COLEGIO DE LA PURISIMA CONCEPCION

The School of the Archdiocese of Capiz

Roxas City

PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS – Grade 11

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 – Module1: Key Concepts Introduction to Probability and Statistics
First Edition, 2020

Introduction:  A measure of central tendency is a single value that attempts to describe a set of data by
identifying the central position within that set of data. As such, measures of central tendency are sometimes
called measures of central location. They are also classed as summary statistics.
Objectives:
a. To determine the value which represents the whole series. This value is termed as central value or
an average. In other words, average is a statistical measure representing a group of individual values
in simple and comprehensive manner.
b. To identify the location of the three measures of central tendency and center of various distributions.

Measures of Central Tendency

When statisticians study a group of measurements, they try to determine which measure is most representative of
the group. The score about which most of the other scores tend to cluster is a measure of central  tendency . Three
measures of central tendency are the mode, the median and the mean.

Mean is the average score in the distribution.

Median is the middle score in the distribution.

Mode is the most occurring value in the distribution.

The mode of a set of numbers is the element that appears most frequently in the set. There can be more than one
mode in a set of numbers. A set that has two modes is bimodal , and one that has three modes is trifocal  . If no
element of a set appears more often than any other element, the set has no mode. The mode is an important
measure for business people. It tells them what items are most popular with consumers.

In determining measures of central tendency first let us classify the data into group or ungroup data. Ungroup data
the distribution of data is 20 or below. The data arrange only in ascending or descending orders while group data
we construct a frequency distribution table.

Mean , Median and Mode in Ungrouped data

Example 1  : Find the mean, median, and the mode of the following values.

i 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

X 12 14 14 17 18 20 22 25 28 30
Solution:

X X’

30 18

28 16
25 13
22 10
20 8
18 6
17 5
14 2
14 2
12 0
___ -------
EX = 200 Ex’ = 80
Solving for Mean

Mean = EX / n = 200 / 10 = 20
Median = 20 + 18 / 2 = 19
Mode = 14

Another solution for Mean

1. Subtract lowest score to individual score
2. Determine the sum of lowest score and individual score
3. Substitute to formula Mean = Lowest score + Ex’/n

Mean = 12 + 80 / 10 = 12 + 8 = 20

Median = 20 + 18 / 2 = 19

Mode = 14

Example problems of Measures of Central Tendency grouped data

Example 1. The frequency distribution below shows the monthly sales of 100 establishment in the city of
smile.

Example of Computation of Mean by Midpoint Method

Sales Number of

( Thousand Peso) Establishment

X f X FX
 95 ---99 3 97 291

90 -- 94 4 92 368

85 -- 89 9 87 783

80 -- 84 29 82 2378

75 -- 79 25 77 1925

70 -- 74 18 72 1296

65 -- 69 12 67 804

------ ---------

Ef = 100 EFX = 7845

Step to determine mean using group data

1. Determine the class mark by adding lower limit plus upper limit divided by 2
2. Multiply the frequency and class mark
3. Determine the sum of the product of frequency and class mark
4. Substitute to the formula of the mean

Mean = EFX/ EF = 7845 / 100 = 78.45 or 78.5

Computation of Mean By Deviation Method

Example 1. The frequency distribution below shows the monthly sales of 100 establishment in the city of
smile.

Sales Number of

( Thousand Peso) Establishment

X f d fd

95 ---99 3 3 9

90 -- 94 4 2 8

85 -- 89 9 1 9

80 -- 84 29 0 0

75 -- 79 25 -1 -25
 70 -- 74 18 -2 -36

65 -- 69 12 -3 -36

------

Ef = 100 Efd= -71

Formula of Mean deviation Method

M = L + ( Efd ) i
Ef
Where:

M = Mean

L = lower boundary of the mean class

Efd = algebraic sum of frequency multiply by deviation

Ef = the sum of the frequency

i = interval

M = 82 + ( -71 ) 5
100
M = 82 - 3.55 = 78. 45 or 78. 5

Computation of Median in a Group data

1. Determine ½ of the sum of the frequency

2. Determine the cumulative frequency not exceed ½ of the sum of the frequency
3. Determine the lower boundary
4. Substitute to the formula
Formula:

Md = L + ( Ef/2 - F ) i
f
Where :

Md = Median

L = Lower boundary of the Median Class

Ef = the sum of the frequency

F = cumulative frequency not exceed ½ of the total frequency

f = frequency above partial sum

I = interval

Example 1. The frequency distribution below shows the monthly sales of 100 establishment in the city of
smile.

Sales Number of

( Thousand Peso) Establishment Cumulative frequency

X f
95 ---99 3 100
90 -- 94 4 97
85 -- 89 9 93
80 -- 84 29 84
75 -- 79 25 55
70 -- 74 18 30
65 -- 69 12 12
------
Ef = 100

½ of frequency = 50
Cumulative frequency not exceed ½ = 30
Frequency above partial sum = 25
Lower boundary 74.5

Md = L + ( Ef/2 - F ) i
f
= 74.5 + ( 50 -30 ) 5
25
= 74.5 + 4

Md = 78.5

Computation of Mode in a Group data

Mo = L + ( d1 – d2 ) i
 d2
Where :

Mo = mode

L = Lower boundary of the modal class

d1 = the difference of frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the class preceding the modal class

d2 = the difference of frequency of the modal class and the frequency of the class after the modal class

I = interval

Example 1. The frequency distribution below shows the monthly sales of 100 establishment in the city of
smile.

Sales Number of
( Thousand Peso) Establishment Cumulative frequency
X f
95 ---99 3
90 -- 94 4
85 -- 89 9

80 -- 84 29 frequency of the modal class

75 -- 79 25
70 -- 74 18
65 -- 69 12
------
Ef = 100
d1 = 29 – 9 = 20

d2 = 29 – 25 = 4

L = 80 + 84 / 2 = 82

Mo = L + ______ d1______ i
(d1 + d2)
= 82 + ( 20) 5

(20+4)

= 82 + 4.17

Mo = 86.17
For Students Activity
I. Find (a) the mean (b) the median (c) the mode (d) the range of this set of data. 5, 6, 2, 4, 7, 8, 3, 5,
6, 6
II. In a survey of 10 households, the number of children was found to be 4, 1, 5, 4, 3, 7, 2, 3, 4, 1
(a) State the mode.
(b) Calculate (i) the mean number of children per household
(ii) the median number of children per household.

III. Find the mean, median, mode and range of each set of numbers below.
(a) 3, 4, 7, 3, 5, 2, 6, 10
(b) 8, 10, 12, 14, 7, 16, 5, 7, 9, 11
(c) 17, 18, 16, 17, 17, 14, 22, 15, 16, 17, 14, 12
(d) 108, 99, 112, 111, 108
(e) 64, 66, 65, 61, 67, 61, 57

IV. Find the group mean, median and mode of the following data.

Scores Frequency

85- 89 5

80-84 20

75-79 28

70-74 15

65-69 3

60- 64 19

-------

Ef =90