REVIEWER ROTC

Philippine Navy Hymn

Hukbong Dagat ng Pilipinas;
Buong kapuluan ipaglalaban;
Ano ‘mang panganib 'di alintana; Di matitinag
aming kagitingan;
Mga isla na puspos ng gilas;
Katatagan na aming sinumpaan;
Pamumuno… pinagyaman ng kasaysayan;
Kapayapaan… Kasaganahan… Alay ng Hukbong
Dagat…
Dakilang mandaragat naglalayag;
Matatapang na mandirigma lumalaban;
Walang takot na maglilingkod;
Handang ipagtanggol ating kalayaan;
Hiyaw ng mandaragat…
Hoo! Yaahh!… Hoo! Yaahh!… Hoo! Yaahh!
Sigaw ng mandirigma…
Hoo! Waahh!… Hoo! Waahh!… Hoo! Waahh!
Araw man o gabi;
Sa lupa o dagat man;
Magkaisa tayo sa Hukbong Dagat; Hukbong
Dagat ng Pilipinas.
LEGAL BASIS Coordinating Council of Private
Educational Association of the Philippines
Introduction
(COCOPEA), NGOs, promulgate the
Republic Act 9163 is an act establishing the following IRR to implement the provisions
National Service Training Program (NSTP) for the of this Act.
tertiary level students, amending for the purpose  Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding
of Republic Act No. 7077, Presidential Decree Principle). While the prime duty of the
No. 1706, and for other purposes. government to serve and protect its
citizens, in turn, it shall be the
Specific Provisions of the Fundamental Law responsibility of all citizens to defend the
Pertinent to R. A. 9163 security of the state, and in the fulfillment
 Sec 2. R. A 9163 hereby affirms the prime thereof, the government may require each
duty of the government to serve and citizen to render personal military or civil
protect its citizens. In turn, it shall be the service.
responsibility of all citizens to defend  Sec 2. Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163
security of the state and in the fulfilment (Role of the Youth)
thereof, the government may require each 1. In recognition of the vital role of
citizen to render personal, military or civil the youth in nation building, the
services. state shall promote civic
 Sec.4.R.A.9163 there is hereby consciousness among them
established a National Training Service and shall develop their physical,
Training Program (NSTP), which shall moral, spiritual, intellectual and
form part of the curricula of all social being. It shall inculcate
baccalaureate degree courses and at of the ideals of patriotism,
least two (2) year technical – vocational nationalism, and advance their
courses and is a requisite for graduation, involvement in public and civic
consisting of the following service affairs
components. 2. . As the most valuable
1. The Reserve Officer’s Training resources of the nation, they
Corps (ROTC), which is hereby shall be motivated, trained,
made optional and voluntary upon organized and involved in
the effectivity of this Act. military literacy, civic welfare
2. The Literacy Training Services programs and other similar
(LTS); and endeavors in the service of the
3. The Civic Welfare Training Service nation.
(CWTS)  Sec. 4, Rule III, IRR to
 Sec. 15(4) of Batas Pambansa Bilang R. A. 9163 (Coverage)
323 likewise provides that it is the duty 1. All incoming freshmen students,
and responsibility of students to participate male and female, starting School
actively in civic affairs and be involved in Year (SY) 2002 –2003, enrolled in
the promotion of the general welfare of the any baccalaureate and in at least
people particularly in the social, economic two (2) year Technical –
and cultural development of the Vocational or associate courses,
community and in the attainment of a just, are required to complete one (1)
compassionate and orderly society NSTP component of their choice
 Pursuant to Section 12 Republic Act No. as a graduation requirement.
9163 otherwise known as the National 2. All higher and technical-vocational
Service Training Program (NSTP) Act of education institutions must offer at
2001, CHED, TESDA, and DND in least one (1) of the NSTP
consultation with concerned government components.
agencies, the Philippine Association of a) State Universities and
State Universities and Colleges (PASUC), Colleges (SUCs), shall offer
the ROTC Program and at
 least one (1) other NSTP organization, maintenance and utilization
component. of the National Reserve Corps.
b) The Philippine Military 3. Graduates of the ROTC program shall
Academy (PMA), Philippine form part of the Citizen Armed Force,
Merchant Marine Academy pursuant to R. A. 7077, subject to the
(PMMA), Philippine national requirements of DND
Police Academy (PNPA), and  Sec. 13, Rule VI, IRR to R. A. 9163
other SUCs of similar nature, (Transitory Provisions):
in view of the special character 1. Students who are currently
of these institutions, are enrolled but have not taken any of
exempted from the NSTP. the Military Service (MS), Civic
c) Private higher and technical- Welfare Service (CWS) or Law
vocational education Enforcement Service (LES)
institutions with at least 350 programs shall be covered by the
students cadets, may offer the NSTP law.
ROTC Program and 2. Students who have completed two
consequently (2) semesters of the Expanded
establish/maintain a ROTC (E-ROTC. National Service
Department of Military Science Training Program) are deemed to
and Tactics (DMST), subject to have complied with the NSTP law.
the existing rules and 3. Students who are not covered by
regulations of the Armed Section 13 of this Rule and have
Forces of the Philippines (AFP) taken only one (1) semester or
 Sec 1, Rule I, IRR to R. A. 9163 (Guiding Basic ROTC or E-ROTC/ NSTP,
Principle). While the prime duty of the shall be take one more semester of
government to serve and protect its any NSTP components to qualify
citizens, in turn, it shall be the for graduation purposes.
responsibility of all citizens to defend the
security of the state, and in the fulfilment
thereof, the government may require each
citizen to render personal military or civil
service.
 A one (1) summer program in lieu
of the two (2) semester program
may be designed, formulated and
adopted by the DND, CHED and
TESDA, subject to the capability of
the school and the AFP to handle
the same.
 Sec. 11, Rule V, IRR to R. A. 9163
(Organization of NSTP Graduates):
1. Graduates of the ROTC components of
the NSTP shall belong to the National
Service Reserve Corps (NSRC) and could
be tapped by the state for literacy and
civic welfare activities, through the joint
efforts of DND, CHED and TESDA, in
coordination with DILG, DSWD and other
concerned agencies/ associations
2. The CHED, TESDA and DND, in
consultation with other concerned
government agencies, shall issue the
necessary guidelines for the establishment,
 in terms of honor, valour, loyalty, duty and
solidarity despite the overwhelming
superiority of the enemy forces. To hasten
the Philippine campaign on peace and
KEY OFFICERS (AFP ORGANIZATION) order, the Philippine Military Academy was
organized on 25 October 1898. By virtue
Introduction of the National Defense Act enacted
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) officially on 21 December 1935, The
recognizes the Constitution of the Republic as the Armed Forces of the Philippines was
legitimate expression of the people’s will. It is created.
mandated to serve and protect the people and MISSION OF THE AFP
secure the sovereignty of the state and the
integrity to its national territory from internal and To protect the people and secure the
external threats, adheres to the principle of sovereignty of the state and the integrity of the
supremacy of civilian authority over the military at national territory.
all times and vows to uphold and defend the
CHAIN OF COMMAND
Constitution
PRESIDENT(Commander-in-Chief) -Rodrigo
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE AFP
Duterte/Exercises strategic direction
 The AFP identifies itself with the Filipino
SECRETARY OF NATIONAL DEFENSE – Hon.
people’s historical struggles for freedom
Delfin H. Lorenzana/ Executive supervision over
and justice and their vigilance against any
the AFP
attempt to violate the country’s integrity
and sovereignty. CHIEF OF STAFF AFP – Gen. Gilbert I. Gappay
 The AFP as the embodiment of the P.A/ Executes policies of C-in-C and commands
cherished martial values and traditions of to the AFP
the Filipino people, traces its roots to
 The President is the Commander-In-
certain historical events foremost of which
Chief of the AFP. He/She exercises
is the Battle of Mactan on 27 April 1521
strategic direction over the personnel and
where Lapu-Lapu, the acknowledge
the resources of the military
father of the AFP, first signalled our love
establishments through the Secretary of
for freedom.
the Department of National Defense, who
 The Dagohoy, Revolt in 1744, the Muslim
also represents his/her in the executive
resistance and other similar uprisings
function and in the supervision of the
against Spanish colonialism, the founding
Defense Program of the country.
of the Katipunan on 07 July 1892 by
 The Chief of Staff, AFP executes the
Andres Bonifacio, considered as the
command functions of the President in
father of the Philippine Army, the Tejeros
relation to strategy, tactics and operations.
convention on 22 March 1897 which
He is also the immediate adviser of the
proclaimed officially our desire for
Secretary of National Defense Program as
complete independence and thereafter
prescribed by the Secretary of National
gave birth to the Philippine Army.
Defense. The Chief of Staff has command
Subsequently, the Philippine Navy was
and control over all the elements of the
created on 20 May 1898.
AFP.
 On 12 June 1898, the Philippine
Independence was declared at Kawit, AFP ORGANIZATION
Cavite, and for the first time, the Philippine
Flag was unfurled by General Emilio
Aguinaldo and our National Hymn was
played. The Filipino-American hostilities
between 1898 and 1899 further
demonstrated the Filipino soldier’s best
 To organize, train, equip, deploy and maintain
forces for prompt and sustained naval and
maritime operations in support of the AFP mission.

