1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.
1
 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.
1
 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.

Idea 1

Similar to Problem 1, use approximation to find/define the area.

 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.

Idea 1

Similar to Problem 1, use approximation to find/define the area.

 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.

Idea 1

Similar to Problem 1, use approximation to find/define the area.

 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.

Idea 1

Similar to Problem 1, use approximation to find/define the area.

 1

Problem 2

Find the area of the region that 1

• lies under the curve y = x2

• and above the x-axis
• for x between 0 and 1.

Idea 1

Similar to Problem 1, use approximation to find/define the area.

• Divide [0, 1] into finitely many subintervals of equal lengths

h i h i h i h i
1 1 2 2 3 n−1
0, n , n, n , n, n , ..., n ,1

0 1 2 xxx -1+ n 1
n n n
 2

• For each subinterval [ i−1 i

n n ], consider
,
the rectangular region with base on the
!2
i−1
subinterval and height (the largest
n
region that lies under the curve) .

i−1 i 1
n n
 2

• For each subinterval [ i−1 i

n n ], consider
,
the rectangular region with base on the
!2
i−1
subinterval and height (the largest
n
region that lies under the curve) .

• If we add the area of these rectangular

1
regions, the sum is smaller than that of the
required region.

i−1 i 1
n n
 2

• For each subinterval [ i−1 i

n n ], consider
,
the rectangular region with base on the
!2
i−1
subinterval and height (the largest
n
region that lies under the curve) .

• If we add the area of these rectangular

1
regions, the sum is smaller than that of the
required region.

• However, if n is very large, the error is very

small and we get a good approximation.

i−1 i 1
n n
 2

• For each subinterval [ i−1 i

n n ], consider
,
the rectangular region with base on the
!2
i−1
subinterval and height (the largest
n
region that lies under the curve) .

• If we add the area of these rectangular

1
regions, the sum is smaller than that of the
required region.

• However, if n is very large, the error is very

small and we get a good approximation.

• Show area.html i−1 i 1

n n
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
..
500 0.332
.. show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5

500 0.332 area =

.. show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
1
500 0.332 area = 0 · +
.. 5
show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
!2
1 1 1
500 0.332 area = 0 · + · +
.. 5 5 5
show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
!2 !2
1 1 1 2 1
500 0.332 area = 0 · + · + · +
.. 5 5 5 5 5
show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
!2 !2 !2
1 1 1 2 1 3 1
500 0.332 area = 0 · + · + · + · +
.. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
!2 !2 !2 !2
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
500 0.332 area = 0 · + · + · + · + ·
.. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
show area.xls
 3

Sum of the areas of the rectangular regions (correct to 3 decimal places)

n Sum of areas
2 0.125
3 0.185 1
y = x2
4 0.219
5 0.240
..
10 0.285
..
100 0.328 1
.. n=5
!2 !2 !2 !2
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
500 0.332 area = 0 · + · + · + · + ·
.. 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
show area.xls
6
=
25
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

1
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

1
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
=
6n3

1
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
=
6n3
2n2 − 3n + 1
=
6n2

1
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
=
6n3
2n2 − 3n + 1
=
6n2
1 1 1
= − +
3 2n 6n2 1
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
=
6n3
2n2 − 3n + 1
=
6n2
1 1 1
= − +
3 2n 6n2 1

1
Note If n is very large (so that the error is small) , S n is very close to .
3
 4

In general, if there are n subintervals, the sum S n is

!2 !2 !2
1 2 1 1 1 2 1 n−1
Sn = ·0 + · + · + ··· + ·
n n n n n n n

12 + 22 + · · · + (n − 1)2
=
n3 1

n(n − 1)(2n − 1)
=
6n3
2n2 − 3n + 1
=
6n2
1 1 1
= − +
3 2n 6n2 1

1
Note If n is very large (so that the error is small) , S n is very close to .
3
1
Conclusion The required area is .
3
 5

Limits of Sequences
In Problem 1, we obtain the following sequence of average velocities:

5, 4.5, 4.25, 4.125, 4.0625, ...

 5

Limits of Sequences
In Problem 1, we obtain the following sequence of average velocities:

5, 4.5, 4.25, 4.125, 4.0625, ...

In Problem 2, we obtain the following sequence of areas:

0.125, 0.185, 0.219, ...

 5

Limits of Sequences
In Problem 1, we obtain the following sequence of average velocities:

5, 4.5, 4.25, 4.125, 4.0625, ...

In Problem 2, we obtain the following sequence of areas:

0.125, 0.185, 0.219, ...

