APPLIED PHYSICS

CODE : 07A1BS05
I B.TECH
CSE, IT, ECE & EEE
UNIT-4
CHAPTER :1
NO. OF SLIDES : 33

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 UNIT INDEX
UNIT-I
S.No. Module Lecture PPT Slide No.
No.
1 Introduction L1 4-10
2 Dielectric constant L2 11
3 Electronic ,Ionic,& L3 12-26
orientational
Polarizations
4 Internal fields in solids. L4-5 27-28
Clausuis Mossoti
relation

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5 Dielectrics in L6-7 29-31
alternating fields.
Frequency dependence
6 Ferro and piezo L8 32-33
electricity.

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 INTRODUCTION
LECTURE-1

 Dielectrics represent a class of materials which,

although insulators, exhibit a number of effects
when placed in an electric field.
 A good example is their effect on capacitors.
 A capacitor has capacitance C0 when the space
between its two conductors is a vacuum, filling this
space with a dielectric increases the capacitance to a
new value Cm. The ratio Cm/C0=r is known as the
relative permittivity of the dielectric.

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 When the atoms or molecules of a
dielectric are placed in an external
electric field, the nuclei are pushed with
the field resulting in an increased positive
charge on one side while the electron
clouds are pulled against it resulting in an
increased negative charge on the other
side.
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 This process is known as polarization and a
dielectric material in such a state is said to be
polarized. There are two principal methods by
which a dielectric can be polarized: stretching
and rotation.
 Stretching an atom or molecule results in an
induced dipole moment added to every atom
or molecule.

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 Polarizability

 It can be defined as induced dipole

moment per unit electric field.
 i.e. µ= αE
 Where α is the proportionality
constant called Polarizability.

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 Polarization vector
 The dipole moment per unit volume of
the dielectric material is called
polarization vector.
 If µ is the average dipole moment per
molecule and N is the number of
molecules per unit volume then the
Polarization vector P=N µ
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 Electric flux density (D)
 The flux density or electric displacement D at
a point in a material is given by D=єr є0E.
 Where E is the electric field strength, є0 is the
dielectric constant and єr is relative permitivity
of the material.
 The 3 vectors D,E and P are related by the
equation D= є0 E+P
 P= є0 (єr -1)E

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 Electric susceptibility(‫אּ‬e)
 The polarization vector can be
written as P= ‫ אּ‬є0 ‫ אּ‬eE
 Where the constant ‫ אּ‬e is the
electric susceptibility.
 ‫ אּ‬e=(єr -1).

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 Dielectric constant (єr ) Lecture- 2
 Dielectric constant (єr ) is the ratio
between the permitivity of the medium
and the permitivity of free space.
 i.e єr = є/ є0.

 Єr has no units.

 єr =C1/C.

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 Electric Polarization Lecture- 3
 If a material contains polar molecules, they
will generally be in random orientations
when no electric field is applied.
 An applied electric field will polarize the
material by orienting the dipole moments of
polar molecules.
 This decreases the effective electric field
between the plates and will increase the
capacitance of the parallel plate structure.
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 The process of producing electric
dipoles which are oriented along
the field direction is called
Polarization in dielectrics.
 P=NαE.

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 Polarization in dielectrics

 Electronic polarization.

 Ionic Polarization.

 Orientational Polarization.

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 Electronic polarization
 Electronic polarization represents the
distortion of the electron distribution or
motion about the nuclei in an electric field.
 The positive charge in the nucleus and the
center of the negative charges from the
electron "cloud" will thus experience forces
in different direction and will become
separated. We have the idealized situation
shown in the image below.
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Electronic polarization

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 Electronic polarization
 The separation distance d will have
a finite value because the
separating force of the external
field is exactly balanced by the
attractive force between the centers
of charge at the distance d.

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 Ionic Polarization
 In the absence of electric field,
 The polarization of a given volume,
however, is exactly zero because for
every dipole moment there is a
neighboring one with exactly the same
magnitude, but opposite sign.

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The dipoles can not rotate; their
direction is fixed.

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 When field is applied
 In an electric field, the ions feel forces in
opposite directions. For a field acting as
shown, the lattice distorts a little bit
 The Na+ ions moved a bit to the right, the Cl–
ions to the left.
 The dipole moments between adjacent NaCl -
pairs in field direction are now different and
there is a net dipole moment in a finite
volume now.

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The Na+ ions moved a bit to the
right, the Cl– ions to the left

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The distance between the ions
increases by d

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 Orientational polarization.

 The polarization arising due to the

allignment of already existing but
randomly oriented dipoles in the polar
substance is called the Orientational or
dipolar polarization.
 It is denoted by αo.

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 It depends on temperature T
 It decreases with T.

 αo(T)=µm2/3KBT.

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Orientational polarization
MOLECULAR DIPOLES IN RAMDOM DIRECTIONS

ELECTRIC FIELD IS NOT APPLIED.

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 Electric dipoles in Electric field

 MOLECULAR DIPOLES ORIENTED IN FIELD DIRECTION.

E
ELECTRIC FIELD IS APPLIED

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 Internal fields in solids. Lecture- 4
 The total electric field at the site of the
atom within the dielectric is called the
local field or the internal field.
 It is also called the Lorentz field.
 We have P=NαEi.
 Ei=[ є0 (єr -1)E]/N α.
 Ei=E+(ГP/ є0 ).

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 Claussius-Mosotti relation Lecture-5

 It gives the relation between the microscopic

polarizability and the macroscopic dielectric
constant.
 Clasius Mossotti equation is given by (єr
-1)/( єr +2)= N α/3 є0 .

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 Dielectrics in alternating fields
Lecture-6

 According to Maxwell’s theory of wave

propagation V=√1/ єµ.
 C= √1/ є0µ0.

 Hence C/V=n=√ єr µr.

 If the materials are non magnetic, µr=1

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 n=√ єr( or) єr =n2.
 Then the Clasius Mossotti relation
becomes (n2-1)/( n2 +2)= N α/3 є0 .
 This is known as Lorentz-Lorentz
relation.

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 Lecture-7

 In case of the alternating fields, we write E=E

(t) and P=P (t) to indicate that both E and P
vary with time t.
 There will be some time lag between the
response P (t) and the cause E (t).
 If the applied field E (t) is oscillatory, then P
(t) is also oscillatory.
 If E (t) is given by E (t)=E0coswt, then P
(t)=P0cos(wt+δ).
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 The ferroelectricity Lecture- 8
 Some dielectrics become spontaneously polarized
when their temperature is equal to critical
temperature.
 This phenomena is called the ferroelectricity.It is
not because of it is possessed by the ferrous
materials but because its origin and characteristics
are same as those of ferro magnetism.
 The critical temperature of the polar dielectrics is
called the ferroelectric curie temperature.
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 PIEZOELECTRICITY

 When crystals are subjected to electric field, their

geometrical dimensions are altered. This phenomenon
is called electrostriction.
 If crystals are subjected to mechanical stress, electrical
charges will be induced on the surfaces of the crystals.
This phenomenon is called piezoelectricity.
 When an electric stress (voltage) is applied, the
material becomes strained. This phenomenon is
known as inverse piezoelectric effect.

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