MAJOR SERVICE RESERVE COMMAND AFP

RESERVE COMMAND

 PHILIPPINE ARMY- ARMY RESERVE

COMMAND
 PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE- AIR RESERVE
COMMAND
General Headquarters AFP  PHILIPPINE NAVY- NAVAL RESERVE
COMMAND

AFP RESERVE COMMAND

Was organized as an AFP-wide support and

separate unit on 01 April 1993 pur to General
Order No. 22 GHQ, AFP dated 02 March 1993
and Republic Act No. 7077, otherwise known as
the Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act
as a base for the rapid expansion of the Armed
Forces of the Philippines in times of emergency.

ARMY RESERVE COMMAND

AFP COMPOSITION Is premised on a dedication to service, faced with
Armed Forces of the Philippines shall be the challenge of being in a constant state of
composed of the Regular Force and Reserve readiness and responsiveness if it is to back up
Force components. The Regular Force is the the regular army.
permanent military organization which is AIR FORCE RESERVE COMMAND
maintained in time of peace and war. The
Reserve Force is the military organization that will Is actively involved in the administration and
come up physical existence only upon utilization of the Air Force reservist.
mobilization as may be called upon by the
NAVAL RESERVE COMMAND
Commander-In-Chief due to state of national
emergency such as war or widespread disorder. Tasked to oversee and administer all Naval
Reservists in our country, in order to provide the
AFP MAJOR SERVICE
Navy not only a base for expansion in the event
 PHILIPPINE ARMY of war, invasion, rebellion, or disaster and
 PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE calamity relief but also to assist in socio-economic
 PHILIPPINE NAVY development of the country.

PHILIPPINE ARMY MISSION 8 NAVAL RESERVE CENTER

To develop, organize, train, equip, support and 1. Naval Reserve Center Northern Luzon
sustain ground forces for the conduct of prompt (Naval Detachment Bonuan, Dagupan City)
and sustained operations to accomplish the AFP 2. Naval Reserve Center National Capital
mission. Region (Fort Bonifacio, Taguig City)
3. Naval Reserve Center Southern Luzon
PHILIPPINE AIR FORCE MISSION (Legaspi City)
To conduct prompt and sustained air operations 4. Naval Reserve Center West (Palawan)
in support of the AFP mission. 5. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Visayas
(Cebu City) entire Visayas, Leyte. Samar
PHIL NAVY MISSION 6. Naval Reserve Center Western Visayas
(Ilo-ilo)
 7. Naval Reserve Center Western Mindanao
(Zamboanga City) Mindanao Areas
8. Naval Reserve Center Eastern Mindanao
(Davao City) Davao up to Sarangan

QUIZ INTERIOR GUARD DUTIES

1-3 Give Three Major Services of AFP. Introduction
 Philippine Army An interior guard duty system is installed to
 Philippine Navy preserve order, protect property, and enforce
 Philippine Air Force military regulations. Security is part of the
4. Who is the Commander – in – Chief? commander’s responsibility,.
 Pres. Rodrigo Duterte
Normally, an interior guard system is composed
of the following:
5. Who is the Chief of Staff?  Field Officer of the Day (FOD)
 Officer of the Day (OOD)
 Gen. Gilbert I. Gappay PA
 Commander of the Guard (COG)
6.. What is the most important and the most  Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)
common form of all Military Courtesy?  Relief Commander for each relief
 Sentinel of the guard
 salute
DEFINITION
7-8 Give the two AFP Composition
Countersign
 Regular Force Consist of a secret challenge and reply to aid
 Reserved Force the guards/sentinels in the scrutiny of persons
9. It is particularly important in military who apply to pass the lines or it may be defined
operations where it’s presence or lack of as a secret challenge and the secret password.

it may very well spell the difference Challenge

between victory or defeat. The command, “HALT, WHO IS THERE?”
given by a sentry is used to cause an unidentified
 Teamwork
person or party to halt and be identified.
10. It is a combined rate and rating of an
individual.
Password
 Rank Word or a distinctive sound used to answer a
challenge, identifies the person or party desiring
to enter or pass and is always a secret.

Interior Guard
The guard detailed by a commander to
preserve order, protect property and enforce
regulations within the jurisdiction of the command.
Relief Field Officer of the Day(FOD)
Those members of the guard who, under the FOD - A field grade officer detailed as FOD is the
supervision of and including a corporal of the Commanding Officer’s personal representative.
guard, have the same watch; the procedure His primary concern is the proper supervision in
whereby posted member of the guard. the performance of duty of the interior guards.

Sentry Officer of the Day (OOD)

An enlisted man assigned to duty as member OOD - The OOD is responsible for the proper
of the guard, to keep watch, maintain order, performance of duty by the main guards. He is
protect person or property, or warn of any attack, charged with executing all orders of the
a sentinel. commanding officer relating to interior duty guard.

Watch Commander of the Guard (COG)

A period of time during which a member of a COG - He is responsible for the instruction,
guard performs the prescribed duties, beginning discipline, and performance of the guards.
from when he is posted and the termination when
he is relieved by proper authority.
Sergeant of the Guard (SOG)
SOG - The SOG is the overall supervisor over
Relieve
the other NCO and sentinel of the guards. He
To direct any member of the guard to cease takes over as commander of the guards in case
performance duties. no one else is detailed as such.

Relief Commander
Post
Instruct his relief as to their orders and duties
The place or area where a sentry is stationed and make certain that each sentinel understand.
or the place where a member of the guard other
than the sentry is required to be when not
performing duties elsewhere. Sentinel of the Guards
They must memorize, understand, and
Patrol Post
comply with the general orders for sentinel and
A post within a sentry prescribed his own comply with the specific orders applicable to their
route, within specified limits, or has his route particular posts including the use of countersigns
prescribed for him. if they are in effect.

Fixed Post 11 GENERAL ORDERS OF THE GUARD

A post within the limits of which a sentry is
not required to more about appreciable for the
performance of this duty. General Orders No. 1-To take charge of my
post and all government property in view.

Guardhouse
A building, tent or other location General Orders No. 2-To walk my post in a
designated as the headquarters of the military manner, keeping always on the alert and
guard. observing everything that takes place within sight
or hearing.
Detain
The action of any person so authorized used General Orders No. 3-To report all violations of
to secure the custody of an illegal offender until orders I am instructed to enforce.
proper authority may be noticed.
General Orders No. 4-To repeat all calls from Watch 4. A period of time during which a
posts more distant from the guardhouse than my member of a guard performs the prescribed
own. duties.

General Orders No. 5-To quit my post only Patrol Post 6. A post within a sentry prescribed
when properly relieved. his own route, within specified limits, or has his
route prescribed for him.

General Orders No. 6-To receive, obey and

pass to the sentinel who relieves me all orders Relieve 5. To direct any member of the guard to
from the Commanding Officer, Officer of the Day, cease performance duties.
Commissioned and Non - Commissioned
Officers of the guard only.
Guardhouse 7. A building, tent or other location
designated as the headquarters of the guard.
General Orders No. 7-To talk to no one except
in line of duty.
Commander of Guards (COG) 8. He is
responsible for the instruction, discipline and
General Orders No. 8-To give an alarm in case performance of the guards.
of fire and disorders.

Relief Commander 9. Instruct his relief as to

General Orders No. 9-To call the Commander of their orders and duties and make certain that
the Guard in any case not covered by each sentinel understand.
instructions.

Field Officer of the Day (FOD) 10. The

General Orders No. 10-To salute all Officers commanding officer’s personal representative.
and all Colors and Standard not cased. His primary concern is the proper supervision in
the performance of duty on the interior guards.

General Orders No. 11-To be especially

watchful at night during the time for challenging
and to challenge all persons on or near my post
and to allow no one to pass without proper
authority.

QUIZ2

Interior guard 1. The guard detailed by a

commander to preserve order, protect property
and enforces regulations within the jurisdiction.

Password 2. Word or a distinctive sound used to

answer a challenge, identifies the person or party
desiring to enter or pass.

Challenge 3. The command “HALT, WHO IS

THERE?” given by a sentry.
 reaches its objectives, accomplishes its
assigned mission and helps other units to
accomplish their mission.

Creating a Climate of Discipline

We find ready application of discipline in all

aspects of military life. We often hear of “supply
discipline”, water discipline”.

Training - a soldier learns to work with other

soldier; learn to unify their actions into a single
effort in order to accomplish the group mission
and develops the habit of prompt obedience to all
orders.

