DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF RING GIRDER FOR PENSTOCK

1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula Remarks
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.014 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.631 m
1.8155 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 32.999 m difference center of ring girder and
high water level reservoir
Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m
Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 521120.2 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
53139.5 kgf/m2
5.3 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 8.17 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= 146574.1 kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 17967.94 kg

Q = 164542.08 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs = Seismic Factor

2 = 0.375
= 30851.64

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af = projected area of vessel from
2 = 81.39 m2
= 1611.498 Cf = Shape factor
= 0.6
Gh = Gust Factor
= 1.32
qZ = wind pressure
= 50.00 kg/m2
Kz = velocity pressure coefficient
= 4.25
V = basic wind speed
= 70 km/h
I = Importance factor
= 1
 H = 32463.14 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 1887.14 kg

Qs = 17967.94 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss = Weight of pipe
164542.08 kg
= 336718

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE = Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)
= 362 cm
PE = Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
= 3.21 kgf/cm2
η = Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
= 0.15
∑R = Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
= 0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
184477.07 kgf
= 37872.51 kgf

3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= P E . AE where : AE = Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)

= 2273.36 cm2

= 7286.392 kgf

Ls = 381876.8 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 8 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)
 M

Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w = Uniform load per unit length
= 11426.5 kg
M = 0.044 (from table)

Mr = 103195.77

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1 W
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0155 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web Titik berat y

= 0.016 m x
0.01
T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1 0.249 0.1305
= 0.02 m 2ka 0.132 0.1305
2ki 0.382 0.2555
H = Height of girder 3 0.249
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.50 m 0.248821

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
 = 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0197 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000230 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.117 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.148 m

R = 1.9172 m

Volume of Girder = 0.240 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

q = 1.285
B = r 1 - 2K X rt
R qr R
= 8.09 1/m2

= 0.8105

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L v = Poisson Ratio

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2 = 0.3

= 0.396

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.061 0.946 - 0.077

= -0.1352

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 95651.031 0.475

= 45418.685 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi = stress of inner side of girder

σo = T M Y1 N σi = T M Y1
A I A A I
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
 = Q(K1 + BK2)
= 66595.18 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= -18.82 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 45418.685 kg

A = Sectional Area of Girder

= 0.020 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0002 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m
σo = 5690349.66 kgf/m2 σi = 5668600.35 kgf/m2
= 569.03 kgf/cm2 = 566.86 kgf/cm2

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.939 0.014 0.55

= 0.566

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.945 0.316

= 0.3222

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.061 0.956 0.553

= 0.49

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' = stress of inner side of girder

σo' = T M Y0 σi' = T M Y1
A I A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7029.56

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -9325.79 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7606.78
kgf/m2
σo' = 6403832.91 kgf/m 2
σi' = -4372212.94 kgf/cm2
= 640.38 kgf/m2 -437.22
 = 640.383 kgf/cm2 = -437.221

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where : 0.04954
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)
= 0.160 =

σa = 646025.94 kgf/m2
= 64.60 kgf/m2
= 64.60 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 1583.36 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 381876.8 kgf

σb = 241.18 kgf/cm2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress) 0.15845869

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0120 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0197 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 6832216.5 kgf/m2

σc = 7572564.804 kgf/m2
= 757.256 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 1583.36 cm2

= 207.839 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 566.860 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1063.040 kgf/cm2

σg = 989.13 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

difference center of ring girder and
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint

Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)

Luas

0.0077
0.0037
0.0037
0.0054
0.0205
N
A
 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF RING GIRDER FOR PENSTOCK

1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.014 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.631 m
1.8155 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 48.692 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 768944.1 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
78410.5 kgf/m2
7.8 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 8.17 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= ### kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 17967.9 kg

Q = 164542.08 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2
 Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
= 30851.6

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =

2 =
= 1611.5 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 32463.14 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 1887.14 kg

Qs = 17967.94 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 336718

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
 ∑R =

= 45864.9 kgf

3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=

= 12995.3 kgf

Ls = 395578.0 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 8 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)
 M

Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =

=
M =

Mr = 103195.77

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1
 T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance
= 0.0155 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

= 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.50 m 0.248821

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0197 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000230 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.117 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.148 m

R = 1.9172 m

Volume of Girder = 0.240 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula
 q
B = r 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= 0.9389 x 0.9457 - 0.0773

= 0.8105

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.396

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.061 0.946 - 0.077

= -0.1352

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 141138.822 0.475

= 67017.989 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 66595.18 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= -18.82 kgfm
 N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure
= 67017.989 kg

A = Sectional Area of Girder

= 0.020 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0002 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m
σo = 6785260.80 kgf/m2 σi =
= 678.53 kgf/m2 =
= 678.53 kgf/cm2 =

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.939 0.014 0.55

= 0.566

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.945 0.316

= 0.3222

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.061 0.956 0.553

= 0.49

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
 T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7029.56

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -9325.79 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7606.78

σo' = 6403832.91 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 640.38 kgf/m2
= 640.383 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
= 0.160
σa = 646025.94 kgf/m2
= 64.60 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 1583.36 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 395578.0 kgf
σb = 249.83 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
 where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0120 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0197 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 10081344.4 kgf/m2

σc = 11173772.704 kgf/m2
= 1117.377 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 1583.36

= 207.839 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 676.351 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1431.814 kgf/cm2

σg = 1291.79 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
 weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

FOR PENSTOCK

Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
 Seismic Factor
0.375

projected area of vessel from

81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

e, and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
164542.08 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

362 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
5.72 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
184477.07 kgf

Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)

