Lecture 13 Geophysical Data, Raster Vector
Lecture 13 Geophysical Data, Raster Vector
GEOL30005 Applied Geophysics
Lecture 13: Geophysical data
This lecture...
Bit of a mixed bag. We’ll talk about...
• Data formats
Types of data
• Types of data
Raster
Vector
• Metadata
• How to obtain data
Geovic
GADDS
Petroleum hyperlinks
SRTM
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Data formats
• Many different formats for geophysical data.
• Text files are the most portable format to distribute between
people/companies/software etc.
Text files can be either fixed or delimited
• Text files can be either fixed or delimited
• Delimited formats are most common, and the easiest to manipulate
• There are some universal file formats to import line data:
Comma separated values (CSV)
XYZ
ASEG format
• Everyone who deals with geophysical data will be able to work with a
CSV or XYZ file.
Data formats – fixed, or delimited text files
• Characters in delimited format can
Comma delimited text file (CSV) be anywhere so long as there is a
column separator.
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Data formats – fixed, or delimited text files
Fixed format text file
• Characters in fixed format are in
specific locations
• If the values are even one cell out
of place, the software will return an
p ,
error
Data provided by a contractor
• You’ve already seen some of the standard channels that
exist within a database eg. X, Y, Lat, Lon, line name,
processed mag, FA gravity, Bouguer
p g, g y, g ggravity etc. But there
y
are heaps more...
• You can always ask a contractor to provide more channels if
there is something specific you require. They may charge
more, but probably not depending on what it is.
• A contractor may also omit data unless you ask for it, so its
best to be clear up front
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Data EASTING
NORTHING
LINE
m
m
‐
WGS‐84 UTM X
WGS‐84 UTM Y
Line number
FLIGHT ‐ Flight
provided by FID
SECOND
UTCSECOND
‐
s
s
Fiducial
UTC seconds (continuous)
UTC seconds (rolls over)
a contractor
DAYOFYEAR ‐ Day of year
YEAR ‐ Year
LAT degrees WGS‐84 Latitude
LONG degrees WGS‐84 Longitude
GPSZ m WGS‐84 Height above ellipsoid
MSLZ m Height above mean sea level
ALT m Blended radar/laser altimeter
ALTTER m Altimeter terrain (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
• Each row is a different BAREEARTHTER
SRTMTER
m
m
Bare earth terrain (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
SRTM terrain (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
channel provided by a SRTMTERBATH
FZ
m
mGal
SRTM terrain with bathymetry (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
Gravimeter Z acceleration
contractor AZ
GRVRAW
mGal
mGal
GPS Z acceleration
Raw gravity, unfiltered
LATCOR mGal Latitude correction
EOTCOR mGal Eotvos correction
• More than just a few FACOR
GRVFRA
mGal
mGal
Free air correction (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
Free air gravity, unfiltered
channels... GRVFRA100
INTCOR
mGal
mGal
Free air gravity, 50s half wavelength filter
Intersection corrections
GRVFRAL100 mGal Free air gravity, 50s half wavelength filter, intersection corrected
FTBCOR_250 mGal Full terrain and bouguer correction, 2.50g/cc (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
GRVBGL100_250 mGal Bouguer gravity, 50s half wavelength filter, 2.50g/cc
FTBCOR_267 mGal Full terrain and bouguer correction, 2.67g/cc (WGS‐84 ellipsoid)
GRVBGL100_267 mGal Bouguer gravity, 50s half wavelength filter, 2.67g/cc
ISOCOR mGal Isostatic correction
ISOGRVBLG100_250 mGal Isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 50s half wavelength filter, 2.50g/cc
ISOGRVBLG100_267 mGal Isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 50s half wavelength filter, 2.67g/cc
GRVFAL3KM mGal Free air gravity, 3km half wavelength filter
GRVBGL3KM_250 mGal Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.50 g/cc
ISOBGL3KM_250 mGal Isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.50 g/cc
FVDBGL3KM_250 Eötvös FVD of Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.50 g/cc
FVDISOBGL3KM_250 Eötvös FVD of isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.50 g/cc
GRVBGL3KM_267 mGal Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.67 g/cc
ISOBGL3KM_267 mGal Isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.67 g/cc
FVDBGL3KM_267 Eötvös FVD of Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.67 g/cc
FVDISOBGL3KM_267 Eötvös FVD of isostatic corrected Bouguer gravity, 3km half wavelength filter, 2.67 g/cc
Software packages
• Intrepid
Highly regarded package used for processing, visualisation
and map composition.