Judicious Use of Punishment and Reward -

MILITARY COURTESY AND DISCIPLINE the best kind of discipline is that which exacts
obedience by appealing to reason and which
Introduction makes use of the so called
Many people think that discipline is nothing more “positive incentives” – reward.
than the enforcement of regulations and the
corresponding punishment when one violates Instilling a Sense of Confidence and
them. Others associate discipline with the state of Responsibility - a confident and responsible
subservience where subordinates blindly follow soldier realizes that he has an obligation not only
the orders of their superiors out of habit or fear. to himself but to the other soldier in the
organization.
Discipline is the quality of being able to behave
and work in a controlled way which involves Military Courtesy In The Service
obeying particular rules or standards. Military Courtesy - the act of politeness, civility
Definition and respect that personnel in the military
organization accord to one another.
Military Courtesy - the written, officially
prescribed code of department (responsibility) for Salute – the most important and most common
members of the military establishments form of all military courtesy.

Morale - the mental state and spirit of an Saluting - one of the most common and basic
individual or unit. forms of military courtesy. It is basically an
exchange of greetings between military and/or
Military discipline - is necessary to ensure uniformed services personnel.
orderly and effective group action, commonly
known as teamwork. How to Salute?

Teamwork - is particularly important in military Salute is normally given with the right hand; when
operations where its presence or lack of it may right hand is encumbered, left hand could be
very well spell the difference between victory or used.
defeat.  The salute is made whether
Necessity for Discipline a headgear is worn or not.
 Rifle salutes are used in place of the hand
 With discipline, a soldier learns a sense of salute when carrying a rifle.
obligation to himself and to his comrades;
to his commander and the entire Who are entitled to the salute?
organizations.  The National Flag and National Anthem.
 The ultimate objective of military discipline,  Commissioned Officers of the Armed
is unit efficiency in battle – to ensure that a Forces of the Philippines
unit performs its role correctly; that it
  Civilian high officials or foreign dignitaries shouts “ATTENTION” and all faces him
during military honors rendered for them and salute.
 .Officers of the Coast Guard and Geodetic  When in formation, the officer in charge
Survey and the Public Service when they cautions his unit to attention before
are serving with the AFP. executing the appropriate salute.
 Overtake and pass a senior officer only
When to salute?
upon his permission. When it become
When men seated in boats in which there is no necessary to walk pass a senior officer,
officer, the petty officer in charge of the boat, pass on his left side, salute when you are
rises and salute all officers passing near or within abreast and ask, “BY YOUR LEAVE SIR?”
the boat. When the officer returns the salute you
can continue pass him.
Who are entitled to the salute?  When reporting on deck or outdoors
 When boarding a navy ship in which the ashore, covered and salute accordingly. If
national Flag is flying, all persons in the reporting to an officer, salute and state
naval service upon reaching the upper your business.
platform of the accommodation ladder or  An enlisted man being seated and without
shipboard end of the prow, face the particular occupation rises upon the
national flag, and salute, then salute the approach of an officer, faces him and
Officer of the Deck (OOD). salutes. If both remain in the same vicinity,
 When leaving the ship, salute first the salute need not be repeated.
the OOD and then the  If seniority is unknown, the safest way and
national Flag.. the best rule is to salute mutually and
without say.
When to salute?  Sentries at gangway salute all officers
 Officers seated in boats rise in rendering going or coming over the side and when
and returning salutes when a senior enters passing or being passed by officers close
or leaves the boat or when acknowledging aboard in boats.
a gun salute  Officers and enlisted personnel both
 Coxswain in charge of a boat rise and salute a senior officers riding in a vehicle.
salute all officers entering or leaving the A driver of a vehicle is required to salute if
boat. All members of the crew when the the vehicle is at halt.
boat is not underway and not carrying an When not to render salute?
officer aboard stand and salute when an
officer comes alongside, leaves the side,  When troops are at work
or passes near them.  .Indoors, except when reporting to an
 In Navy building, the same general rules officer.
of saluting apply as on board navy ship.  When carrying articles with both hands, or
Salute all officers senior to you on all being so occupied as to make saluting
occasions, salute all other officers on first impracticable
meeting during the day. The salute also  .When serving as a military prisoner.
rendered indoors during ceremonies, Terminologies
honoring the flag and in court martial.
 When in company with a senior, you Rank – is the combined rate and rating of an
always walk on his left or put him on your individual.
right.
Unrated/Non-rated/Unclassified – a term used
This also applies aboard in any vehicle to identify an individual who has not yet been
classified for a particular rating. His rank would
 If officers and enlisted men are standing carry an initial (UN). Ex: ASN(UN)
together not in formation and a senior
approaches, the first to perceive him Rating – is a term used in the Navy to identify an
occupational specialty that is based on aptitude,
training, experience, knowledge and skills of an
individual.

Rate – is the term used to identify the level of

achievement and expertise within the individual’s
rating. Rate may also be called paygrade within a
rating.

Striker – a term that applies to an individual in the

paygrade E1 to E3.

Petty Officer – a term that applies to an

individual in the paygrade E4 to E7

MILITARY JUSTICE

Introduction

 The military justice system was meant to

enable commanders to disposed
personnel problems in their units in the
most expeditious manner. Speedy
disposition of cases preserves discipline,
promotes justice and enhances the
attainment of the Commander’s mission.
 In concept, the military justice system is
designed to enforce discipline and
administer justice in the military service,
and it is composed of four (4) components:

1. Investigation- is the process of looking

into the circumstances of a case for the purpose
of verifying and establishing the facts.

2. Prosecution - the accusation of a crime

before a legal tribunal.

3. Trial or adjudication- a legal action

before a judge and jury.

4. Judgment or decision- punishment given

to the accused who committed such crime.

These same components permeate (fill) two

distinct division of the system, namely:

1. Administrative case- are those that result

in decisions not involving penal sanctions and
may take such mild disciplinary or instructive
forms as admonition, reprimand and the like.

2. Punitive cases- are those that result

in judgments of fine, hard labor,
deprivation of liberty or combination of
these whenever guilt of those involved are proven.
The type of evidence and degree of proof 4. All trainees undergoing military
required are also different for these two instructions.
categories.
5. Retainers to camp and all persons
Punitive cases require guilt to be proven beyond accompanying or serving with the AFP in the field
reasonable doubt while Administrative cases in time of war or when martial law is declared.
require only preponderance (occurrence) of
6. All persons under sentence adjudged by a
evidence to gain positive adjudication.
court-martial or military tribunal.
SOURCES OF MILITARY LAW
7. All persons under sentence adjudged by a
 Articles of War are set of laws, known as court-martial or military tribunal.
Commonwealth Act No. 408, was enacted
by the Philippine National Assembly on 14
September 1938. Among others, the
Articles of War defines the offenses
punishable under the law and prescribes
the corresponding punishment. PUNITIVE ARTICLES OF WAR
 Rules governing the conduct of military
personnel and providing for a method by Articles of war were promulgated effective
which persons be punished are contained September 14, 1938 when the unicameral
in the Articles of War. Philippine National Assembly enacted
 Military jurisdiction emanates from several Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the
sources among which are the constitution basic law that gave the guidance and operations
of the Philippines and International Law. of the country’s Armed
Military jurisdiction are carried out by the Forces, there are 120 Articles, most of which are
following agencies. lifted from US Uniform Code of Military Justice.
MILITARY JURISDICTION It is for this reason that our articles of war had the
Court-Martial - General, Special and same substance as the American Military Code of
Summary 1928 which was found applicable to Philippine
conditions.
Commanding Officers in exercising their
disciplinary powers under AW 105. 1. Article 54 - Fraudulent enlistment

Court of Inquiry Military Tribunals or 2. Article 55 - Officer making unlawful

Commission enlistment

As a general rule, courts-martial have the 3. Article 56 - False muster

exclusive jurisdiction over-all persons subject to 4. Article 57 - False returns or omission to
military law who commit an offense penalized by render returns
the punitive articles of war. To be more specific,
the term “persons subject to military law” refers to 5. Article 58 - Acts to constitute desertion
the following:
6. Article 59 - Punishment for Desertion
PERSONS SUBJECT TO MILITARY LAW
7. Article 60 - Advising or Aiding Another to
1. All officers and enlisted personnel in the Desert
regular force of the AFP.
8. Article 61 - Entertaining a Deserter
2. All reservists from the date of their call to
9. Article 62 - Absence Without Leave
active duty and while on such active duty.
10.Article 63 - Disrespect Toward the President,
3. All cadets of the PMA and PAF Flying
Vice President, Prime Minister,
School, and Probationary Lieutenants on actual
training. Chairman of the National Assembly or Minister of
National Defense
11. Article 64 - Disrespect toward Superior 36. Article 88A –Unlawfully influencing action
Officer of court