2273.36 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
11426.5 kg
0.044 (from table)

W
Titik berat 0.2488211614
Titik berat y

Momen iner
 y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
Titik berat x y
x 0.01 0.0077 0.00192 5.98E-05 0.109
0.1305 0.0037 0.00049 0.00048 0.013
0.249 0.1305 0.0037 0.00141 0.00048 0.013
0.132 0.2555 0.0054 0.00134 0.00138 0.138
0.382 0.0205 0.00515 0.0024
0.249
= 1.285
rt

= 8.09 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A
 6763511.49 kgf/m2
676.35 kgf/m2
676.35 kgf/cm2

stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I
 -4372212.94 kgf/m2
-437.22 kgf/m2
-437.221 kgf/cm2

0.04954
Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D -d )
4 4

0.15845869
l area of pipe shell
cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section

moment of inertia = 0.04909 (d1 4 – d2 4)

Luas Penampang =
Volume x Berat jenis Air laju aliran massa (debit) =
146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3 Massa jenis air =
v(kec) =
Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B volume=

0.62 x 7850 kg/m3 massa=

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2 volume pipa 1=
volume pipa 2=
Tekanan Internal x luas area berat
1.22E+09 m2

Ls=
1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang2) kgm
P=
 ρ . g .h x water hammer

Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0 I
1 0.008 0.125 0.0039 0.132 0.141 2.083333E-05
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.249 0.256 1.453333E-07
3 0.248821 0.00775 0.0077 0.249 0.008 1.544298E-07
0.366

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000317

Momen inersia y 0.000224
 I1

9.259504E-05
1.687138E-05
1.687138E-05
0.0001034309

Iy 0.00023
8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
 2118.504 mm4

1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.009046
as Penampang = 19.625 m2
u aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
assa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
2.45 m/s
376.8 m3

376800 kg
376.8 ton
ume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
ume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

0 t
1.21752E+13 kgf/m2
Ay2 Ax2
1.009832E-06 0.000118
7.498559E-05 1.43E-05
0.000104881 2.52E-05
1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.016 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.635 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 64.387 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 1016799.5 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
103684.7 kgf/m2
10.4 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 8.17 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= ### kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 20546.1 kg

Q = 167120.30 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
 = 31335.1

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =

2 =
= 1611.5 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 32946.55 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 2010.59 kg

Qs = 20546.15 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 341994

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
∑R =

= 51573.2 kgf
 3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=

= 16604.5 kgf

Ls = 410171.6 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 8 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)

M
 Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =
=
M =

Mr = 104812.74

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0175 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

 = 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.51 m 0.25737

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0210 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000246 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.112 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.155 m

R = 1.9123 m

Volume of Girder = 0.256 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q
B = r 1 - 2K X
 R qr R

= 0.9413 x 0.9413 - 0.0812

= 0.8048

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.12500 x 1.600 + 0.91

= 0.400

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.059 0.941 - 0.081

= -0.1364

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 186632.410 0.490

= 91517.307 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 66852.46 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 185.56 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 91517.307 kg
 A = Sectional Area of Girder
= 0.021 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0002 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m

σo = 7425981.25 kgf/m2 σi =
= 742.60 kgf/cm2 =

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.941 0.015 0.55

= 0.568

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.939 0.338

= 0.3243

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.059 0.952 0.554

= 0.50

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7068.90
 M = Bending Moment of Girder
= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -9505.48 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7664.99

σo' = 6354866.89 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 635.487 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
= 0.181

σa = 580193.83 kgf/m2
= 58.02 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 1809.56 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 410171.6 kgf

σb = 226.67 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
 = 0.0120 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0210 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 11664525.6 kgf/m2

σc = 12121257.140 kgf/m2
= 1212.126 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 1809.56

= 184.708 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 762.751 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1496.815 kgf/cm2

σg = 1335.25 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
Seismic Factor
0.375
 projected area of vessel from
81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

e, and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
167120.30 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

362 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
7.30 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
188845.93 kgf
Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)
2273.36 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
11605.6 kg
0.044 (from table)

W
Titik berat 0.2573703894
Titik berat y

Momen iner

Titik berat
 x y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
x y
0.257 0.01 0.0090 0.00232 7.88E-05 0.104
0.140 0.1325 0.0037 0.00052 0.000488 0.020
0.390 0.1325 0.0037 0.00144 0.000488 0.020
0.257 0.2575 0.0054 0.00139 0.001391 0.145
0.0218 0.00566 0.002445

= 1.285
rt
 = 7.57 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

0.939 + 0.3375

= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A
 7627511.29 kgf/m2
762.75 kgf/cm2

stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I
 -3968969.87 kgf/m2
-396.897 kgf/cm2

Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)

= 0.04954

0.15845869
l area of pipe shell
cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section
of pipe

Luas Penampang =
Volume x Berat jenis Air laju aliran massa (debit) =
146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3 Massa jenis air =
v(kec) =
Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B volume=

0.57 x 7850 kg/m3 massa=

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2 volume pipa 1=
volume pipa 2=
Tekanan Internal x luas area berat
1.84E+09 m2

Ls=
1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang )
2
kgm
 P=

ρ . g .h x water hammer
 Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0 I
1 0.008 0.125 0.0044 0.140 0.143 2.083333E-05
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.257 0.258 1.453333E-07
3 0.25737 0.00875 0.0090 0.257 0.009 2.298907E-07
0.374

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000314

Momen inersia y 0.000243
 I1

9.681676E-05
1.772441E-05
1.772441E-05
0.00011403

Iy 0.000246
8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
2118.504 mm4
 1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.0096967
as Penampang = 19.625 m2
u aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
assa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
2.45 m/s
376.8 m3

