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Statistics and Probability Module 1 Lesson 1.2 Part 1

The document discusses calculating probabilities using probability distributions, providing examples of finding the probability of getting a total score of at least, exactly, or at most a certain value when tossing dice or spinning a spinner multiple times. It also includes practice problems asking students to determine probabilities based on given probability distributions for scenarios like the number of coin heads from multiple tosses or math failures among high school students.

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96 views

Statistics and Probability Module 1 Lesson 1.2 Part 1

The document discusses calculating probabilities using probability distributions, providing examples of finding the probability of getting a total score of at least, exactly, or at most a certain value when tossing dice or spinning a spinner multiple times. It also includes practice problems asking students to determine probabilities based on given probability distributions for scenarios like the number of coin heads from multiple tosses or math failures among high school students.

Uploaded by

A90 Valorant
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MODULE 1 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2ND SEMESTER

1.2 CALCULATING DIFFERENT PROBABILITIES USING PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION


Probabilities of different events or possible outcomes of a random variable can be calculated
using the probability distribution. Before giving an example. Let us define some terms first.

At least – means equal or greater than a certain value.


Exactly – means equal to a certain value.
At most – means equal or less than a certain value.

Example:
Recall:
A fair square spinner with sides labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4 is spun twice. Let X = total of the two scores
obtained after spinning the spinner twice.

The following table shows all possible outcomes:

The outcome on first spin

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5
The
outcome 2 3 4 5 6
on
second 3 4 5 6 7
spin
4 5 6 7 8

The discrete probability distribution for X is displayed in the following table:

x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

P(X = x) 1/16 2/16 3/16 4/16 3/16 2/16 1/16

With given information, solve the following:


a. What is the probability of getting at least a total of five?
b. What is the probability of exactly getting a total of five?
c. What is the probability of getting at most a total of five?

Solution:
a. What is the probability of getting at least a total of five?
- The probability of getting at least a total of five means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes greater than or equal to five. Thus, we need to solve P(X ≥ 5):

P(X ≥ 5) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8)


P(X ≥ 5) = 4/16 + 3/16 + 2/16 + 1/16

P(X ≤ 5) = 10/16 or 5/8


MODULE 1 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2ND SEMESTER

b. What is the probability of exactly getting a total of six?


- The probability of exactly getting a total of five means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes that are only equal to five. Thus, we need P(X = 5) only.

P(X = 5) = 4/16 or 1/4

c. What is the probability of getting at most a total of six?


- The probability of getting at most a total of six means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes smaller than or equal to six. Thus, we need to solve P(X ≤ 6):

P(X ≤ 5) = P(X = 5) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 2)


P(X ≤ 5) = 4/16 + 3/16 + 2/16 + 1/16
P(X ≥ 5) = 10/16 or 5/8

Example:
Consider tossing a fair die twice. Let X = the total of the scores of obtained after throwing the
die twice.
Solve for the following:
a. What is the probability of getting at least a total of six?
b. What is the probability of exactly getting a total of six?
c. What is the probability of getting at most a total of six?

Since the numbers on the die are only 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, the possible sum of the scores, when the
spinner is spun, can only be 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12.

The following table shows all possible outcomes:

The outcome on first roll

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 3 4 5 6 7 8
The
outcome 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
on
second 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
spin
5 6 7 8 9 10 11

6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MODULE 1 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2ND SEMESTER

The table shows 36 possible outcomes.


2 appears only once. Thus, P(X = 2) = 1/36.
3 appears twice. Thus, P(X = 3) = 2/36 or 1/18.
4 appears thrice. Thus, P(X = 4) = 3/36 or 1/12.
5 appears four times. Thus, P(X = 5) = 4/36 or 1/9.
6 appears five times. Thus, P(X = 6) = 5/36.
7 appears six times. Thus, P(X = 7) = 6/36 or 1/6.
8 appears five times. Thus, P(X = 8) = 5/36.
9 appears four times. Thus, P(X = 9) = 4/36 or 1/9.
10 appears thrice. Thus, P(X = 7) = 3/36 or 1/12.
11 appears twice. Thus, P(X = 8) = 2/36 or 1/18.
12 appears once. Thus, P(X = 8) = 1/16.

The discrete probability distribution for X is displayed in the following table:

x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

P(X = x) 1/36 2/36 3/36 4/36 5/36 6/36 5/36 4/36 3/36 2/36 1/36

Using the probability distribution table, we can now answer the questions.
d. What is the probability of getting at least a total of six?
- The probability of getting at least a total of six means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes greater than or equal to six. Thus, we need to solve P(X ≥ 6):

P(X ≥ 6) = P(X = 6) + P(X = 7) + P(X = 8) + P(X = 9) + P(X = 10) + P(X = 11) + P(X = 12)
P(X ≥ 6) = 5/36 + 6/36 + 5/36 + 4/36 + 3/36 + 2/36 + 1/36
P(X ≤ 6) = 15/36 or 5/12

e. What is the probability of exactly getting a total of six?


- The probability of exactly getting a total of six means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes that are only equal to six. Thus, we need P(X = 6) only.
P(X = 6) = 5/36

f. What is the probability of getting at most a total of six?


- The probability of getting at most a total of six means that we need to calculate the
probability for all outcomes smaller than or equal to six. Thus, we need to solve P(X ≤ 6):

P(X ≤ 6) = P(X = 6) + P(X = 5) + P(X = 4) + P(X = 3) + P(X = 2)


P(X ≤ 6) = 5/36 + 4/36 + 3/36 + 2/36 + 1/36
P(X ≥ 6) = 26/36 or 13/18
MODULE 1 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2ND SEMESTER

ACTIVITY 1.6
Answer the following questions.

1. Consider tossing 4 fair coins. Let X = the number heads that appear when 4 coins are tossed.
Complete the probability distribution table and answer the following questions:

P(X = x)

a. What is the probability of getting at least two heads?

b. What is the probability of getting exactly three heads?

c. What is the probability of getting at most three heads but at least one head?

2. Below is a probability distribution for the number of math failures of SHS students. Complete
the table and solve for the different probabilities that follow:

x 0 1 2 3 4

P(X = x) 0.41 0.38 0.08 0.02

a. P(X = 2)

b. P(X < 2)

c. P(X ≤ 2)
MODULE 1 STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY 2ND SEMESTER

d. P(X ≤ 1)

e. P(X > 2)

f. P(X = 3 or X = 4)

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