12. Article 65 - Assaulting or willfully 37. Article 89 - Intimidating of persons

disobeying Superior Officer bringing provisions

13. Article 66 - Insubordinate conduct toward 38. Article 90 - Good order to be maintained
Non-Commissioned Officer and wrong redressed

14. Article 67 - Mutiny or sedition COURT MARTIAL

15. Article 68 - Failure to suppress mutiny or Courts-martial and other military tribunals
sedition generally exist to assist commanders in the
administration of military justice. Specifically they
16. Article 69 - Quarrels, frays & disorders
are established to enforce discipline in the military
17. Article 70 - Arrest or confinement establishment and to serve as deterrents to
military crimes and offenses.
18. Article 71 - Charges, action upon
TYPES OF COURT MARTIAL
19. Article 72 - Refusal or receive and keep
prisoners A. General Court Martial

20. Article 73 - Report of prisoners received Consist of any number of members not less than
five (5) and by whom may be appointed by the
21. Article 74 - Releasing prisoner without following: the President, Chief of Staff of the AFP
proper authority and when empowered by the President, the
22. Article 75 - Delivery of offenders to Civil Commanding Officers of major commands or task
Authorities forces, division regional commands, the
Superintendent of the Philippine Military Academy,
23. Article 76 - Misbehavior before the enemy Commanding Officers of separate brigades or
24. Article 77 - Subordinate compelling body of troops.
Commander to surrender B. Special Court Martial
25. Article 78 - Improper use of countersign Consist of any number of members not less than
26. Article 79 - Forcing a safeguard three (3). The following may appoint special court
martial: Commanding Officers of major
27. Article 80 - Captured property to be commands, task forces, regional commands or
secured for public service divisions and when empowered by the President,
Commanding Officer of a garrison, camp, brigade,
28. Article 81 - Dealing in captured or
regiment, detached battalion or other detached
abandoned property
command or commissioned vessel.
29. Article 82 - Relieving, corresponding with
C. Summary Court Martial
or aiding the enemy
An entirely different case would be the trial by a
30. Article 83 - Spies
summary court martial where its proceedings are
31. Article 84 - Military property, willful or much faster. Since it has at least one member
negligent loss who sits as president, trial judge advocate (TJA)
and defense council at the same time, and since
32. Article 85 - Waste or unlawful disposition
its jurisdiction as to person, offense, and
of military property issued to soldiers
punishment is limited. A summary court martial
33. Article 86 - Drunk on duty can dispose of a certain case in the most
expeditious manner.
34. Article 87 - Misbehavior of sentinel
MILITARY COMMISSION OR TRIBUNAL
35. Article 88 - Personal interest in sale of
provisions
The commission or tribunal play the same role as combination of these whenever guilt of those
court-martial. During martial law, which was in involved are proven.
effect throughout the country from 1972 to 1981, ____Investigation______11. It is the process of
these commissions or tribunals tried cases looking into the circumstances of a case for the
referred to them in the same expeditious way. purpose of verifying and establishing the facts.
Even civilians who committed offenses not triable
____Trial or Adjudication______12. A legal action
by courts martial fell under the jurisdiction of before a judge and jury.
these special bodies whose proceedings were in
accordance with procedural law. _____Prosecution_____13. The accusation of a
crime before a legal tribunal.
A valid example of this case is that of a Chinese
_____Articles of War_____14. Defines the
national who was accused of drug pushing and offenses punishable under the law and prescribes
distribution and was found guilty by a military the corresponding punishment.
commission and meted out the death penalty thru
musketry. ______Military Jurisdiction____15.
Emanates from several sources
among which are the constitution of the
Philippines and International Law.
QUIZ3
II.
____Military Cases_____1. It is designed to
enforce discipline and administer justice in the
military service. Punitive cases require (1) ____guilt______ to be
proven beyond reasonable doubt while
_____Administrative Cases_____2. Are those
that result in decisions not involving penal Administrative cases require only preponderance
sanctions and may take such mild disciplinary or (occurrence) of (2) _____evidence_______to
instructive forms as admonition, reprimand and gain positive adjudication.
the like. As a (3)_____general rule_______ rule, courts-
martial have the exclusive jurisdiction over-all
____Articles of War______3. Are set of laws, persons subject to military law who commit an
known as Commonwealth Act No. 408 offense penalized by the punitive articles of war.
_____Judgement or Decision_____4. The military justice system was meant to enable
Punishment given to the accused who committed commanders to disposed personnel problems in
such crime. their units in the most (4) _____expeditious
manners________________.
_____Military Justice System_____5. Was meant
to enable commanders to disposed personnel The military justice system is designed to enforce
problems in their units in the most expeditious (5) ____discipline_________ and administer
manner. justice in the military service.
______Summary Court Martial____6. Can Bonus Question: (2pts.)
dispose of a certain case in the most expeditious What is the full name of the lecturer today
manner. (Sunday 09/20/20).
_____Special Court Martial_____7. Consist of
any number of members not less than three (3).
MW/PENS LLANERA MARIAH ANGELA L
_______General Court Martial___8. Consist of
any number of members not less than five (5)
_____Articles of War_____9. Were promulgated
effective September 14, 1938 when the
unicameral Philippine National Assembly enacted
Commonwealth Act No. 408 which became the
basic law that gave the guidance and operations
of the country’s Armed Forces
_____Punitive Cases_____10.
Are those that result in judgments of
fine, hard labor, deprivation of liberty or
 Sec. 4 No law shall be passed abridging the
freedom of speech, of expression, or of the press,
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble
and petition the government for redress of
grievances.

Sec. 5 No law shall be made respecting an

establishment of religion or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof. The free exercise and
enjoyment of religious profession and worship
without discrimination or preference, shall forever
be allowed. No religious test shall be required for
the exercise of civil or political rights.

Sec. 6 The liberty of abode and of changing the

same within the limits prescribed by law shall not
be impaired except upon lawful order of the court.
Neither shall the right to travel be impaired except
in the interest of national security, public safety,
or public health, as may be provided by law.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Sec. 7 The right of the people to information on
BASIC PRINCIPLES IN HUMAN RIGHTS
matters of public concern shall be recognized.
Man has the basic rights to life, dignity and
Sec. 8 The right of the people, including those
self-development
employed in the public and private sectors, to
Society has the basic rights to survive, form unions, associations, or societies for
self-determination and right to develop as a purposes not contrary to law shall not be abridged.
society.
Sec. 9 Private property shall not be taken for
The government is created by the society public use without just compensation.
or by the people, for the people and of the people.
Sec. 10 No law impairing the obligation of
The Philippines adopts the generally accepted contracts shall be passed.
principles of international law as part of the law of
Sec. 11 Free access to the court and quasi-
the land and adheres to the policy of peace,
judicial bodies and adequate legal assistance
equality, justice, freedom, cooperation and amity
shall not be denied to any person by reason of
with all nations.
poverty.
PROVISIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS UNDER
Sec.12 Any person under investigation for the
ARTICLE III: BILL OF RIGHTS, Constitutional
commission of an offense shall have the right to
Guarantees To Human Rights
be informed of his right to remain silent and to
Sec. 1 No person shall be deprived of life, liberty have competent and independent counsel
or property without due process of law nor shall preferably of his own choice.
any person be denied the equal protection of the
Sec. 13 All persons except those charged with
laws.
offenses punishable by reclusion perpetua when
Sec. 2 The right of the people to be secure in evidence of guilt is strong shall, before conviction,
their persons, houses, papers and effects against be boilable by sureties or be released on
unreasonable searches and seizures of whatever recognizance as maybe provided by law.
nature and for any purpose shall be inviolable.
Sec. 14 No person shall be held to answer for a
Sec. 3 The privacy of communication and criminal offense without due process of law.
correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
Sec.15 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus
lawful order of the court, or when public safety or
shall not be suspended except in case of invasion
order requires otherwise as prescribed by law.
or rebellion when the public safety requires it.
Sec. 16 All persons shall have the right to a 8. All persons shall have the right to a speedy
speedy disposition of their cases before all disposition of their cases before all judicial, quaji-
judicial, quasi-judicial or administrative bodies judicial or administrative bodies.
A. Sec. 1 C. Sec. 3
Sec. 17 No person shall be compelled to B. Sec. 17 D. Sec. 16
be a witness against himself.
9. The privacy of communication and
Sec. 18 correspondence shall be inviolable except upon
law full order of the court, or when public safety or
(1) No person shall be detained solely by order as prescribed by law.
reason of his political beliefs and A. Sec. 1 C. Sec. 3
B. Sec. 17 D. Sec. 16
(2) No involuntary servitude in any form shall 10. No person shall be deprived of life, liberty or
exist except as a punishment for a crime. property without due process of law nor shall any
person be denied the equal protection of the laws.
Sec. 19 Excessive fines shall not be imposed nor A. Sec. 1 C. Sec. 3
cruel, degrading or in human punishment inflicted. B. Sec. 17 D. Sec. 16
Neither shall death penalty be imposed. THREAT TO NATIONAL
Sec. 20 No person shall be imprisoned for THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY
debt or non-payment of a poll tax.
DEFINITION
Sec. 21 No person shall be twice put in
jeopardy of punishment for the same offense. The word “threat” literally means the expression
of an intention to inflict injury to another. Two
QUIZ4
elements are interfered from this definition. The
1. The right of the people to information on
matters of public concern shall be recognized. first is intention, either declared or indicated to
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 10 inflict injury. The second, is force or the means
B. Sec. 9 D. Sec 14 with which tocarry the intention.