376800 kg
376.8 ton
ume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
ume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

0 t
1.83996E+13 kgf/m2
Ay2 Ax2
1.440138E-06 0.00012
7.729017E-05 1.03E-05
0.0001203909 2.13E-05
1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.016 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.635 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 80.082 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 1264654.9 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
128958.9 kgf/m2
12.9 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 8.17 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= ### kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 20546.1 kg

Q = 167120.30 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
 = 31335.1

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =

2 =
= 1611.5 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 32946.55 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 2010.59 kg

Qs = 20546.15 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 341994

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
∑R =

= 60806.4 kgf
 3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=

= 22887.2 kgf

Ls = 425687.5 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 8 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)

M
 Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =
=
M =

Mr = 104812.74

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0175 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

 = 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.51 m 0.25737

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0210 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000246 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.112 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.155 m

R = 1.9123 m

Volume of Girder = 0.256 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q
B = r 1 - 2K X
 R qr R

= 0.9413 x 0.9413 - 0.0812

= 0.8048

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.12500 x 1.600 + 0.91

= 0.400

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.059 0.941 - 0.081

= -0.1364

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 232125.999 0.490

= 113825.601 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 66852.46 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 185.56 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 113825.601 kg
 A = Sectional Area of Girder
= 0.021 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0002 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m

σo = 8488490.82 kgf/m2 σi =
= 848.85 kgf/cm2 =

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.941 0.015 0.55

= 0.568

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.939 0.338

= 0.3243

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.059 0.952 0.554

= 0.50

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7068.90
 M = Bending Moment of Girder
= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -9505.48 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7664.99

σo' = 6354866.89 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 635.487 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
= 0.181

σa = 580193.83 kgf/m2
= 58.02 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 1809.56 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 425687.5 kgf

σb = 235.24 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
 = 0.0120 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0210 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 14507874.9 kgf/m2

σc = 15075939.464 kgf/m2
= 1507.594 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 1809.56

= 184.708 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 869.002 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1800.857 kgf/cm2

σg = 1592.37 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
Seismic Factor
0.375
 projected area of vessel from
81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

e, and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
167120.30 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

362 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
10.07 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
191762.52 kgf
Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)
2273.36 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
11605.6 kg
0.044 (from table)

W
Titik berat 0.2573703894
Titik berat y

Momen iner

Titik berat
 x y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
x y
0.257 0.01 0.0090 0.00232 7.88E-05 0.104
0.140 0.1325 0.0037 0.00052 0.000488 0.020
0.390 0.1325 0.0037 0.00144 0.000488 0.020
0.257 0.2575 0.0054 0.00139 0.001391 0.145
0.0218 0.00566 0.002445

= 1.285
rt
 = 7.57 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

0.939 + 0.3375

= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A
 8690020.86 kgf/m2
869.00 kgf/cm2

stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I
 -3968969.87 kgf/m2
-396.897 kgf/cm2

Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)

= 0.04954

0.15845869
l area of pipe shell
cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section
of pipe

Luas Penampang =
Volume x Berat jenis Air laju aliran massa (debit) =
146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3 Massa jenis air =
v(kec) =
Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B volume=

0.57 x 7850 kg/m3 massa=

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2 volume pipa 1=
volume pipa 2=
Tekanan Internal x luas area berat
2.29E+09 m2

Ls=
1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang )
2
kgm
 P=

ρ . g .h x water hammer
 Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0 I
1 0.008 0.125 0.0044 0.140 0.143 2.083333E-05
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.257 0.258 1.453333E-07
3 0.25737 0.00875 0.0090 0.257 0.009 2.298907E-07
0.374

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000314

Momen inersia y 0.000243
 I1

9.681676E-05
1.772441E-05
1.772441E-05
0.00011403

Iy 0.000246
8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
2118.504 mm4
 1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.0096967
as Penampang = 19.625 m2
u aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
assa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
2.45 m/s
376.8 m3

376800 kg
376.8 ton
ume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
ume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

0 t
2.28847E+13 kgf/m2
Ay2 Ax2
1.440138E-06 0.00012
7.729017E-05 1.03E-05
0.0001203909 2.13E-05
1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.018 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.639 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 91.48 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 1444652.2 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
147313.5 kgf/m2
14.7 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 8.17 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= ### kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 23127.2 kg

Q = 169701.35 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
 = 31819

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =

2 =
= 1611.5 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 33430.50 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 2139.06 kg

Qs = 23127.20 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 347276

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
∑R =

= 68259.9 kgf
 3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=

= 27898.2 kgf

Ls = 443433.8 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 6 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)

M
 Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =
=
M =

Mr = 187948.36

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0195 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

 = 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.53 m 0.2654

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0223 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000262 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.108 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.162 m

R = 1.9078 m

Volume of Girder = 0.272 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q
B = r 1 - 2K X
 R qr R

= 0.9435 x 0.9370 - 0.0847

= 0.7993

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.12500 x 1.600 + 0.91

= 0.405

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.057 0.937 - 0.085

= -0.1377

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 265164.286 0.505

= 133892.488 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 67115.56 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 382.14 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 133892.488 kg
 A = Sectional Area of Girder
= 0.022 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0003 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m

σo = 8772179.86 kgf/m2 σi =
= 877.22 kgf/cm2 =

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.943 0.015 0.56

= 0.569

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.932 0.358

= 0.3263

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.057 0.949 0.555

= 0.50

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7112.90
 M = Bending Moment of Girder
= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -9682.22 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7726.71

