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MST-004 Statistical Inference: Non-Parametric Tests

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MST-004 Statistical Inference: Non-Parametric Tests

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vikrammoolchandani
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MST-004

Indira Gandhi
STATISTICAL
National Open University
School of Sciences
INFERENCE

Block

4
NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS
UNIT 13
One-Sample Tests 5
UNIT 14
Two-Sample Tests 41
UNIT 15
k-Sample Tests 71
UNIT 16
Analysis of Frequencies 87
Appendix 109
Curriculum and Course Design Committee
Prof. K. R. Srivathasan Prof. Rahul Roy
Pro-Vice Chancellor Math. and Stat. Unit
IGNOU, New Delhi Indian Statistical Institute, New Delhi

Prof. Parvin Sinclair Dr. Diwakar Shukla


Pro-Vice Chancellor Department of Mathematics and Statistics
IGNOU, New Delhi Dr. Hari Singh Gaur University, Sagar

Prof. Geeta Kaicker Prof. Rakesh Srivastava


Director, School of Sciences Department of Statistics
IGNOU, New Delhi M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara

Prof. Jagdish Prasad Prof. G. N. Singh


Department of Statistics Department of Applied Mathematics
University of Rajasthan, Jaipur I.S.M., Dhanbad

Prof. R. M. Pandey Dr. Gulshan Lal Taneja


Department of Bio-Statistics Department of Mathematics
All India Institute of Medical Sciences M.D. University, Rohtak
New Delhi
Faculty members of School of Sciences, IGNOU
Statistics Mathematics
Dr. Neha Garg Dr. Deepika
Dr. Nitin Gupta Prof. Poornima Mital
Mr. Rajesh Kaliraman Prof. Sujatha Varma
Dr. Manish Trivedi Dr. S. Venkataraman

Block Preparation Team


Prof. G. K. Shukla (Editor) Prof. Vyas Dubey (Units 13 & 14)
Decision Science Group Department of Statistics
Indian Institute of Management Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
Lucknow (UP)
Mr. Prabhat Kumar Sangal (Units 13 - 16)
Dr. Parmod Kumar (Language Editor) School of Sciences, IGNOU
School of Humanities, IGNOU

Course Coordinator: Mr. Prabhat Kumar Sangal


Programme Coordinator: Dr. Manish Trivedi

Block Production
Mr. Sunil Kumar, AR (P),School of Sciences, IGNOU
CRC prepared by Mr. Prabhat Kumar Sangal, School of Sciences, IGNOU

Acknowledgement: I gratefully acknowledge my colleague Mr. Rajesh Kaliraman , Statistics


Discipline, School of Sciences for their great support.

July, 2013
© Indira Gandhi National Open University, 2013
ISBN-978-81-266-
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, by mimeograph or any other
means, without permission in writing from the Indira Gandhi National Open University.

Further information on the Indira Gandhi National Open University may be obtained from University’s
Office at Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110068 or visit University’s website http://www.ignou.ac.in

Printed and published on behalf of the Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi by the
Director, School of Sciences.

Printed at:
NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS
In the previous block, we described the procedure for testing various
hypotheses involving population parameter(s) such as mean(s), proportion(s),
variance(s), etc. But in many real life problems particularly in Social and
Behavioural Sciences where the requirement of parametric tests cannot be
satisfied, that is, neither one can know the form of population nor the
observations measured in quantitative form. In such situations, the parametric
tests are not applicable. Thus, statisticians discovered various tests and
methods which are independent of population distribution and also applicable
when the observations are not measured in numerical scale that is in ordinal
scale or nominal scale. These tests are known as “Non-parametric tests” or
“Distribution Free Tests”.
Unit 13: One-Sample Tests
This unit explains the need of non-parametric tests and application of non-
parametric tests in various fields with their advantages and disadvantages over
parametric tests. In this unit, some of the frequently used non-parametric tests
for one sample such as sign test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, run test and
Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness of fit test are discussed.
Unit 14: Two-Sample Tests
This unit explores two samples tests such as paired sign test, Wilcoxon
matched-pair signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test and Kolmogorov-
Smirnov test.
Unit 15: k-Sample Tests
This unit provides the brief discussion on the procedures for testing for the
significance of differences among three or more populations. Kruskal -Wallis
test and Friedman test for k( > 2) samples are discussed.
Unit 16: Analysis of Frequencies
Last unit of this block is devoted to describe the procedure of chi-square tests
for categorical data such as goodness of fit test and test for independence of
two attributes.
Notations and Symbols
X1 , X 2 ,..., X n  : Random sample of size n 
H0 : Null hypothesis
H1 or HA : Alternative hypothesis
α : Size of critical region or type-I error or level of significance
 : Median

d : Absolute value of d

S and S : Number of plus and minus signs

T  and T  : Sum of positive and negative ranks


T : Critical value of Wilcoxon signed-rank test at α level of
significance
R : Number of runs
R L and R U : Lower and upper critical values of run test at α level of
significance
F(x) : Cumulative distribution function of the population
S(x) : Empirical or observed or sample cumulative distribution
function
sup d(x) : Supreme over all x, of the absolute value of d(x)
x

U L, and U U, : Lower and upper critical values of Mann-Whitney U test at
α level of significance
 2
 ,  : Critical value of χ2-test with ν degrees of freedom at α level
of significance

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