2. Private property shall be taken for public use Threat to National Security - is defined as an
without just compensation. intention, declared or indicated to jeopardize,
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 10 prejudice, or in any way endanger by the use of
B. Sec. 9 D. Sec 14 force or any means the security of the state

3. No law impairing the obligation of contracts

shall be passed. Classification of threat to National Security –
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 10 Threat to National Security can Be classified in
B. Sec. 9 D. Sec 14
accordance with
4. No person shall be held to answer for a The Source – Can either be internal or external.
criminal offense without due process of law. A threat generated from within the territorial limits
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 10
of the country is said to be an internal threat. A
B. Sec. 9 D. Sec 14
threat from outside the country is referred to as
5. No person shall be compelled to be a witness an external
against himself.
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 20 The Form – Depending upon the type of force or
B. Sec. 17 D. Sec 21 means intended to be utilized, the threat to
National Security can be termed either as military
6. No person shall be imprisoned for debt or non- or non-military. Military threat is the intention to
payment of a poll tax. use military force to attain the objectives. Non-
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 20 military threat is the use of all means other than
B. Sec. 17 D. Sec 21
Military. This refers to acts, methods, forms and
7. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy of techniques designed to weaken or destroy the
punishment for the same offense. military, political, economic and social structure of
A. Sec. 7 C. Sec. 20 the nation.
B. Sec. 17 D. Sec 21
The Existence – The threat to National Security  the intention, expressed or
can be either actual or potential. Potential threat indicated to inflict injury;
literally means existing in possibilities but not in  and the force or the means to carry
actuality; becoming as distinguished from being out the intention. When these two
possible or in the making. elements are present, then we say
that the threat exist and therefore
INTERNALTHREAT
is actual
1. Local Communists: Communist Party
Thus, an entity or organization, association, etc.,
of the Philippines (CPP)
is said to pose an actual threat to our National
 The Peking-oriented element is
Security when it had the intention to utilize an
designed to topple the duly
existing force or means in a manner inimical to
established government and in turn
the security of the state.
seize state power. Its objective is
to overthrow the established However, when only the intention exist without
government through violent means. the force or the means necessary to carry out the
 New People’s Army (NPA) - is the intention, or if the required force or means is
“military arm of the Communist either merely a possibility or in the process of
Party of the Philippines. being, then we say that there is a potential threat.
 CPP/NPA/NDF remain to be the
Thus an entity, organization, association etc.,
most serious threat to the security
which has the intention to endanger the National
of the country as it sustained its
Security but has no force or the means to carry
armed struggle to achieve its
out the intention, or whose force or means is still
ultimate goal of toppling the
in the process of being, or in the making, is
government and supplant it with a
regarded only as a potential threat.
communist form of government.
There can be no intermediate degree between
At the start, it has adopted the Maoist doctrine of
actual and potential threat. The disintegration
encircling the cities from the countryside.
whether in part or as a whole of any of the
However, recent reports on strategies of the NPA
elements involving the integrity and the
activities indicate that the CPP/NPA is now
sovereignty of a state would rebound to a breach
categorically guided in its action by universal
in the National Security. Hence, a threat aimed at
theory of Marxism – Leninism. This is guerilla
partial or total disintegration of the elements and
warfare complimented by insurrectional type of
prerogatives of a state can only be defined as to
operations in urban areas.
actuality and potentiality.
 Abu Sayyaf Group(ASG) The
Any attempt to strike a balance between actual
ASG is a violent Muslim terrorist
and potential threat would be inappropriate and
group operating in the southern
indefinite. Such terms as “major” , “minor” and
Philippines. Some ASG leaders
“limited” are relative and confusing.
allegedly fought in Afghanistan
during soviet invasion. They connote intensity of proportion and effect
ASG leader Abdurajak Abubakar which define the degree of the actual as well as
Janjalani was killed in a clash in the potential threat
Dec 1998. His younger brother,
Threat to National Security regarding or
Khadaffy Janjalani replaced him as
regardless of degree either exist in actuality or
the nominal leader
merely as potential.
ASG engages in kidnapping for
ransom, bombings, beheadings, QUIZ5
assassinations and extortion.
Give the Acronym of survival (8 points)
THREAT TO NATIONAL SECURITY
1.S- Size up the situation
As previously stated, a threat contains two(2)
elements; 2.U-Undue haste make waste
3.R-Remember where you are 2. SEMAPHORE
Semaphore flag signaling is rarely used
4.V-Vanquish fear and panic today except in the Navy where such method of
5.I-Improvise communication is still being used as a back-up
communication means between ships at sea.
6.V-Value living
3. MORSE CODE
7.A-Act like the natives Morse Code is an internationally known
communication code used as an alternate to
8.L-Live by your wits voice-radio communication. Transmission is
Locating sources of water 9. One of the most much slower than voice-radio communication,
urgent need in a survival situation. but it is as reliable.
Morse code messages may be relayed
building fire 10. Fulfill some several needs such through dots and dashes on the telephone or
us keep us warm, can cook food and help us through short and long flashes on signal lights.
provide
4. SPECIAL SIGNAL
BASIC SIGNAL COMMUNICATION Special signals consist of all special
methods and devices used to transmit
INTRODUCTION
commands or information. These may take the
form of taps on the helmet or rifle stock to signal
 Signals are used to transmit commands or “halt”, “danger”, “move forward” or “assemble
information when radio and other means of here”. Necessity and common sense usually
communication are not available or during dictate the appropriate special signal to be used
instances when silence must be maintained. in communicating with the men. Nevertheless,
these signals must be clearly understood and
 The use of signals is particularly useful properly rehearsed by the unit before they are
during conduct of patrols or during the thick used.
of firefight where verbal commands are
difficult to understand. Various pyrotechnic and smoke signals
may also be effective to signal the time to attack,
to withdraw or to commence performing a
 The use of signals are generally embodied in
specific task, such as to cease or shift supporting
a unit ‘s Standing Operating Procedures
fires.
(SOP) and all members are expected to
know them by heart. 5. ARM AND HAND SIGNAL
Arm and hand signal are often made a
part of a unit’s SOP and it may vary from one unit
DEFINITION to another. This silent means of relaying
commands to the men are usually used during
A. Five (5) Means of Communication patrols or infiltration missions when silence is
extremely important. Following are the standard
1. WHISTLE arm and hand signals. However, you may device
The whistle is an excellent signal device your own for your unit, but be sure your men
used by small unit leaders. It has, however, some understand their meanings before you use them.
disadvantages. The sound of whistles from
adjacent units may confuse the men and its B. STANDARD ARM AND HAND SIGNAL
effectivity as a means of communication may be
adversely affected by normal noise that exists in  Decrease Speed. Extend your arm
the battle field. horizontally sideward with your palm to the
front. Then wave your arm downward
Nevertheless, the whistle may be an several times keeping your arm straight. Do
effective means of transmitting instant messages not move your arm above the horizontal.
to a large group of men. Remember when
you intend to use a whistle as a signal, be sure
that it is pre-arranged and that all the men  Increase Speed or Double Time. Carry
understand what every whistle sound your hand to your shoulder with your fist
means. closed. Rapidly thrust your fist upward
 vertically to the full extent of your arm and facing to the front. Your lower arm shall
back to your shoulder for several times. indicate the direction of the echelon.
Supplementary commands may be given to
 Change Direction or Column (Right or ensure prompt and proper execution.
Left). Extend your left or right arm
horizontally to the side with palm facing to  Form into Skirmishers (Fire Team). Raise
the front. your both arms laterally until they are
horizontal. Keep your arms and hands
 Enemy in Sight. Hold your rifle horizontally extended with the palms down. If it is
with the butt in your shoulder and the muzzle necessary to indicate a direction, move in
pointing in the direction of the enemy. the desired direction at the same time you
execute the signal. This signal is also used
to command a squad to form into a line
 Commence Firing. Extend your arm in front formation.
of your body, hip high with your palm down.
Move it through a wide horizontal arc several
times.  Form into Wedge. Extend your both arms
downward and to your side at an angle of 45
degrees below the horizontal with your
Commence fire. Extend the arm in front of the
palms facing to the front.
body, hip high, palm down.
 Form into Vee. Extend your arms at an
 Fire Faster. Execute rapidly the signal angle of 45 degrees above the horizontal
“Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner, and form the letter “V” with your arms and
this signal means change to a higher rate of torso.
fire.
 Platoon. Extend both arms forward with your
Fire Faster - execute the Commences Fire palms down towards the leader or the unit
signal rapidly. whom your signal is intended. Then describe
large vertical circles with your hands.
 Fire Slower. Execute slowly the signal
“Commence Firing”. For the machine gunner,
this signal means to slow-down rate of fire.
 Squad. Extend your hand and arm with your
palm down, towards the squad leader of the
squad you are addressing. Then distinctly
To slow the rate of fire, move the arm slower. move your hand up and down several times
from the wrist, keeping your arm steady.
 Cease Firing. Raise your hand in front of the
forehead with your palm facing to the front.
Then swing your hand and forearm up and  Fire Team.Bring your right arm diagonally
down several times in front of your face. across your chest.