σo' = 6321080.87 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 632.108 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
= 0.202

σa = 932134.14 kgf/m2
= 93.21 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 2035.75 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 443433.8 kgf

σb = 217.82 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
 = 0.0120 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0223 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 14731349.2 kgf/m2

σc = 14374668.678 kgf/m2
= 1437.467 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 2035.75

= 166.721 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 916.529 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1748.503 kgf/cm2

σg = 1542.12 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
Seismic Factor
0.375
 projected area of vessel from
81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

e, and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
169701.35 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

362 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
12.27 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
194682.32 kgf
Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)
2273.36 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
11784.8 kg
0.0777 (from table)

W
Titik berat 0.2654
Titik berat y

Momen iner

Titik berat
 x y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
x y
0.265 0.01 0.0104 0.00275 0.000101 0.098
0.148 0.1345 0.0037 0.00055 0.000495 0.027
0.398 0.1345 0.0037 0.00147 0.000495 0.027
0.265 0.2595 0.0054 0.00143 0.001401 0.152
0.0231 0.00619 0.002492

= 1.285
rt
 = 7.14 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

0.932 + 0.3580

= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A
 9165293.85 kgf/m2
916.53 kgf/cm2

stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I
 -3639118.47 kgf/m2
-363.912 kgf/cm2

Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)

= 0.04954

0.15845869
l area of pipe shell
cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section
of pipe

Luas Penampang =
Volume x Berat jenis Air laju aliran massa (debit) =
146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3 Massa jenis air =
v(kec) =
Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B volume=

0.53 x 7850 kg/m3 massa=

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2 volume pipa 1=
volume pipa 2=
Tekanan Internal x luas area berat
2.94E+09 m2

Ls=
1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang )
2
kgm
 P=

ρ . g .h x water hammer
 Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0 I
1 0.008 0.125 0.0049 0.148 0.145 2.083333E-05
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.265 0.260 1.453333E-07
3 0.2654 0.00975 0.0104 0.265 0.010 3.279846E-07
0.382

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000309

Momen inersia y 0.000262
 I1

9.990826E-05
1.883917E-05
1.883917E-05
0.0001243918

Iy 0.000262
8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
2118.504 mm4
 1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.0103141
as Penampang = 19.625 m2
u aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
assa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
2.45 m/s
376.8 m3

376800 kg
376.8 ton
ume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
ume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

0 t
2.94095E+13 kgf/m2
Ay2 Ax2
1.978017E-06 0.000121
7.962963E-05 7.19E-06
0.0001359523 1.71E-05
1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.024 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.651 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 121.021 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 1911163.6 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
194884.4 kgf/m2
19.5 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 20.59 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= ### kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 30887.4 kg

Q = 177461.55 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
 = 33274

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =

2 =
= 1611.5 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 34885.54 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 2552.14 kg

Qs = 30887.41 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 898695

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
∑R =

= 76440.1 kgf
 3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=

= 33114.6 kgf

Ls = 1008249.6 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 6 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)

M
 Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =
=
M =

Mr = 185874.47

3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0255 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

 = 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.57 m 0.28712

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0265 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000305 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.097 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.179 m

R = 1.8969 m

Volume of Girder = 0.325 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q
B = r 1 - 2K X
 R qr R

= 0.9489 x 0.9252 - 0.0942

= 0.7838

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.12500 x 1.600 + 0.91

= 0.416

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.051 0.925 - 0.094

= -0.1414

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 350791.944 0.544

= 190964.554 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 67915.23 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 929.67 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 190964.554 kg
 A = Sectional Area of Girder
= 0.027 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0003 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m

σo = 9208478.22 kgf/m2 σi =
= 920.85 kgf/cm2 =

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.949 0.015 0.56

= 0.573

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.913 0.413

= 0.3316

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.051 0.940 0.559

= 0.51

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7270.68
 M = Bending Moment of Girder
= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -10196.94 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 7932.44

σo' = 6278825.11 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 627.883 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
= 0.265

σa = 701434.62 kgf/m2
= 70.14 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 2714.34 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 1008249.6 kgf

σb = 371.45 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
 = 0.0119 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0265 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 14616331.0 kgf/m2

σc = 11925522.179 kgf/m2
= 1192.552 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 2714.34

= 130.759 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 1004.933 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1634.149 kgf/cm2

σg = 1445.48 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
Seismic Factor
0.375
 projected area of vessel from
81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

e, and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
177461.55 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

362 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
14.57 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
200531.56 kgf
Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)
2273.36 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
12323.7 kg
0.0777 (from table)

W
Titik berat 0.2871199556
Titik berat y

Momen iner

Titik berat
 x y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
x y
0.287 0.01 0.0146 0.00420 0.000187 0.084
0.170 0.1405 0.0037 0.00063 0.000517 0.044
0.420 0.1405 0.0037 0.00155 0.000517 0.044
0.287 0.2655 0.0054 0.00155 0.001434 0.169
0.0274 0.00793 0.002654

= 1.285
rt
 = 6.18 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

0.913 + 0.4134

= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A
 10049327.66 kgf/m2
1004.93 kgf/cm2

stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I
 -2943916.41 kgf/m2
-294.392 kgf/cm2

Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)

= 0.04954

0.15845869
l area of pipe shell
cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section
of pipe

Luas Penampang =
Volume x Berat jenis Air laju aliran massa (debit) =
146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3 Massa jenis air =
v(kec) =
Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B volume=

0.42 x 7850 kg/m3 massa=

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2 volume pipa 1=
volume pipa 2=
Tekanan Internal x luas area berat
5.19E+09 m2

