formations, and terrain., This project gives sufficient knowledge of
Arduino, MATLAB Simulink for Arduino and mechanics. Servos are small but powerful
motors that can be used in a multitude of products ranging from toy helicopters to robots. In
this project we are using the Ultrasonic Sensor for operate by emitting a burst of sound waves
in very rapid succession. These sound waves hit the intended target, bounce back to the
sensor, and travel at known speed. An ultrasonic sensor, radar is much less affected by
temperature, improving consistency and accuracy. Radar was developed secretly for military
use by several nations in the period before and during World War II. The term RADAR was
coined in 1940 by the United States Navy as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Radar can track storm systems, because of this precipitation reflects electromagnetic fields at
certain frequencies. The above figure represents a brief overview of this radar system,

FIG:5:-Overview of radar system

Here, as it is shown the controller we are using is Arduino, with the input Ultrasonic
sensor and the output is the servo motor which rotates 180 degrees. The microcontroller controls
all the operations of this system, from rotation of the motors to the obstacle detection of the
ultrasonic and representation of the The above figure represents a brief overview of this radar
system. Here, as it is shown the controller we are using is Arduino, with the input Ultrasonic
sensor and the output is the servo motor which rotates 180 degrees. This is the microcontroller
controls all the operations of this system, from rotation of the motors to the obstacle detection of
the ultrasonic and representation of the result on the screen.

WORKING:

The basic objective of our design is to ascertain the distance position and speed of the
obstacle set at some distance from the sensor. Ultrasonic sensor sends the ultrasonic wave in
various ways by rotating with help of servo motors. This wave goes in air and gets reflected
back subsequent to striking some object. This wave is again detected by the sensor and its
qualities is analyzed and output is shown in screen indicating the parameters, for example,
distance & position of object. Arduino IDE is utilized to compose code and transfer coding in
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG:6:-Breadboard

This method is used to harvest energy from rainfall which actually follows the method
with the help of piezoelectric transducer with an arduino measuring system. The energy is
obtained from a single drop of rain and the Arduino is used to measure the actual energy
produced in it .When rain drop falls on the structure creates an impulsive force which
generates an impulsive voltage on electrodes Arduino and causes us to detect position or
angle of servo motor and it is communicated through the serial port alongside the covered
distance of the nearest object in its way. Output of all of this working is shown in the
software called processing, it will display the input/output and the range of the object .
Implementations of the sensors are done in such a way that ultra-sonic sensor is attached on
top of the servo motor because it have to detect the object and its distance. Arduino (micro-
controller) will control the ultra-sonic sensor and servo motor and also powered will be given
to both of them through micro-controller. As it can be seen the system starts with an input i.e.
when the ultrasonic sensor detects an object, or does not detects any object, at any condition
in the encoder feeds the information in the controller while the servo keeps constantly
rotating. As soon as any obstacle/objet is detected by the ultrasonic sensor the data is
immediately processed by the controller and is fed to the IDE which shows it on the display
screen. Here the process ends with an estimated distance of the object from the system with
the angle at which it is placed.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG:7:-Flow chart

The above flow chart explains the working and the decision flow of this framework. As it
can be seen the system starts with an input i.e. when the ultrasonic sensor detects an object, or
does not detects any object, at any condition the encoder feeds the information in the
controller while the servo keeps constantly rotating. As soon as any obstacle/objet is detected
by the ultrasonic sensor the data is immediately processed by the controller and is fed to the
IDE which shows it on the display screen. Here the process ends with an estimated distance
of the object from the system with the angle at which it is placed.

A. Making On Arduino Board:

Since, we believe in learning by doing. So, we decided to make our own arduino
board instead of using the readymade board. So, the steps required to make an arduino board
are as follows:
Boot-loading an Atmega328 using the Arduino board/AVR Programmer by uploading the
boot loader to the Microcontroller.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG:8:-ARDUINO-UNO

Making the connections on a general purpose PCB, connecting the crystal osicillator,
capacitors, connectors for the connections to Arduino board etc.
Providing the power supply, usually
5 volts. Arduino is Ready to use.
After you have done all this, then only the minimum circuitry like crystal oscillator,
capacitors, connectors, power supply is required to complete the board. The same circuit can
be made on the PCB, either designed or general purpose. Since, Arduino is an Open-Source.
Hence, it is easy to make and can have any enhancements as per the requirements. Arduino
provides the digital pulses.