 Assemble. Raise your hand vertically to the  Close Up. Start your signal with your both
full extent of your arm with your fingers arms extended sideward and palms forward.
extended and joined with palm facing to the Then bring your palms together in front of
front. Then wave in large horizontal circles your body momentarily. When repetition of
with your arm and hand. this signal is necessary, bring your arms
back to the starting position by a movement
along the front of your body.
 Form into Column. Raise either of your arm
to the vertical position. Drop your arm to the
rear, describing complete circles in a vertical  Open Up or Extend. Start your signal with
plane, parallel to your body. This signal may your arms extended in front of your body and
be used to form troop or vehicular columns. palms together. Then bring arms to the
horizontal position of your sides with palms
facing forward. When repetition of this signal
 Form into Echelon (Right or Left). Face
is necessary, return your arms along the
the unit being signaled and extend one arm
front of your body as in the starting position.
45 degrees above and your other arm 45
You may repeat the signal until you are
degrees below the horizontal with your palm
understood.
 Disperse. Extend your either arm vertically infantry missions.
overhead. Wave the hand and arm to the
Assemble/Rally Followe Me, Or Fix Bayonet
front, left, right and rear with your palm
Double Time Come Forward
facing towards the direction of each
movement.

 Forward, Advance to the Right (Left). This

signal is always used when starting from a
halt. Face and move in the desired direction
of the march and at the same time extend
your arm horizontally to the rear. Then swing
it overhead and forward in the direction of
the movement until it is horizontal with your
palms down.

 Halt. Carry your hand to your shoulder with

your palm facing to the front. Then thrust the Disperse
hand upward vertically to the full extent of
your arm and hold it in that position until the
signal is understood.

 Freeze. Make the signal for “halt” and clinch

your hand into a fist.

 Down and Take Cover. Extend your arm

sideward at an angle of 45 degrees above ENEMY IN SIGHT/TAKE COVER/WEDGE
the horizontal with your palm down. Then
lower your hand to your side. You may use
both arms in giving this signal. Repeat the
signal until understood.
VEE/LINE/ECHELON LEFT/ECHELON RIGHT
 Hasty Ambush Right (Left). Raise your fist
to your shoulder level and thrust it several
times in the desired direction.

 Rally Point. Touch your belt with one hand

and point to desired spot on the ground you PATROLLING ARM-AND-HAND SIGNALS
want to designate as your unit’s rally point.
Patrolling is conducted by many type units.
Infantry units patrol in order to conduct combat
C. SIGNALS FOR COMBAT FORMATIONS AND operations. Other units patrol for reconnaissance
BATTLE DRILLS and security. Successful patrols require clearly
understood communication signals among
Leaders of dismounted units use arm-and- members of a patrol
hand signals to control the movement of
MAP CHECK /FREEZE OR HALT /HEAD
individuals, teams, and squads. These signals
are used by infantry and also by combat support COUNT /DANGER AREA
and combat service support elements organized
for
D. RADIO EQUIPMENT, CAPABILITIES AND 2. Radio Telephone Procedures
LIMITATIONS

The radio is widely used in all the operating units  Radio Telephone procedures refer to the
of the Navy. It is flexible and quite transportable system of transmission through the use of
such that it can go where the individual soldier voice and formalized language to simplify
goes. It provides the fastest means of radio communications.
communication that is adaptable to the varying  Included in this system are a call signs
authorized to be used by radio stations
field conditions.
and short procedure words (prowords)
The major disadvantage of the use of radio is that and phrases that a radio operator uses to
it is the least secured means of establish communication with another
communication.Since the radio operates on the station.
 The rationale behind the use of prowords
principle of transmitting electromagnetic waves.
is to prevent misunderstanding between
The enemy with his own radio set and a little
radio operators and repetition of
knowledge of the types of radio government transmissions.
forces use, could easily intercept our  To preclude the possibility of committing
transmissions. errors in the transmission of messages
thereby giving rise to confusion between
It is on this regard that you should observe radio
radio operators, the phonetic alphabet,
discipline at all times.You should therefore, which is of universal applications is used.
always assume that the enemy is listening  Since words have similar sounds,
whenever you use the radio. confusion may develop and this can be
eliminated by the use of the phonetic
alphabet.
 Procedure words or phrases that have
been assigned meanings are used as
1. Guidelines For Radio Transmission: substitutes for long sentences for the
purpose of expediting message handling.
 Always plan or write down your message  This is one way of keeping voice
before transmitting. transmission as short and clear as
possible.
 For instance, the prowords “out” means
 Always listen before starting to talk so as not “This is the end of my transmission to you
to interrupt other conversations. When about and no answer is required or expected”.
to talk, press down the button on the side of
the hand set and do not talk until the hissing
sound ceases. This brings us to the purposes behind the
use of phonetic alphabet which are as follows:
 Speak distinctly and enunciate each word in
normal tone. If the receiving operator must
a. To prevent the radio operator from getting
write down your transmission, allow him time
confused when confronted with words having
for copying.
similar sounds.

 Follow the standard voice-radio procedures

when transmitting. b. To spell out words that are difficult to
pronounce.
 Release the push-to-talk button immediately
after the completion of your transmission.
Call signs are used to identify each station
within a radio net. This is one security aspect of
 Camouflage your radio set when carrying it radio communication that prevents the entry of
on you back. Bend the whip antennae an unauthorized entity into the net. The improper
slightly downward and to the rear to make it use of call signs may signify that a violation is
inconspicuous to the enemy. Several radio already committed
men became casualties because they failed
to take this measure.
PROWORDS EXPLANATION/MEANING I SAY AGAIN I am repeating the transmission or
portion thereof as indicated REPEAT ALL
AFTER Request repeat all your transmission
OVER My transmission is ended and I expect a after the word.
response from you.

WAIT ONE Request that you wait for about one

OUT My transmission is ended and I expect no minute.
response from you.

BREAK . . BREAK Emergency, stop your

ROGER I have received your last conversation and allow me to use this net for a
transmission satisfactorily. very urgent transmission

WILCO I will comply to your instruction.

QUERRY These are prowords used before a

question.

Example: INTERROGATIVE MY SIGNAL –How

do you receive my transmission?

LIMA CHARLIE I received your message

Loud (LIMA) and Clear (CHARLIE) BASIC INTELLIGENCE

INTRODUCTION
SAY AGAIN I did not understand your
transmission. Request repeat your transmission For the purpose of this study, let us look into the
importance of intelligence as visualized by Sun
Tzu, a Chinese military philosopher and thinker.
He said: “ If you know the enemy and know
yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred
battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy,
for every victory gained you will also suffer a
defeat. It you know neither the enemy nor
yourself, you will succumb in every battle.”

Definition of Terms:

Intelligence - knowledge acquired by the

collection, evaluation, analysis, integration and
interpretation of all available information
concerning an enemy, whether actual or potential

Counter-intelligence - all active and passive

measures taken to ensure the safeguarding of
information, personnel and materials from
espionage, subversion and sabotage

Intelligence cycle - it is a continuous process. It

is a repetition of what has transpired or become
known. Therefore, there is no first nor last
phase – hence a cycle.

5 Phases in Intelligence Cycle

A. Planning or direction of the collection effort. A) ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION
(EEIS)
B. Collection of information
1. Commander’s highest priority requirements
C. Processing or production of intelligence
2. Obtained items of information and or
. D. Analysis and production of information
intelligence needed by the commander in making
E. Dissemination & use of the resulting a decision with an acceptable degree of
intelligence. confidence.

Planning or direction the collection effort 3. Information about the enemy and the aoo that
the commander must have to arrive at a
1. Definition - is a crucial phase in the reasonably sound decision during a particular
production of intelligence for it is here that we phase of an operation.
determine the intelligence requirements to
support the commander’s mission. It is here also B) OTHER INTELLIGENCE REQUIREMENTS
that we determine which collection agencies are (OIRS) -Information needed by the Commander
to exploit which source. but are not his highest priority.