Ls=
1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang )
2
kgm
 P=

ρ . g .h x water hammer
 Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0 I
1 0.008 0.125 0.0064 0.170 0.151 2.083333E-05
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.287 0.266 1.453333E-07
3 0.28712 0.01275 0.0146 0.287 0.013 7.934739E-07
0.404

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000285

Momen inersia y 0.000321
 I1

0.0001044053
2.322854E-05
2.322854E-05
0.0001537388

Iy 0.000305
8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
2118.504 mm4
 1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.0119922
as Penampang = 19.625 m2
u aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
assa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
2.45 m/s
376.8 m3

376800 kg
376.8 ton
ume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
ume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

0 t
5.18754E+13 kgf/m2
Ay2 Ax2
4.357091E-06 0.000118
8.685728E-05 1.55E-06
0.0001823959 5.22E-06
1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula
L (span length) 14.4 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.028 m
Distance Between ring 14.4 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.659 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375
Distance between anchor-expansion joint m
Height of place (H) 154.494 m

Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m

Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 2439769.2 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
248787.2 kgf/m2
24.9 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 20.59 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= 146574.1 kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 36075.082 kg

Q = 182649.23 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs =

2 =
= 34246.73
 Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af =
2 =
= 1611.4982 Cf =
=
Gh =
=
qZ =
=
Kz =
=
V =
=
I =
=

H = 35858.23 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
= 2848.78 kg

Qs = 36075.08 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure act
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss =

= 924966.21

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE =
=
PE =
=
η =
=
∑R =

= 90295.769 kgf

3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE =
=
 = 42068.819 kgf

Ls = 1057330.8 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 6 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at support
(∑R)

Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w =

=
M =

Mr = 191308.08
3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0295 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web

= 0.016 m

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1

= 0.02 m 2ka
2ki
H = Height of girder 3
= 0.25 m

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.60 m 0.30011

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m
 B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0296 m2

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000330 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.091 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.188 m

R = 1.8912 m

Volume of Girder = 0.363 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m

4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q
B = r 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= 0.9518 x 0.9179 - 0.0995

= 0.7741

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.12500 x 1.600 + 0.91

= 0.423

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R
 = -0.048 0.918 - 0.100

= -0.1438

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 447816.913 0.568

= 254345.714 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi

σo = T M Y1 N σi
A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 68440.87 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 1264.74 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 254345.714 kg

A = Sectional Area of Girder

= 0.030 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0003 m4

L = Span Length
= 14.4 m

σo = 10195906.30 kgf/m2 σi =
= 1019.59 kgf/cm 2
=

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.952 0.015 0.56

 = 0.575

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.125 1.600 0.7 0.901 0.446

= 0.3347

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.048 0.935 0.560

= 0.52

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' =

σo' = T M Y0 σi' =
A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 7394.89

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -10528.98 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 8085.33

σo' = 6280278.74 kgf/m2 σi' =

= 628.028 kgf/cm2 =

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell
 = 0.308

σa = 621978.03 kgf/m2
= 62.20 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 3166.73 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 1057330.8 kgf

σb = 333.89 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0119 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0296 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 15993461.2 kgf/m2

σc = 11675942.172 kgf/m2
= 1167.594 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 3166.73

= 115.355 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 1126.718 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1563.680 kgf/cm2
 σg = 1411.62 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Formula Remarks

difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir

+ P Rise.(ρ.g.h)

146499.84
Seismic Factor
0.375
 projected area of vessel from
81.39 m2
Shape factor
0.6
Gust Factor
1.32
wind pressure
50.00 kg/m2
velocity pressure coefficient
4.25
basic wind speed
70 km/h
Importance factor
1

and internal Pressure acting

Weight of pipe
182649.23 kg

Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)

342 cm
Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
19.59 kgf/cm2
Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
0.15
Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
209329.48 kgf

Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)

2147.76 cm2
Uniform load per unit length
12684.0 kg
0.0777 (from table)
 W
Titik berat 0.3001095657
Titik berat y

Momen iner

Titik berat
x y Luas x.Luas y.Luas Jrk ke titik berat total
x y
0.300 0.01 0.0177 0.00531 0.000261 0.076
0.183 0.1445 0.0037 0.00067 0.000532 0.053
0.433 0.1445 0.0037 0.00159 0.000532 0.053
0.300 0.2695 0.0054 0.00162 0.001455 0.178
0.0305 0.00920 0.00278
 = 1.285
rt

= 5.72 1/m2

v = Poisson Ratio
= 0.3

0.901 + 0.4465
= stress of inner side of girder

= T M Y1 N
A I A

11267177.19 kgf/m2
1126.72 kgf/cm2
stress of inner side of girder

T M Y1
A I

-2638087.35 kgf/m2
-263.809 kgf/cm2

Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)

 = 0.04954

0.15845869

l area of pipe shell

cm2
moment of inertia = t3/12
of the pipe wall

cross section

of pipe

Volume x Berat jenis Air

146.4998 x 1000 kg/m3

Volume Total Girder x Berat jenis logam SM 50 B

0.38 x 7850 kg/m3

Area kena angin x W angin

 0.071 x 40 kg/m2

Tekanan Internal x luas area

7.73E+09 m2

1/24 x (beban) x panjang bentang2) kgm

ρ . g .h x water hammer
 Titik berat :
x y luas jarak x ketitik 0,0 jarak y ketitik 0,0
1 0.008 0.125 0.0074 0.183 0.155
2 0.109 0.01 0.0044 0.300 0.270
3 0.30011 0.01475 0.0177 0.300 0.015
0.417