B. Connecting Servo Motor:

A servomotor is a rotary actuator that allows for precise control of angular position,
velocity and acceleration.
A normal servo motor has three terminals:
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

FIG:9:-Servo Motor

1.VCC
2. GND
3. PULSE
A servo motor works at normally 4.8 to 6 volts. Ground is provided by connecting it to the
Ground of the Arduino. The total time for a servo motor pulse is usually 20ms. To move it to
one end of say 0 degree angle, a 1ms pulse is used and to move it to other end i.e 180
degrees, a 2ms pulse is applied. Hence, according to this to move the axis of the servo motor
to the center, a pulse of time 1.5 ms
should be applied. For this, the pulse wire of the servo motor is connected to the Arduino that
provides the digital pulses for pulse width modulation of the pulse.

C. Connecting Ultrasonic Sensor:-

An Ultrasonic Sensor consists of three wires. One for Vcc, second for Ground and the
third for pulse signal. The ultrasonic sensor is mounted on the servo motor and both of them
further connected to the Arduino board. The ultrasonic sensor uses the reflection principle for
its working. When connected to the Arduino, the Arduino provides the pulse signal to the
ultrasonic sensor which then sends the ultrasonic wave in forward direction. Hence, whenever
there is any obstacle detected or present in front, it reflects the waves which are received by
the ultrasonic sensor. A servomotor provides an acceleration control of a linear or angular
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

motion.It is a closed loop mechanism that provides the action .The servomotor is a DC motor
that runs on batteries with a low torque.
It can be used to rotate an object in either directions depends upon the supply It produce low
torque to move less weight object or to pull it. It can usally found in toys and in DVD players
to move the CD trays

FIG:8:-Ultrasonic sensor

If detected, the signal is sent to the Arduino and hence to the PC/laptop to the processing
software that shows the presence of the obstacle on the rotating RADAR screen with distance
and the angle at which it has been detected.

DISCUSSION AND RESULT:

In this research paper we have mentioned that our system is designed consisting
following components such as, a servo- motor, an ultra-sonic sensor and a micro-controller
(Arduino). System’s objective is to track the distance and angle of the object and to represent
this information graphically, means its output should be in graphical form which will be
represented through processing software.
We can have an idea of an efficiency of this radar by testing objects at different levels and
observe how faster or smoothly it detects an object that it finds in a way and gives us an
expected range of the obstacle. Following figure show the results of the monitor screen of our
design when the sensor rotates through the area and detects obstacle in the way. The red area
indicates the presence of obstacle and below the angle of incident and distance is being displayed.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

TESTING OF THE SYSTEM:

a) Object 1 is placed 30.5 far from the radar, radar gives the distance 32 cm, so:

o error =(32-30.5)/30.5)*100= 4.918%

o efficiency 1 = 100-error =95.08

Fig: Processing IDE Screen displaying output of the system which we tested by placing
objects.
b) object 2 placed at a distance of 20.3 cm ,radar gives the distance 21 cm so: o error = ((21-
20.3)/20.3)*100 = 3.44% o efficiency 2 =100-error= 96.55% This Radar System have various
applications for security purposes and it is mainly used for mapping.

Fig: Processing IDE Screen displaying output of the system which we teseted by placing
objects.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

After the observations and calculations we can conclude that this system is 95.815%
efficient.

HARDWARE RESULT :

ADVANTAGES:

1. The cost effective :

This project is below 1000rs only.
2. Improvised accuracy:
The resistors with low value in milliohms are used in advanced cars with sensitive power
steering and break circuits. Now a days these are advancements have become the major
cause for the severe accidents . Therefore the components used in such circuits must have
accurate and precise value for smooth working of such circuits. Ultimately this refers to
the accurate testing of the resistors used. Improvised accuracy is thus the second primary
aim of the sensor.
3. Reduced hardware complexity:
Hardware complexity is one of the reasons for the high cost of the ultrasonic sensor. The
use of arduino Uno is to reduce the motherboard present in the conventional ohmmeter in
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

arduino based ultrasonic sensor. The arduino acts as the central board. Since arduino are
readily available in market it leads to the reduction in the complexity of the design. The
automated range selection is also the objective in order to speedup the testing process.
This will also reduce the faults in range selection in manually operated conventional sensor.