Steps to consider in planning: 1. Collection worksheet - either written or oral,

whereby an intelligence officer takes the
1. Determining the intelligence requirements- intelligence requirements as announced by the
guidelines/consideration commander.
A. Enemy capabilities - these refer to enemy 2) Collection agency - it is an individual or unit
strengths which would affect the accomplishment which systematically exploits the source of
of the mission. B. Enemy vulnerabilities - these information in order to gain the desired
refer to enemy weaknesses or that which render information.
the enemy to damage, deception and defeat.
CATEGORIES OF COLLECTION AGENCIES:
C. Weather and terrain - weather information
may be required to determine its effect on the 1) Intelligence Specialists - individuals trained in
enemy and the terrain. Terrain data includes the specialized aspects of intelligence. Organic to
cross-country traffic ability, obstacles, roads and the military organization.
rail conditions and susceptibility to flooding.
Ex: ob specialist; interrogators; photo interpreters
D. Order of battle - when the enemy situation is
2) Troops - soldiers and their units.
vague, and for purposes of long range planning,
order of battle factors maybe the basis for ex: battalion; div corps; field army
intelligence requirements.
3) Special Units - units dealing in the collection
E. Next major decision - future operations are of information.
considered. If the intelligence does not plan
Collection of information
ahead, the commander, will find himself ready to
continue the work /attack, but the information of 1.Definition- the systematic extraction of the
intelligence needed. information from source.
F. Preventing surprise of the command - 2. Primary consideration:
required in order to avoid tactical surprise.
 Source of information - the actual origin
G. Information needs of higher or adjacent of the information. (Person, things,
units - each level of command will normally be detectable enemy activity)
assigned collection mission by higher, lower &  Collection agencies - this topic has been
adjacent headquarters. discussed under planning collection effort
 Processing or production of
2. Determining the intelligence priorities. There
information into intelligence.
are two requirement priorities namely:
 1.Definition: Information is recorded, 1. Definition - the process of transmitting
evaluated and interpreted.The end result information and intelligence to higher, lower, and
of which becomes intelligence. adjacent units for the possible use.
2. Three (3) parts of processing:
2. Criteria or consideration in dissemination:
A) Recording - mechanical process
whereby all collected information A. Timeliness - for dissemination to be timely.
recognized in a ready usable form. -
Reduces all available info, making B. Propriety - for information and intelligence to
interpretation easier and more accurate. be disseminated properly, they must be:
Tools used in recording:  Sent to the correct ultimate users
 Intelligence journal  Presented in a form that lends itself for
 Intelligence worksheet immediate use
 Enemy situation map  Distributed through the most effective
 Intelligence files means of communications appropriate to
B) Evaluation - the examination of both time and securing requirement
information to determine its pertinence or  Adequate and accurate.
value in the production of intelligence, the
reliability of its source or agency and, its 3. Methods of dissemination:
credibility or accuracy A) by personal contacts which include staff visits,
Evaluation rating Reliability of source and telephone calls and conferences
agency . B. By messages which include spot report.
Probable Accuracy C. By intelligence documents, which include
A - completely reliable 1 - confirmed intelligence estimates, intelligence summary,
periodic intelligence reports, intelligence annex to
B - usually reliable 2 - probably true an operation order, and tactical study of weather
C - fairly reliable 3 - possibly true and terrain.

D - not usually reliable 4 - doubtfully reliable BASIC MAP READING

E - unreliable 5 - improbable INTRODUCTION

F - judge 6 - truth cannot be judge Maps and their substitutes are of particular value
to the military establishment. It is necessary to
C. Interpretation - determining the significance of identify ridges, valleys, routes of movement and
information with respect to information and other characteristics of a section of terrain that
intelligence already at hand and the drawing of cannot be reconnoitred in advance.
conclusions as to the probable meaning of the
evaluated information. This lesson is to enable you to read a map and
apply the theories, principles and techniques that
Three (3) Components of Interpretation: are considered essential in the total development
of small unit leaders.
1. Analysis - the examination of information with
selected emphasis in the light of what has been Map - is a geographical representation of the
previously known. - Taking apart an information to earth surface drawn to a scale in a flat plane.
critically examine each component
Importance of map:
2. Integration - the combining of selected data to
form a pattern which will have meaning and A) Used for strategic, tactical planning in all
establish a basis for deduction or conclusion. command.

3. Deduction - is simply the formation of B) Used to show the relative position on a certain
conclusion concerning the effect of the evaluated given area.
information on the current situation. C) Used to show accurate distance, location, best
DISSEMINATION AND USE OF INTELLIGENCE routes and key terrain features.
D) Used to avoid lost & keep alive. E) Joint operation map – used for ground and
air operations. The maps are published in a
Care of map:
ground and air edition.
A) Proper folding by: accordion fold or slit fold.
F) Pictomap – it is a map on which the
B) Carry maps in a waterproof pocket and use photographic imaginary of a standard photomap
acetate to cover the map. has been converted into interpretable colors and
symbols.
C) Avoid drawing or improper marking to avoid
confusion G) Photomosaic - an assembly of aerial
photograph to form a complete picture.
Security of maps:
H) Military city map - a large scale of
A) Maps must not fail into unauthorized hand. topographic map of a city or town and the
B) When in danger, destroy the map. standard scale is 1:12,000.

C) Avoid indication of plans or area of interest in I) Special map - maps for special purposes such
the map. as traficability, transformation and boundary maps.

Categories and uses of military maps: J) Terrain model - a three dimensional

representation of an area molded on plastic,
The term military map includes all maps designed rubber or another material symbolically.
for use of military authorities except aeronautics &
hydrographic charts. K) Hydrographic map – a nautical map used as
navigational aid either above or below surface.
Scale - is expressed as a fraction and gives the
ratio of map distance to ground distance. Marginal information – are those printed notes
outside the printed diagram of maps used as an
instructional guide in reading maps.
A) Small scale - scale of 1:600,000 and 1. Sheet name – found at the upper center
smaller (used for general panning for margin. A map is named after its outstanding
strategic studies at the high echelon) cultural or geographic features.
B) Medium scale - larger than 1:600,000 but
smaller than 1:75,000 (for planning 2. Sheet number – found in the upper right
operations, including the movement and margin and used as reference number assigned
concentration of troops and supplies). to each map
C) Large scale - scale of 1:75,000 and larger 3. Series name and scale – found on the upper
(for tactical technical and administrative left margin. A map series usually comprises a
needs of field units.) group of smaller maps at some scale designed to
TYPES OF MAPS cover a particular geographic area

A) Plainmetric map - showing only the horizontal 4. Series number – appears in the upper right
(flat) position of features. margin and lower left margin.

B) Topographic map - a two dimensional map 5. Edition number – is found in the upper margin
which represents the horizontal (flat and vertical and in the lower margin, representing the age of
relief) positions of features represented. the map.

C) Plastic relief map – a topographic map 6. Bar scale – located in the center of the lower
reprinted on plastic material and formed by heat margin and in the lower margin use for
and vacuum over a reproductive positive mold determination of map distance to the
thus giving the same information as contained on corresponding ground distance with three
topographic map. different units of measures.

D) Photo map - a reproduction of photograph 7. Credit note – in lower left margin, primary
upon grid lines, marginal data, place, names and purpose is to list the procedures and reference,
boundaries may be added. the method of compilation for used by technicians.
8. Index to adjoining sheet – in lower margin, it 22. Contour interval – the contour interval
identifies the map sheet covering areas around states the vertical distance between adjacent
the area covered by the map you are using. contour lines on the map. When supplementary
contour are used the intervals is indicated.
9. Index to boundaries diagrams – in lower
margin, this is a miniature map that shows the 23. Vertical datum note – it designates the basis
boundaries and special show line that occurs for all vertical control stations, contours and
within the map area. elevation appearing in the map.