Titik berat x 0.306

Titik berat y 0.124357

Momen inersia x 0.000267

Momen inersia y 0.000361

I1

0.0001049001
2.66585E-05
2.66585E-05
0.0001717592

Iy 0.00033
 8371684
19.625

0.001
39.37008
2118.504 mm4

1957.198 1.96E+15
53.81 5.38E+13

53.81 m4
inch4
0.0129912
Luas Penampang = 19.625 m2
laju aliran massa (debit) = 48 m3/s
Massa jenis air = 1000 kg/m3
v(kec) = 2.45 m/s
volume= 376.8 m3

massa= 376800 kg
376.8 ton
volume pipa 1= 382.2455 m3
volume pipa 2= 5.445453 m4
berat 42746.81 kg
42.74681 ton

Ls= 0 t
P= 7.72608E+13 kgf/m2
 I Ay2 Ax2
2.083333E-05 6.701003E-06 0.000111
1.453333E-07 9.185011E-05 1.51E-07
1.284088E-06 0.0002127194 6.14E-07
 DESIGN AND CALCULATION OF RING GIRDER FOR PENSTOCK
STEP 8 - TURBIN

1. Dimension of design
Value Unit Formula Remarks
L (span length) 12 m
Inner Diameter of Pipe (ID) 3.6 m
Radius of Pipe (r) 1.8 m
Thickness of Pipe (t) 0.028 m
Distance Between ring 12 m
Outside Diameter (OD) 3.659 m
P Rise 50%
Seismic Coefficient (n) 0.375

Height of place (H) 162.1 m difference center of ring girder and

high water level reservoir
Corrosion Allowance 0.0015 m
Angle from top of girder (ө) 90 ˚
Internal Pressure (P) 2559883.2 N/m2 ρ.g.h + P Rise.(ρ.g.h)
261035.4 kgf/m2
26.1 kgf/cm2
Inclination of pipe shell (α) 0 ˚

2. Load Calcualtion

a. Load in Vertikal Plane (Q)

Vertical load due to water weight and steel pipe weight

Water weight = (π/4).ID2.t.L.Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)

= 122145.1 kg
Stell Pipe Shell Weight = π.OD.L.Density of Water (1000 kg/m3)
= 30062.569 kg

Q = 152207.69 kgf

b. Load in Horisontal Plane (H)

Horisontal load due to wind and seismic

Fts

E
Q2
Q2

Seismic Force per Span (Fts) = (Cs.Q) where : Cs = Seismic Factor

2 = 0.375
= 28538.942

Wind Force per Span (Ftw) = (Af.Cf.Gh.qZ) where : Af = projected area of vessel from
2 = 67.82 m2
= 1342.9152 Cf = Shape factor
= 0.6
Gh = Gust Factor
= 1.32
qZ = wind pressure
= 50.00 kg/m2
Kz = velocity pressure coefficient
= 4.25
V = basic wind speed
= 70 km/h
I = Importance factor
= 1

H = 29881.86 kgf

c. Load due to steel weight in vertical plane (Qs)

Vertical load due to weight of ring rirder and weight of pipe shell

Weight of Ring girder = Volume of ring girder . Density of steel (7850 kg/m3)
 = 2848.78 kg

Qs = 30062.57 kg

d. Load in longitudinal Direction

Load due to pipe inclination,friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe, and internal Pressure acting
on expansion joint
1. Pipe Inclination = Ss . L . SinΘ where : Ss = Weight of pipe
152207.69 kg
= 0

2. Friction rocker shoes and expansion joint at expansion of pipe

= 2.80.π.DE . PE + η ∑R
where : DE = Internal diameter of expansion joint (cm)
= 342 cm
PE = Internal Pressure acting on expansion joint
= 24.32 kgf/cm2
η = Friction coefficient of rocker shoes
= 0.15
∑R = Reaction at rocker shoes (kgf)
From table 2.1 with 8 support.
= 0.6 wL + 0.53 wL
176890.45 kgf
= 99645.466 kgf

3. Stress due to internal pressure acting on expansion joint

= PE . AE where : AE = Cross section area of expansion joint pipe (cm2)

= 2147.76 cm2

= 52222.784 kgf

Ls = 151868.3 kgf

e Bending Moment as a continous beam (Mr)

Maximum bending moments at continous beam with 8 support used the formula from table :

Reaction at
support (∑R)

Bending Moment as Continous Beam = M.wL2 cos α where : w = Uniform load per unit length
= 12684.0 kg
M = 0.08 (from table)

Mr = 146119.38
3. Section of girder

B3 B3

T2
Y0 T1
B2 H

Y1
T

B1

T = Plate thichness of pipe shell including corrosion allowance

= 0.0295 m

T1 = Plate thickness of web Titik berat

= 0.016 m x y Luas

T2 = Plate thickness of flange 1 0.300 0.01 0.0177

= 0.02 m 2ka 0.183 0.1445 0.0037
2ki 0.433 0.1445 0.0037
H = Height of girder 3 0.300 0.2695 0.0054
= 0.25 m 0.0305

B1 = Effective width of pipe shell

= 0.60 m 0.30011

B2 = Distance between web

= 0.25 m

B3 = Width of flange
= 0.135 m

N = Number of Web
= 2

AS = Sectional area of girder = t(B2 + √1.56 rt) + 2.H.T2 + T2.2.B3

= 0.0296 m2 295.661357

DIT = Moment of Inertia of girder

= 0.000330 m4

YI = Distance from inside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.091 m