Definition A sequence is a function whose domain is N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

 5

Limits of Sequences
In Problem 1, we obtain the following sequence of average velocities:

5, 4.5, 4.25, 4.125, 4.0625, ...

In Problem 2, we obtain the following sequence of areas:

0.125, 0.185, 0.219, ...

Definition A sequence is a function whose domain is N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

Notation Let f : N −→ R be a sequence (of real numbers). We denote f (n) by

an. The sequence can be represented by
a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, . . .
 5

Limits of Sequences
In Problem 1, we obtain the following sequence of average velocities:

5, 4.5, 4.25, 4.125, 4.0625, ...

In Problem 2, we obtain the following sequence of areas:

0.125, 0.185, 0.219, ...

Definition A sequence is a function whose domain is N = {0, 1, 2, 3, . . .}.

Notation Let f : N −→ R be a sequence (of real numbers). We denote f (n) by

an. The sequence can be represented by
a0, a1, a2, a3, a4, a5, . . .
or (an)∞
n=0 or simply (an ).
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (an ) n=0 is
2
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (an ) n=0 is
2
5,
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (an ) n=0 is
2
9
5, ,
2
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1
,
8
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5
, ,
8 27
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5 7 6
, , , , ...
8 27 32 25
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5 7 6
, , , , ...
8 27 32 25

Note When n gets larger and larger,

• an gets closer and closer to 4,

 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5 7 6
, , , , ...
8 27 32 25

Note When n gets larger and larger,

• an gets closer and closer to 4, say the sequence (an) converges to 4;

 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5 7 6
, , , , ...
8 27 32 25

Note When n gets larger and larger,

• an gets closer and closer to 4, say the sequence (an) converges to 4;

1
• bn gets closer and closer to ,
3
 6

Example
1 ∞
(1) Let an = 4 + n
. The sequence (a n ) n=0 is
2
9 17 33 65
5, , , , , ...
2 4 8 16

1 1 1
(2) Let bn = − + 2 . The sequence (bn)∞
n=2 is
3 2n 6n
1 5 7 6
, , , , ...
8 27 32 25

Note When n gets larger and larger,

• an gets closer and closer to 4, say the sequence (an) converges to 4;

1 1
• bn gets closer and closer to , say the sequence (bn) converges to .
3 3
 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want,

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

1
Example For the sequence (an) where an = n , we can make an arbitrarily close
2
to 0 by taking n large enough.
 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

1
Example For the sequence (an) where an = n , we can make an arbitrarily close
2
to 0 by taking n large enough.

• If we want | 21n − 0| < 0.01, we can take

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

1
Example For the sequence (an) where an = n , we can make an arbitrarily close
2
to 0 by taking n large enough.

• If we want | 21n − 0| < 0.01, we can take n ≥ 7;

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

1
Example For the sequence (an) where an = n , we can make an arbitrarily close
2
to 0 by taking n large enough.

• If we want | 21n − 0| < 0.01, we can take n ≥ 7;

• if we want | 21n − 0| < 0.001, we can take

 7

Definition A sequence (an) of real numbers is said to be convergent if there

exists a real number L such that

(∗) an is arbitrarily close to L if n is sufficiently large

Remark Condition (∗) means that

we can make |an − L| as small as we want, by taking n large enough.

1
Example For the sequence (an) where an = n , we can make an arbitrarily close
2
to 0 by taking n large enough.

• If we want | 21n − 0| < 0.01, we can take n ≥ 7;

• if we want | 21n − 0| < 0.001, we can take n ≥ 10 etc.

 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

Example
1
• Let an = . Is the sequence (an) convergent?
n
 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

Example
1
• Let an = . Is the sequence (an) convergent?
n
n+1
• Let bn = . Is the sequence (bn) convergent?
n
 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

Example
1
• Let an = . Is the sequence (an) convergent?
n
n+1
• Let bn = . Is the sequence (bn) convergent?
n

• Let cn = 1 + n2. Is the sequence (cn) convergent?

 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

Example
1
• Let an = . Is the sequence (an) convergent?
n
n+1
• Let bn = . Is the sequence (bn) convergent?
n

• Let cn = 1 + n2. Is the sequence (cn) convergent?

Remark
• (∗) means that if we let n increase without bound (or let n approach “∞”, an
imaginary point very far on the right) , the values an approach L.
Show sequence.html
 8

For simplicity, instead of saying condition (∗), we will say

(∗∗) an is close to L if n is large

Example
1
• Let an = . Is the sequence (an) convergent?
n
n+1
• Let bn = . Is the sequence (bn) convergent?
n

• Let cn = 1 + n2. Is the sequence (cn) convergent?