4. It is not affected by color or transparency. Basically, the Ultrasonic Sensors transmit

the sound off of the object, hence the color and transparency have no effect on the
radar reading.

5. Any dark environments have no effect on this Arduino radar sensor’s detection
procedure. So, it can also use at night.

6. Easy to design and low price. The ultrasonic sensors are available at the market with
very cheap price.

7. It has high frequency, high sensitivity, therefore, it can easily detect the external or
deep objects.

8. This radar sensor is not affected by dust, rain, snow, and many more.

9. It has a self-cleaning system to continue running and less downtime.

10. Arduino Radar Sensor is easy to use. Also, it is completely safe during the operation to
nearby objects, human or equipment.

11. The Ultrasonic sensor can easily interface with any types of the microcontroller.

DISADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS:

1. The Arduino Radar Sensor conduct sound to continue the work. So, it is not working
in a vacuum as there is no air for the sound to travel through.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

2. A very soft fabric can absorb more sound waves. Therefore, it is hard to detect objects
which are covered with soft fabric.

3. If temperature changes of 5 to 10 degree or more then it is the effect on the sensing

accuracy. Although this is true that there have many more temperature compensated
sensors available.

4. Another limitation is the detection range. This depends on which Ultrasonic sensor
have used to make the Arduino Radar Sensor.

5. While the radar using for inspection purpose, make sure it should be water resistive.
Otherwise highly chances of damage.

APPLICATIONS:

This Radar System have various applications for security purposes and it is mainly
used for mapping.
1. Applications in air force:
It is used in airplanes or aircraft machines which have implemented radar system in it
to detect the objects that comes in a way. It is also used to calculate height readings.
2. Applications in marine:
This radar system also used in ships or marine. It is implemented on big ships to
calculate the distance of other boats or ships, with the help of this sea accidents can also be
reduced by not colliding. It can also be implemented on ports to see the distance of other
ships and to monitor or control the ship movements.
3. Applications in meterology:
Meteorologists also uses radar systems to track or monitor the wind. It has been
become an important equipment for climate testing. For example to detect tornados, storms.
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

CONCLUSION:

This project aims on the use of Ultrasonic Sensor by connected to the Arduino UNO
R3 board and the signal from the sensor further provided to the screen formed on the laptop
to measure the presence of any obstacle in front of the sensor as well as determine the range
and angle at which the obstacle is detected
by the sensor. The field that we have chosen for our design “Radar System” is a very vast field
and future scope of this technology is very high. We have tremendous applications in which radar
system have been implemented or used [3]. There is a lot of future scope of this design because of
its security capacity. It can be used in many applications. This framework can also be developed
or modified according to the rising needs and demand [4].
As we have designed a short range radar therefore our research was specified and limited. This
system can only detect objects from 0 to 180 degrees only because the servo motor that we have
used can rotate only to this range. So, due to this limitation our design cannot be applied to places
or areas for obstacle detection on a larger scale. Usage of a 360 degrees rotating servo motor can
make the system more efficient. We look forward to modify this system and enhance our research
work by using a fully 360 degrees rotating servo and a higher ranged ultrasonic sensor. We can
further add features to this system i.e. making it mobile, mounting an alarm system to it which
turns on when obstacle is detected. Further modifications could be an obstacle avoiding robot
with surveillance system.

REFERENCES:

[1] http://www.arduino.cc/
[2] http://www.arduinoproducts .cc/
[3] http://www.atmel.com/atmega328/
[4]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:16MHZ_Crystal.jpg
[5]http://www.google.co.in/imgres?
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0DdM:&tbnh=100&tbnw=113& zoom=1 &usg=
6J2h0ZocdoSMrS1qgK1I2qpTQSI=&docidlEfbDrEzDBfzbM&sa=X&ei=a_OKU
vTbD8O5rgeYv4DoDQ&ved=0CDwQ9QE
[6]http//:www.sproboticworks.com/ic%20pin%20configuration/7805/Pinout.jpg/
SRI INDU INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

[7]http://www.sproboticworks.com/ic%ultrasonicsensor%20pinout.jpg
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[10]http://www.google.co.in/imgres/Radar_antenna.jpg&w=546&h=697&ei=wuuK
[11]http://www.radomes.org/museum/photos/equip/ANSPS17.jpg [12]
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