Lesson 7 – Angular Modulation

Practice Problems
 Problem 1
• Determine the peak frequency deviation and
modulation index for a frequency modulator
with a deviation sensitivity of 10 kHz/V and a
modulating signal of 5cos(2(2500)t).
𝛿 = k𝐸𝑚
𝑘𝐻𝑧
𝛿 = 10 5𝑉
𝑉

𝛿 = 50𝑘𝐻𝑧
 Problem 2
• An FM signal is defined by the equation
eFM  50 sin 95  10 t  10 sin 5000t 
6

a) Find the carrier frequency.

b) Find the modulation frequency.
c) Find the modulation index.
d) Calculate the frequency deviation
a) c c) m f  10
fc 
2

95 x106
fc  d)   m f  f m 
2
f c  15.12 MHz   10795.77 Hz 

b) m   7957.7 Hz
fm 
2

5000
fm 
2
f m  795.77 Hz
 Problem 3
What is the modulation index of an FM
transmitter whose frequency deviation is 50 kHz
while its audio frequency is 10 kHz
 50000
mf  mf 
fm 10000

mf  5
 Problem 4
Determine the practical bandwidth of an FM
signal modulated by a 15-kHz tone whose
frequency deviation is 45 kHz. What is the
approximate bandwidth for this system using
Carson’s formula?
BW  2 f m   
 45
mf   3
f m 15

BW  2 f m sidebands 
BW  215  45

BW  215kHz 6  BW  120kHz

BW  180kHz
 Problem 5
When the modulating frequency in an FM
system is 500 Hz and the modulating voltage is
2.6 V, the modulation index is 40. Find the
maximum deviation. What is the modulation
index when the modulating frequency is raised
to 800 Hz and the modulating voltage is
simultaneously reduced to 1.3 V?
   m f  f m    7692.31Hz / V 1.3V 

  40500   10kHz

  20kHz 
mf 
fm
  kEm 10000
 20000 mf 
k  800
Em 2.6

k  7692.31Hz / V m f  12.5
 Problem 6
What is the approximate frequency of the
modulating signal having a bandwidth of 15 kHz
and a frequency deviation of 6 kHz?
BW
BW  2 f m    fm  
2
15
fm   6
2

f m  1500 Hz
 Problem 7
What is the deviation ratio of an FM signal if the
maximum allowable deviation is 12 kHz and the
maximum intelligence frequency is 4 kHz?
 max 12
DR  DR 
f m max
4

DR  3
 Problem 8
The audio section of a TV transmission employs
frequency modulation with a maximum
allowable deviation of 25 kHz. Find the
deviation ratio if the highest intelligence
frequency it can handle is 15 kHz.
 max 25
DR  DR 
f m max 15

DR  1.67
 Problem 9
An FM broadcast station operates with a peak-
to-peak deviation of 120 kHz. Calculate the
percentage modulation.
 actual
%m f  x 100
 actual 
CS 120kHz
  max
2 2
60
 actual  60kHz %m f  x100
75

%m f  80%
 Problem 10
What is the amount of carrier swing necessary
to produce an 80% modulation for FM
broadcasting?
 actual  actual  60kHz
%m f  x 100
 max
CS  2 actual  260kHz 
 actual
80%  x100
75kHz
CS  120kHz
 Problem 11
A modulating frequency range from 30 Hz to 15
kHz is permitted in an FM system together with
a maximum deviation of 50 kHz. What will be
the minimum and maximum possible values of
the modulation index?
 50000  50000
mf   mf  
fm 30 f m 15000

m f  1666.67 m f  3.333
 Problem 12
What is the BW required for an FM signal in
which the modulating frequency is 2 kHz and
the maximum deviation is 10 kHz? 8 pairs of
sidebands are included.
BW  2 f m sidebands 

BW  22kHz 8
BW  32kHz
 Problem 13
For a modulation index of 1.5, find the power at
the sidebands if the total power dissipated is 20
kW.
PT  ( J O  J1  J 2  J 3  J 4 ) EC
20000W  (0.51  0.56  0.23  0.06  0.01) EC
EC  14598.54V
PSB  ( J1  J 2  J 3  J 4 ) EC
PSB  (0.56  0.23  0.06  0.01)14598.54 

PSB  12.55kW
 Problem 14
In an FM system, when the audio frequency is
500 Hz and the AF voltage is 2.4 V, the deviation
is 4.8 kHz. If the AF voltage is now increased to
7.2 V, what is the new deviation? If the AF is
dropped to 200 Hz and AF voltage is raised to 10
V what is the new deviation? Find the
modulation index in each case.
  kEm  4800
m f1  
fm 500
 4800
k 
Em 2.4 m f1  9.6
k  2kHz / V
 14400
mf 2  
fm 500
 2  kEm  2000 Hz / V 7.2V 
m f 2  28.8
 2  14.4kHz
 20000
 
 3  kEm  2000 Hz / V 10V  mf 3
fm 200

 3  20kHz
m f 2  100
 Problem 15
A frequency modulated signal which is
modulated by a 3-kHz sine wave reaches a
maximum frequency of 100.02 MHz and
minimum frequency of 99.98MHz. (a)
Determine the carrier swing, (b) Find the carrier
frequency, (c) Calculate the frequency deviation
of the signal, (d) What is the modulation index
of the signal.
 a) CS  f max  f min  100.02  99.98

CS  40kHz d)
CS 40kHz  20000
b)    20kHz mf  
2 2 fm 3000
f c  f max    f min  
f c  100.02 MHz  20kHz m f  6.667
f c  100 MHz

CS 40kHz
c)  
2 2
  20kHz