Remark
• (∗) means that if we let n increase without bound (or let n approach “∞”, an
imaginary point very far on the right) , the values an approach L.
Show sequence.html

• The points (n, an) approach the horizontal line y = L.

 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn.

n→∞
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn.
2 n→∞
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞

Reason
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞

Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so

 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
2n2 + 3n
(2) Let zn = 2
. Find lim zn.
6n n→∞
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
2n2 + 3n 1
(2) Let zn = 2
. Find lim zn. Answer .
6n n→∞ 3

Reason
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
2n2 + 3n 1
(2) Let zn = 2
. Find lim zn. Answer .
6n n→∞ 3
1 1
Reason Rewrite zn = +
3 2n
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
2n2 + 3n 1
(2) Let zn = 2
. Find lim zn. Answer .
6n n→∞ 3
1 1
Reason Rewrite zn = +
3 2n
1
If n is large, is small and so
2n
 9

Note In the definition of convergent , if L exists, then it is unique .

We say that L is the limit of (an), denoted by lim an = L

n→∞

Example

(0) Let xn = 5. Find lim xn. Answer 5

n→∞

1
(1) Let yn = n
. Find lim yn. Answer 0
2 n→∞
1
Reason When n is large, 2n is large and so n
is small (close to 0) .
2
2n2 + 3n 1
(2) Let zn = 2
. Find lim zn . Answer .
6n n→∞ 3
1 1
Reason Rewrite zn = +
3 2n
1 1
If n is large, is small and so zn is close to .
2n 3
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
!
1 1 1 1
Example lim + = lim + lim =
n→∞ 3 2n n→∞ 3 n→∞ 2n
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
!
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example lim + = lim + lim = +0=
n→∞ 3 2n n→∞ 3 n→∞ 2n 3 3
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
!
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example lim + = lim + lim = +0=
n→∞ 3 2n n→∞ 3 n→∞ 2n 3 3

(2) lim anbn = lim an · lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
!
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example lim + = lim + lim = +0=
n→∞ 3 2n n→∞ 3 n→∞ 2n 3 3

(2) lim anbn = lim an · lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞

lim an
an n→∞
(3) lim = provided that lim bn , 0
n→∞ bn lim bn n→∞
n→∞
 10

Properties of limits

(1) lim (an ± bn) = lim an ± lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞
!
1 1 1 1 1 1
Example lim + = lim + lim = +0=
n→∞ 3 2n n→∞ 3 n→∞ 2n 3 3

(2) lim anbn = lim an · lim bn

n→∞ n→∞ n→∞

lim an
an n→∞
(3) lim = provided that lim bn , 0
n→∞ bn lim bn n→∞
n→∞

Remark The precise meaning of the “+” part of (1) is

if both (an) and (bn) are convergent and their limits are L and M
respectively, then (an + bn) is also convergent and its limit is L + M .
 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution
 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

Can’t find any real number L satisfying the condition

1 + n2 is close to L if n is large
 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

Can’t find any real number L satisfying the condition

1 + n2 is close to L if n is large
n2 + 1
(2) lim 2
n→∞ 2n − 3
 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

Can’t find any real number L satisfying the condition

1 + n2 is close to L if n is large
n2 + 1
(2) lim 2
n→∞ 2n − 3

Note

• Can’t use the property of limit for quotients because the limit of the
numerator (and the denominator) does not exist .
 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

Can’t find any real number L satisfying the condition

1 + n2 is close to L if n is large
n2 + 1
(2) lim 2
n→∞ 2n − 3

Note

• Can’t use the property of limit for quotients because the limit of the
numerator (and the denominator) does not exist .

• Can’t conclude from this given limit does not exist .

 11

Example Find the following limits, if exist.

 
2
(1) lim 1 + n
n→∞

Solution Limit does not exist

Can’t find any real number L satisfying the condition

1 + n2 is close to L if n is large
n2 + 1
(2) lim 2
n→∞ 2n − 3

Note

• Can’t use the property of limit for quotients because the limit of the
numerator (and the denominator) does not exist .

• Can’t conclude from this given limit does not exist .

