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Assignment # 2

This document discusses logic gates and their implementation in digital circuits. It defines common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR. Truth tables are provided that define the output of each gate based on all possible input combinations. The gates can be used to build Boolean functions, with NAND and NOR gates being considered "universal" as they can be combined to represent any other logic function.

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Rai Mudassar Iqbal
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140 views

Assignment # 2

This document discusses logic gates and their implementation in digital circuits. It defines common logic gates like AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR. Truth tables are provided that define the output of each gate based on all possible input combinations. The gates can be used to build Boolean functions, with NAND and NOR gates being considered "universal" as they can be combined to represent any other logic function.

Uploaded by

Rai Mudassar Iqbal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Assignment # 2

Submitted to:

Muhammad Umar Saeed

Submitted by:

Mudassar iqbal

Subject:

Physics Lab V

Reg no:

BSPSR07183026

Class

BSPHYSICS

Introduction
Boolean functions may be practically implemented by using electronic gates. The
following points are important to understand.

 Electronic gates require a power supply.


 Gate INPUTS are driven by voltages having two nominal values, e.g. 0V and 5V
representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively.
 The OUTPUT of a gate provides two nominal values of voltage only, e.g. 0V
and 5V representing logic 0 and logic 1 respectively. In general, there is only
one output to a logic gate except in some special cases.
 There is always a time delay between an input being
applied and the output responding.

 Logic gates
Digital systems are said to be constructed by using logic gates. These gates are the
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, EXOR and EXNOR gates. The basic operations are
described below with the aid of truth tables.
AND gate

The AND gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) only if all its
inputs are high.  A dot (.) is used to show the AND operation i.e. A.B.  Bear in
mind that this dot is sometimes omitted i.e. AB
 
OR gate

The OR gate is an electronic circuit that gives a high output (1) if one or
more of its inputs are high.  A plus (+) is used to show the OR operation.
 

NOT gate

The NOT gate is an electronic circuit that produces an inverted version of the
input at its output.  It is also known as an inverter.  If the input variable is A,
the inverted output is known as NOT A.  This is also shown as A', or A with a
bar over the top, as shown at the outputs. The diagrams below show two ways
that the NAND logic gate can be configured to produce a NOT gate. It can also
be done using NOR logic gates in the same way.

 
NAND gate

This is a NOT-AND gate which is equal to an AND gate followed by a NOT gate. 
The outputs of all NAND gates are high if any of the inputs are low. The
symbol is an AND gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.
 
NOR gate

This is a NOT-OR gate which is equal to an OR gate followed by a NOT gate.


The outputs of all NOR gates are low if any of the inputs are high.
The symbol is an OR gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle
represents inversion.
 
 

EXOR gate
The 'Exclusive-OR' gate is a circuit which will give a high output
if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high.  An encircled plus sign
( ) is used to show the EOR operation.

EXNOR gate

The 'Exclusive-NOR' gate circuit does the opposite to the EOR gate. It will give a
low output if either, but not both, of its two inputs are high. The symbol is an EXOR
gate with a small circle on the output. The small circle represents inversion.

The NAND and NOR gates are called universal functions since with either one the
AND and OR functions and NOT can be generated.

Note:

A function in sum of products form can be implemented using NAND gates by


replacing all AND and OR gates by NAND gates.

A function in product of sums form can be implemented using NOR gates by


replacing all AND and OR gates by NOR gates.

Table 1: Logic gate symbols


Table 2 is a summary truth table of the input/output combinations for the NOT gate
together with all possible input/output combinations for the other gate functions. Also
note that a truth table with 'n' inputs has 2n rows. You can compare the outputs of
different gates.

Table 2: Logic gates representation using the Truth table

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