10. Projection note – in lower margin, it indicate Map symbol – sign composed of a diagram
the method use to portray the map area. number, letters, abbreviation, color or
combination thereof, which is used to identify and
11. Grid note – in the center lower margin, it
distinguish a particular place of area.
gives information pertaining to the grid system
used, the initial guidelines and the number of digit Purpose:
omitted from grid values.
1. To visualize an area of the earth surface with
12. Grid reference box - usually located at the pertinent feature planning.
center of the lower margin. It contains information
2. To represent the natural and manmade feature.
identifying the grid zone designation and 100,00
meters square identification. Topographic symbols – are standard drawing of
map features and organized by their colors.
13. Horizontal datum note - located at the center
of the lower margin and defined as geodetic Topographic colors:
reference point.
 Black – all manmade features, such as
14. Legend - at the lower left margin, illustrates buildings, roads not shown in red, etc.
identifies the topographic symbols used to depict  Blue – all water features, such as lakes,
some of the prominent features on the map. rivers, swamps, streams, etc
 Brown – all land forms, such contours,
15. Declination diagram - located in he center
cuts, fills, etc.
lower margin and indicates the relationships of
 Green – all vegetation, such as forest,
true north and magnetic north.
orchid, hide grass, jungles, etc.
16. Protractor scale – in upper margin, use for  Red – main roads, built-up areas, and
laying out a magnetic north line on the map. special info

17. User note – located in the lower margin use Military symbols – a symbol used by the map
for connections and errors on the map. user when he wants to show the disposition of
troops and overlaying of military installation..
18. Unit imprint - at the left side of the lower
margin, it identifies the agency which printed the Military colors:
maps with its respective symbols.
 Blue – all friendly forces, installations,
19. Contour interval note - located in the center activities and firepower.
of the lower margin. It states the vertical distance  Red – all enemy forces, installation and
between adjacent contour lines on the map. activities (double lines means enemy).
When supplementary contours are used the  yellow – shows grassed or contaminated
interval is indicated. areas maybe the result of either friendly or
enemy actions.
20. Coverage diagram – normally in lower
 green – indicates friendly or enemy
margin, it indicates the methods by which the
demolition, minefield and manmade
map was made, dates of photography and other
obstacles.
sources material.
Types of military symbols:
21. Graphic scale - a ruler used to convert map
distance to ground distance without going through
mathematical computations.
1) Troops unit symbols – are shown by - 6 digits nearest to 100 meters
rectangle. (Basic symbols for military unit and
- 8 digits nearest to 10 meters
activities).
- 10 digits nearest to 1 meter
2) Branch arm of service and type –
organization symbol – used in conjunction
either other symbols to signify a military unit Rule in determining grid coordinate –“read
activity or installation. right up”
3) Size of unit – used to identify the size of a Grid coordinates (GC) – nearest to 10
unit or installation. mtrs(8digits)
Grids and Coordinates: GC – 17320170 GC – 19140252
Grids - are parallel lines from east to west, GC– 02385578 GC– 89052564
north or south that forms a square used as a
reference system to help the map reader Grid coordinates(GC)–nearest to 1 meter(10
locate areas quickly digits)

Coordinates - are the numbered grid lines on GC – 1732301702 GC – 1914102520

the map and are further subdivided to show GC – 0238855780 GC – 8905725642
specified location
Graphic (bar) scale – is the most accurate
Geographic coordinates – the location of means of measuring distance on a map. It is
any point of the earth surface maybe given by the ruler printed on the map on which
stating into its distance north or south of the distances on the map may be measured as
equator (latitude) and east or west of prime actual ground distance
meridian (longtitude).
Graphic scale is divided into 2 parts:
Polar coordinates – on the map maybe
determined or plotted from a known point by 1. Primary scale – distance from zero mark
giving a distance along that direction. to the right.

Grid coordinates - the military grid system 2. Scale extension – from the zero mark to
divides the earth surface into many 100,000 the left. This is divided into ten (10) equal
meter squares. Each of these squares are parts to enable more accurate measurements.
further subdivided into 1,000 meter squares. Directions:
The 1,000 meter squares is the basis of the
military grid system which is used in reading Methods of expressing directions are:
military map
Degrees = 360 degrees(1)
Grid square - can be located or identified by
one circle Mils = 6,400 mils (1)
combining the number of the vertical grid line
and horizontal grid line which intersect at the one circle Grad = 400 grads (1)
lower left corner of the square.
one circle 360 degrees = 6,400 mils
Characteristics of grids:
1 degree = 17.8 mils
- Does not requires knowledge of the area
90 degrees = 100 grads
- Applied to large areas
1 degree = 60 minutes
- Does not requires land marks
1 minute = 60 seconds
- Applies to all map scales
1 click in compass = 3 degrees BASIC MAP
Locating points within a grid squares:
Three (3) basic lines
- 4 digits nearest to 1,000 meters
1.True north = always constant
2. Magnetic north=when working with a F. Cliff C– lines that form a series of
compass successive v-shape, a stream course that
neither has nor developed a valley floor.
3. Grid north = when working with a mil map
Two types of azimuth
Elevation and relief
A) Forward azimuth (FA)
A.Definition
B) Back azimuth (BA)
1. Elevation – the height (vertical distance) of
an object above or below a datum plane.
Procedure on how to get the Back Azimuth
2. Datum plane – a reference from which
measurement maybe taken. This datum plane When the FA is less than 180 degrees,
for most maps is average sea level.
add 180 degrees
3. Relief – the configuration (shape) of the
Ex: FA = 75 degrees
ground
75 degs + 180 deg = 255 degs BA
Types of contour:

A. Index contour – every fifth contour line is

When the FA is more than 180 deg, less
an inches line and is indicated by heavier
brown line. 180 degs
B. Intermediate contour – are the four lighter Ex: FA= 245 degrees
contour lines drawn between the index
contours. 245 degs - 180 degs = 65 degs BA

C. Supplementary contour – represents half When FA is 180 degs either add or less
intervals between intermediate contours and 180 degs.
is shown by brown lines.
Bearing – express a direction as an angle
D. Depression contour – an area that is measured east or west from a north deference.
lower in elevation that all the surroundings Bearing cannot exceed 90 degrees or one quarter
terrain is indicated tick marks pointing down of a circle. One quarter of a circle is known as
slope. quadrant
E. Approximate contour - are broken lines
of the same thickness and type as the contour
replayed. The compass and its uses

Contour lines to identify ground forms The magnetic compass is the most commonly
used and simplest instrument for measuring
A. Hills –series of concentric contour lines direction and angles in the field.
which gradually grow smaller, ending with a
small closed contour line in the center. Two varieties :

B. Peaks of hill tops – a small closed, A. Lensatic compass

relatively circular contour at the center of the B. Artillery compass
series of concentric contour line.
Care and use of compass
C. Ridges – series of connecting peak or a
valley floor. 1. Handle the compass with care. The dial is set
at a delicate balance and a shock could damage
D. Saddles – is a low point between two
peaks along the crest of a ridges. 2. Close and return the compass to its special
container when not in use.
E. Spur –that form a series of successive
rounded u shapes. 3. When the compass is used in the dark, an
initial azimuth should be set
4. Compass reading should never be taken near How to orient the map
visible masses of iron or electrical circuits
A. By the use of the lensatic compass
Parts of lensatic compass
B. By inspection
1. Luminous dot
C. By intersection
2. Cover

3. Front sight (hair line)

4. Dial

5. Stationary index

6. Movable brass rim

7. Scale

a. Long luminous line

b. 45 degs luminous line

A. Map and compass:
8. Rear sight
1. Orient the map using compass.
9. Lens
2. Locate two or three unknown positions on the
10. Eye piece
ground and mark them on the map.
11. Holding ring
3. Measure the magnetic azimuth to a known
12. 90 degrees dot position; convert to grid azimuth.

13. 180 degs dot 4. Change the grid azimuth to a back azimuth and
draw a line on the map from the known position
14. 270 degs dot
back toward your unknown position.
15. Movable crystal
5. Repeat (3) and (4) above for a second known
16. Rim holder position.

6. For a check on your accuracy, repeat (3) and

(4) above for a third known position.

7. The intersection of the lines is your position.

B. Straight edge method: (no compass is

available)

1. Orient the map on a flat surface by the

inspection method.

2. Locate two or
three known
position on

the ground and

mark them on the
map.

3. Lay straight
edge on the map
as a
center of the straight edge at a known 7. Cuts and fills – man made features by which
the bed of a road or a railroad is graded or
position pivot point and rotate the straight edge
leveled.
until the known position on the map is aligned
with the known position on the ground. 8. Cliff – a vertical of near vertical slope. When a
slope is so steep that it cannot be shown at the
4. Draw a line along the straight edge until the
contour interval the ticks always point towards
known position on the ground towards your
lower ground.
position.

5. Repeat (3) above using a second known

position and as a check on your accuracy repeat
(3) above using a third known position.

Contour line

A contour line - is a line representing an

QUIZ BATCH2
imaginary line on the ground along which all
points are at the same elevation. It indicate a 10 Types of map
vertical distance above or below a datum plane.
Starting at sea level. Plainmetric Map

Major relief information Topographic Map

1. Hill – a point or small area of high ground. Plastic Relief Map

When you are located on a hilltop, the ground Photo Map
slopes down in all direction.
Joint Operation Map
2. Valley – a stream course which has at least a
limited extent of reasonably level ground Picto Map
bordered on the sides by higher ground. Photomosaic
3. Ridge – a line on high grounds, with normally Military City Map
minor variation along it.
Special Map
4. Spur – a usually short, continuously sloping
line of higher ground normally jutting out from the Terrain Model
side of a ridge.
Hydrograpgic Model
5. Saddle – a dip or low point along the crest of a
ridge. A saddle is not necessarily the lower
ground between two hilltops.

6. Depression – a low point or sinkhole,

surrounded on all sides by higher grounds.