YO = Distance from outside of pipe shell to neutral axis

= 0.188 m

R = 1.8912 m

Volume of Girder = 0.363 m3

W = Leg Length
= 1.35 m
4. Calculation Formula

4.1. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN VERTICAL PLANE

q = 1.285
B = r 1 - 2K X rt
R qr R
= 5.72 1/m2
= 0.9518 x 0.9251 - 0.0995

= 0.7809

K = r υL2 (1 - υ2) (1 - Qs) (2 + υ)L v = Poisson Ratio

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2 = 0.3

= 0.15000 x 1.111 + 0.91 0.901 + 0.3721

= 0.386

C = r - 1 1 - 2K X
R qr R

= -0.048 0.925 - 0.100

= -0.1442

Tension due to Internal Pressure, on sectional of ring (N)

N = P.r b + 2 (1 - v2)
q

= 469863.694 0.568

= 266867.582 kgf

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo = stress of outer side of girder σi = stress of inner side of girder

σo = T M Y1 N σi = T M Y1 N
A I A A I A
where :
T = Direct Stress in the ring exclusive of N
= Q(K1 + BK2)
= 57887.15 kgfm

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= Q(R.K3 + X.K4)
= 1053.95 kgfm

N = Tensile Force due to Internal Pressure

= 266867.582 kg

A = Sectional Area of Girder

= 0.030 m2

I = Moment Inertia of Girder

= 0.0003 m4

L = Span Length
= 12 m

σo = 10382729.92 kgf/m2 σi = 11275455.67 kgf/m2

= 1038.27 kgf/cm2 = 1127.55 kgf/cm2

4.2. STRESS OF GIRDER DUE TO LOAD IN HORIZONTAL PLANE

B = r (1 - 2K ) πW
R qr 4R

= 0.952 0.022 0.56

 = 0.581

K = r υL2 (1 - υ) ( 1 - Qs) (2+υ )L

L 12 r2 2Q 4qr2

= 0.150 1.111 0.7 0.901 0.372

= 0.3171

C = ( r 1) ( 1 - 2K) πW
R qr 4R

= -0.048 0.938 0.560

= 0.52

Stress of girder is as follows.

σo' = stress of outer side of girder σi' = stress of inner side of girder

σo' = T M Y0 σi' = T M Y1
A I A I
where :
T1 = Tensile Force of girder
= kQ(RK1 + WK2)
= 6162.41

M = Bending Moment of Girder

= kQ(K3 + B.K4)
= -8893.54 kgfm

k = Seismic coefficient in a horizontal plane

= 0.375

T = Direct Stress in Stiffener Ring

T1 + k (Q - Qs) B2 + 2 (1 - μ2)
πL q
= 6852.84

σo' = 5305570.67 kgf/m2 σi' = -2227529.08 kgf/m2

= 530.557 kgf/cm2 = -222.753 kgf/cm2

3. LONGITUDINAL STRESS OF PIPE SHELL

a. Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam

σa = MR
ZP
where :
ZP = Sectional modulus of pipe shell Inersia of pipe shell = π/64 (D4-d4)
= 0.308 = 0.04954

σa = 475061.21 kgf/m2
= 47.51 kgf/cm2

b. Stress due to total longitudinal load

σb = Ls
AP
where :
AP = Sectional Area of pipe shell
= 3166.73 cm2
Ls = Load in longitudinal Direction
= 151868.3 kgf

σb = 47.96 kgf/m2

c. Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress) 0.15845869

σc = ± 1.82 A' σө
A
where :
A' = Sectional area of girder except effective area of pipe shell
= 0.0119 m2
A = Sectional area of girder including effective area of pipe shell
 = 0.0296 m2
σө = Circumferential stress
= 16780846.2 kgf/m2

σc = 12250768.483 kgf/m2
= 1225.077 kgf/cm2

SHEAR STRESS

= 2Q where : AP = Sectional area of pipe shell

AP 3166.73 cm2

= 96.129 kgf/cm2

4. COMBINED STRESS.

σg = σi2 +
σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

where :
σ1 = σi or ( σi + σi')
= 1127.546 kgf/cm2
σ2 = σa + σb + σc
= 1320.540 kgf/cm2

σg = 1246.57 kgf/cm2

5. Selection of Material Plate

Material Plate = JIS.SM 490

σy = 32 kgf/mm2
= 3200 kgf/cm2

σa = σy x weff
sf
where :
sf = safety factor
= 1.8
weff = 0.9 (site welding)

σallowable = 1600 kgf/cm2

So :

σs < σallowable ACCEPT

 Table 2.2
Formula and coefficients for the computation of stress in ring girders as developed for stillener ring analysis
ө T = Q (K1 +BK2) M = Q (RK2 +XK4) S = Q (K5 +CK6)
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6

0 -0.238732 0.318310 0.011267 -0.068310 0.000000 0.000000

15 -0.241384 0.307464 0.008618 -0.057464 0.019651 0.082385
30 -0.248415 0.275664 0.001585 -0.256650 0.032380 0.159155
45 -0.257198 0.225079 -0.007198 0.024921 0.032117 0.225079
60 -0.263704 0.159155 -0.013704 0.090845 0.014417 0.275664
75 -0.263023 0.823850 -0.013023 0.167616 -0.022945 0.307463
90(-) -0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 0.250000 -0.079577 0.318310
90(+) 0.250000 0.000000 0.000000 -0.250000 0.079577 0.318310
105 0.263023 -0.823850 0.013023 -0.167616 0.022945 0.307463
120 0.263704 -0.159155 0.013704 -0.090845 -0.014417 0.275664
135 0.257198 -0.225079 0.007198 -0.024921 -0.032117 0.225079
150 0.248415 -0.275664 -0.001585 0.256650 -0.032380 0.159155
165 0.241384 -0.307464 -0.008618 0.057464 -0.019651 0.082385
180 0.238732 -0.318310 -0.011267 0.068310 0.000000 0.000000