• Trick – divide the numerator and the denominator by n2

 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞

1
lim 1 + lim 2
n→∞ n→∞ n
= by Property (1)
lim 2 − lim n32
n→∞ n→∞
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞

1
lim 1 + lim 2
n→∞ n→∞ n
= by Property (1)
lim 2 − lim n32
n→∞ n→∞

1+0 1
= =
2−0 2
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞

1
lim 1 + lim 2
n→∞ n→∞ n
= by Property (1)
lim 2 − lim n32
n→∞ n→∞

1+0 1
= =
2−0 2

Shortcut Throw away the numbers 1 and −3 in the numerator and denominator
respectively.
n2 + 1 n2
lim = lim 2 =
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ 2n
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞

1
lim 1 + lim 2
n→∞ n→∞ n
= by Property (1)
lim 2 − lim n32
n→∞ n→∞

1+0 1
= =
2−0 2

Shortcut Throw away the numbers 1 and −3 in the numerator and denominator
respectively.
n2 + 1 n2 1 1
lim = lim 2 = lim =
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2 2
 12

n2 + 1 (n2 + 1)/n2
Solution lim = lim
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ (2n2 − 3)/n2

lim (1 + n12 )
n→∞
= 3
by Property (3)
lim (2 − n2
)
n→∞

1
lim 1 + lim 2
n→∞ n→∞ n
= by Property (1)
lim 2 − lim n32
n→∞ n→∞

1+0 1
= =
2−0 2

Shortcut Throw away the numbers 1 and −3 in the numerator and denominator
respectively.
n2 + 1 n2 1 1
lim = lim 2 = lim =
n→∞ 2n2 − 3 n→∞ 2n n→∞ 2 2

Reason If n is very large, then compared with n2, 1 is very small.

 13

Limits of Functions at Infinity

Definition Let f : (m, ∞) −→ R be a function. Suppose L is a real number such
that.
(∗) f (x) is arbitrarily close to L if x is sufficiently large

Then we say that L is the limit of f at infinity and we write

 13

Limits of Functions at Infinity

Definition Let f : (m, ∞) −→ R be a function. Suppose L is a real number such
that.
(∗) f (x) is arbitrarily close to L if x is sufficiently large

Then we say that L is the limit of f at infinity and we write

lim f (x) = L
x→∞
 13

Limits of Functions at Infinity

Definition Let f : (m, ∞) −→ R be a function. Suppose L is a real number such
that.
(∗) f (x) is arbitrarily close to L if x is sufficiently large

Then we say that L is the limit of f at infinity and we write

lim f (x) = L
x→∞

Show function limit.html

 13

Limits of Functions at Infinity

Definition Let f : (m, ∞) −→ R be a function. Suppose L is a real number such
that.
(∗) f (x) is arbitrarily close to L if x is sufficiently large

Then we say that L is the limit of f at infinity and we write

lim f (x) = L
x→∞

Show function limit.html

Instead of (∗), will say (∗∗) f (x) is close to L if x is large

 13

Limits of Functions at Infinity

Definition Let f : (m, ∞) −→ R be a function. Suppose L is a real number such
that.
(∗) f (x) is arbitrarily close to L if x is sufficiently large

Then we say that L is the limit of f at infinity and we write

lim f (x) = L
x→∞

Show function limit.html

Instead of (∗), will say (∗∗) f (x) is close to L if x is large

Remark For sequences, just say limit.

For functions, say limit at infinity ∵ there are other types of limits
 14

Example Find the following limits, if exist:

!
2
(1) lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
(2) lim (2−x + 3)
x→∞

sin x
(3) lim
x→∞ x

x2 + 1
(4) lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

x3 + 1
(5) lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

(6) lim (1 + log x)

x→∞
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
!
2 2
lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim
x→∞ x3 x→∞ x→∞ x3
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
!
2 2 2 1
lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim write = 2 ·
x→∞ x3 x→∞ x→∞ x3 x3 x3
1
= 1 − 2 · lim 3
x→∞ x
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
!
2 2 2 1
lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim write = 2 ·
x→∞ x3 x→∞ x→∞ x3 x3 x3
1
= 1 − 2 · lim 3
x→∞ x

= 1−2·0

= 1
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
!
2 2 2 1
lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim write = 2 ·
x→∞ x3 x→∞ x→∞ x3 x3 x3
1
= 1 − 2 · lim 3
x→∞ x

= 1−2·0

= 1

1
Fact lim p = 0 if p > 0.
x→∞ x
 15

!
2
Example Find lim 1 −
x→∞ x3
Solution Can manipulate limits at infinity for functions similar to that for
sequences
!
2 2 2 1
lim 1 − = lim 1 − lim write = 2 ·
x→∞ x3 x→∞ x→∞ x3 x3 x3
1
= 1 − 2 · lim 3
x→∞ x
1.4
= 1−2·0 1.2
1
= 1 0.8
0.6
0.4
1
Fact lim p = 0 if p > 0. 0.2
x→∞ x
20 40 60 80 100
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
1
so 2−x = x is small.
2
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
1
so 2−x = x is small.
2

