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04 Histogram

The document discusses frequency distributions and histograms. It explains how to create a frequency distribution by grouping data into classes and calculating the frequency of each class. It also describes the different shapes that histograms can take such as symmetric, skewed, and uniform distributions. Finally, it covers the normal distribution and its key properties of being bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.

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Avinash Katta
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
20 views

04 Histogram

The document discusses frequency distributions and histograms. It explains how to create a frequency distribution by grouping data into classes and calculating the frequency of each class. It also describes the different shapes that histograms can take such as symmetric, skewed, and uniform distributions. Finally, it covers the normal distribution and its key properties of being bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.

Uploaded by

Avinash Katta
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Frequency distribution

A frequency distribution for qualitative data lists all categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the
categories.

Branch/ Specialization Number of students


Computer Science 100
Mechanical Engineering 80
Electrical Engineering 130
Biotechnology 60
EXAMPLE Mathematics 50
Total 420

Therefore, relative frequency of Biotechnology is equal to 60/420 = 0.142 ~ 14.2%

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BAR GRAPH
A BAR graph is a graph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of respective categories is called a bar
graph

Number of students
140

120

100

80

TYPES 60

40

20

0
Computer Science Mechanical Electrical Biotechnology Mathematics
Engineering Engineering
Number of students

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Frequency distribution
A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the number of values that belong to each class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped data.

Science Marks Number of students


0-35 5
36-55 21
EXAMPLE 56-70 12
71-85 18
86-100 9
Total 65

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Frequency distribution
A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the number of values that belong to each class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped data.

1. Select the number of classes, usually between 5 and 20.


2. Calculate the class width.
Class width ≈ (maximum data value) - (minimum data value) / number of classes
Round this result to get a convenient number.
3. Choose the value for the first lower class limit by using either the minimum
value or a convenient value below the minimum.
Process 4. Using the first lower class limit and the class width, list the other lower class
limits.
5. List the lower class limits in a vertical column and then determine and enter
the upper class limits.
6. Take each individual data value and put a tally mark in the appropriate class.
Add the tally marks to find the total frequency for each class.

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Frequency distribution
A frequency distribution for quantitative data lists all the classes and the number of values that belong to each class.
Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped data.
For the list of numbers below, create the frequency distribution
10 14 26 25 30 34 14 33 33
13 21 25 29 28 7 31 31 30
25 33 31 13 28 33

1. Select the number of classes, we will select 5.


EXAMPLE 2. Calculate the class width
Class width ≈ (34) - (7) / 5 = 27/5 = 5.4 -> 5
Groups Tally Frequency
7 – 12 || 2
13 – 18 |||| 4
19 – 24 | 1
25 – 30 ||||\ |||| 9
31 – 36 ||||\ ||| 8

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Histograms
Histogram is a graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other.
The horizontal scale represents classes of quantitative data values and the vertical scale represents frequencies.

Example

The heights of the bars correspond to the frequency values.

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Histogram Shapes
Histogram is a graph consisting of bars of equal width drawn adjacent to each other.
The horizontal scale represents classes of quantitative data values and the vertical scale represents frequencies.

1. Symmetric

Example 2. Skewed (Not symmetric)

3. Uniform or rectangular

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Normal Distribution
If a continuous random variable has a distribution with a graph that is symmetric and bell-shaped, and it can be
described by the equation given below, we say that it has a normal distribution

Properties

1. The total area under the curve is 1.0.


2. The curve is symmetric about the mean.
3. The two tails of the curve extend indefinitely.

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