Table 2.3
Formula and coefficients for the computation of stress in ring girders do to earthquake loads
ө M = nQ (RK1 +WK2) T1 = nQ (K3 +BK4) S = nQ (K5 +CK6)
K1 K2 K3 K4 K5 K6

0 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.079577 0.318310

15 -0.019651 -0.064705 -0.019651 -0.082385 0.066082 0.307464
30 -0.032119 -0.125000 -0.032380 -0.159155 0.027249 0.275664
45 -0.032119 -0.176776 -0.032119 -0.225079 -0.032119 0.225079
60 -0.014417 -0.216506 -0.014417 -0.275664 -0.104549 0.159155
75 0.229460 -0.241482 0.022946 -0.307464 -0.180639 0.082385
90(-) 0.079577 -0.250000 0.079577 -0.318310 -0.250000 0.000000
90(+) 0.079577 0.250000 0.079577 -0.318310 0.250000 0.000000
105 0.022946 0.241482 0.022946 -0.307464 0.180639 0.082385
120 -0.014417 0.216506 -0.014417 -0.275664 0.104549 0.159155
135 -0.032119 0.176776 -0.032119 -0.225079 0.032119 0.225079
150 -0.032380 0.125000 -0.032380 -0.159155 -0.027249 0.275664
165 -0.019651 0.064705 -0.019651 -0.082385 -0.066082 0.307464
180 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -0.079577 0.318310
195 0.019651 -0.064705 0.019651 0.082385 -0.066082 0.307464
210 0.032380 -0.125000 0.032380 0.159155 -0.027249 0.275664
225 0.032119 -0.176776 0.032119 0.225079 0.032119 0.225079
240 0.014417 -0.216506 0.014417 0.275664 0.104549 0.159155
255 -0.022946 -0.241482 -0.022946 0.307464 0.180639 0.082385
270(-) -0.079577 -0.250000 -0.079577 0.318310 0.250000 0.000000
270(+) -0.079577 0.250000 -0.079577 0.318310 -0.250000 0.000000
285 -0.229460 0.241482 -0.022946 0.307464 -0.180639 0.082385
300 0.014417 0.216506 0.014417 0.275664 -0.104549 0.159155
315 0.032119 0.176776 0.032119 0.225079 -0.032119 0.225079
330 0.032380 0.125000 0.032380 0.159155 0.027249 0.275664
345 0.019651 0.064705 0.019651 0.082385 0.066082 0.307464
360 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.079577 0.318310
 DESIGN CALCULATION OF RING GIRDER FOR PENSTOCK
PAMONA 2 PROJECT (WITH PRESSURE RISE 50%)

SECTION OF GIRDER STRESS DUE TO RING GIRDER

Position No of R.G T T1 T2 H B1 B2 B3 As Momen Inertia Y1 Y0 W σi σi' σa σb σc σg σallowable Status
Unit m m m m m m m m2
m 4
m m m kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm
2
kg/cm 2
kg/cm2

1-2 7 0.016 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.135 0.020 0.000230 0.117 0.148 1.35 566.86 -437.221 64.60 241.18 757.26 207.84 989.13 1600 SAFE
2-3 7 0.016 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.50 0.25 0.135 0.020 0.000230 0.117 0.148 1.35 676.35 -437.221 64.60 249.83 1117.38 207.84 1291.79 1600 SAFE
3-4 7 0.018 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.51 0.25 0.135 0.021 0.000246 0.112 0.155 1.35 762.75 -396.897 58.02 226.67 1212.13 184.71 1335.25 1600 SAFE
4-5 7 0.018 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.51 0.25 0.135 0.021 0.000246 0.112 0.155 1.35 869.00 -396.897 58.02 235.24 1507.59 184.71 1592.37 1600 SAFE
5-6 5 0.020 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.53 0.25 0.135 0.022 0.000262 0.108 0.162 1.35 916.53 -363.912 93.21 217.82 1437.47 166.72 1542.12 1600 SAFE
6-7 5 0.026 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.57 0.25 0.135 0.027 0.000305 0.097 0.179 1.35 1004.93 -294.392 70.14 371.45 1192.55 130.76 1445.48 1600 SAFE
7-8 5 0.030 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.60 0.25 0.135 0.030 0.000330 0.091 0.188 1.35 1126.72 -263.809 62.20 333.89 1167.59 115.36 1411.62 1600 SAFE
8 - Turbin 2 0.030 0.016 0.02 0.25 0.60 0.25 0.135 0.030 0.000330 0.091 0.188 1.35 1127.55 -222.753 47.51 47.96 1225.08 96.13 1246.57 1600 SAFE

B3 B3 Where : W = Leg Length

σi = Stress of Girder due to load in Vertical plane
σi' = Stress of Girder due to load in Horizontal plane
σa = Longitudinal stress, Stress due to bending moment as a continous beam
σb = Longitudinal stress, Stress due to total longitudinal load
T2
σc = Longitudinal stress, Bending stress due to restraining the shell (secondary stress)
Y0 T1 = Shear Stress
B2 H σg = Combined Stress = √ σi2 + σ22 - σiσ2 + 3 2

Y1
T

B1