• Thus lim 2−x = 0 and hence

x→∞
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
1
so 2−x = x is small.
2

• Thus lim 2−x = 0 and hence

x→∞

lim (2−x + 3) = lim 2−x + lim 3

x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
1
so 2−x = x is small.
2

• Thus lim 2−x = 0 and hence

x→∞

lim (2−x + 3) = lim 2−x + lim 3

x→∞ x→∞ x→∞

= 0+3

= 3
 16

Example Find lim (2−x + 3)

x→∞

Solution
• If x is large, 2 x is large (in fact, much larger)
1
so 2−x = x is small.
2

• Thus lim 2−x = 0 and hence

x→∞
4
3.5
lim (2−x + 3) = lim 2−x + lim 3 3
x→∞ x→∞ x→∞
2.5
= 0+3 2
1.5
1
= 3 0.5
10 20 30 40 50
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30

-1
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30
1
• approaches 0.
x
-1
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30
1
• approaches 0.
x
-1

sin x 1 
Hence lim = lim · sin x
x→∞ x x→∞ x
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30
1
• approaches 0.
x
-1

sin x 1 
Hence lim = lim · sin x = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ x
 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30
1
• approaches 0.
x
-1

sin x 1 
Hence lim = lim · sin x = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ x

Remark See Sandwich Theorem in Supplementary Notes.

 17

sin x
Example Find lim
x→∞ x

Solution If x increases without bound, 1

• sin x oscillates between −1 and 1;

10 20 30
1
• approaches 0.
x
-1

sin x 1 
Hence lim = lim · sin x = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ x

1 sin x 1
Remark See Sandwich Theorem in Supplementary Notes. − ≤ ≤
x x x
0.1

0.05

20 40 60 80 100
-0.05

-0.1
 18

x2 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

Solution
 18

x2 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

Solution Divide numerator and denominator by x3; then use properties of limits:
x2 + 1
2
x +1 3
lim = lim 3 x
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5
x3
 18

x2 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

Solution Divide numerator and denominator by x3; then use properties of limits:
x2 + 1
2
x +1 3
lim = lim 3 x
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5
x3

lim ( 1x + 1
)
x→∞ x3
= 4 5
lim (3 − + )
x→∞ x2 x3
 18

x2 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

Solution Divide numerator and denominator by x3; then use properties of limits:
x2 + 1
2
x +1 3
lim = lim 3 x
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5
x3

lim ( 1x + 1
)
x→∞ x3
= 4 5
lim (3 − + )
x→∞ x2 x3

0+0
=
3−0+0

= 0

Show graph
 19

x3 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

Solution
 19

x3 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

x3 + 1
3
x +1 x3
Solution lim = lim
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5
x3
 19

x3 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

x3 + 1
3
x +1 x3
Solution lim = lim
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5
x3
1
lim (1 + )
x→∞ x3
= 4 5
lim (3 − + )
x→∞ x2 x3
 19

x3 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

x3 + 1
3
x +1 x3
Solution lim = lim
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5
x3
1
lim (1 + )
x→∞ x3
= 4 5
lim (3 − + )
x→∞ x2 x3

1+0 1
= = Show graph
3−0+0 3
 19

x3 + 1
Example Find lim 3
x→∞ 3x − 4x + 5

x3 + 1
3
x +1 x3
Solution lim = lim
x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5 x→∞ 3x3 − 4x + 5
x3
1
lim (1 + )
x→∞ x3
= 4 5
lim (3 − + )
x→∞ x2 x3

1+0 1
= = Show graph
3−0+0 3

Remark To find limits at infinity for rational functions

• Divide numerator and denominator by x p where p = deg of denom.

 20

Leading Terms Rule Let

am xm + am−1 xm−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0
R(x) =
bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0

be a rational function (where am and bn are both , 0). Then

am xm
lim R(x) = lim
x→∞ x→∞ bn xn
 20

Leading Terms Rule Let

am xm + am−1 xm−1 + · · · + a1 x + a0
R(x) =
bn xn + bn−1 xn−1 + · · · + b1 x + b0

be a rational function (where am and bn are both , 0). Then

am xm
lim R(x) = lim
x→∞ x→∞ bn xn