Intrepid provides a suite of tools for the processing of
airborne mag, gravity and gravity gradiometer data, both
g, g y g yg ,
FTG and Falcon.
• Geosoft you know about
• ER mapper – mapping and image enhancement
• Pitney Bowes
Modelvision ‐ profile forward and inversion modelling
PA ‐ View line data, profiles, grids, models, images,
drilllholes, maps and 3D visualisation in one interpretation
environment. A range of analytical functions and
presentation tools also available
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Raster data
• Geospatial information represented as a surface that is divided into a
regular grid of cells
Grid paper
TV screen
Digital images
• The x,y coordinates of at least one corner of the raster are known, so it can
be located in geographic space.
• Useful for storing and analyzing data that is continuous across an area.
Each cell contains a value that can represent, a measurement, or an
interpreted value
• Images and grids
Images/grids, such as mag, gravity, aerial photographs, a satellite
images, or a scanned map, are all examples of raster data
Raster data
Cell size controls resolution
• Decreasing the cell size to store higher resolution data substantially increases
the total volume of data that must be stored.
• Raster grid cells are also sometimes referred to as pixels, which stands or
picture element
picture element
Usually square
Word “pixel” ‐ usually
reserved for computer
photography or satellite
imagery processing
P
Preferred term in
f dt i
geophysics ‐ “grid cell”
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Raster data
• Advantages
Many continuous data sets appropriate for raster visualisation
Enables representation of multiple continuous surfaces
Different file formats readily inter
Different file formats readily inter‐converted
converted
Fast computer lookup and display
• Disadvantages
Poor representation of discrete objects
Constant resolution throughout region modeled
Exact boundary location difficult
E tb d l ti diffi lt
Generates very large data sets
Raster data
• Every cell must have a value and
only one value
• We can represent a stream using
d h i d
raster data, however points and
lines have to move to the center
of grid cells
• Raster data does a poor job of
representing discrete linear
objects
• Lines may get fat
Lines may get fat
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Encoding and compression
• In geophysics we deal with raster data a lot, and it helps to
understand a bit about how the computer manages the data.
• Consider a simple grid…
10 X 10 grid = 100 bytes
• 10 X 10 grid 100 bytes A A A A B B B B B B
A A A A A B B B B B
• Need to compress data due
A A A A A B B B B B
to large file sizes
A A A A A A B B B B
• Many compression A A A A A D D D D B
algorithms C C C C D D D D D D
Run‐length encoding
g g C C C C D D D D D D
Value point encoding C C C C C D D D D D
C C C C C D D D D D
Quadtree compression
C C C C D D D D D D
Run‐length encoding
Need to store:
Value Length Row
• The value of the A 4 1
A A A A B B B B B B B 6 1
attribute A A A A A B B B B B A 5 2
B 5 2
The number of
• The number of A A A A A B B B B B A 5 3
cells in the run A A A A A A B B B B B 5 3
A A A A A D D D D B A 4 5
• The row number D 4 5
C C C C D D D D D D B 1 5
C C C C D D D D D D C 4 6
C C C C C D D D D D D 6 6
C 4 7
C C C C C D D D D D D 6 7
C C C C D D D D D D C 5 8
D 5 8
C 5 9
D 5 9
C 4 10
D 6 10
3 x 19 = 57 bytes
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Value point encoding
A A A A B B B B B Value Point
B
Need to store: A 4
A A A A A B B B B B B 10
• The position number A A A A A B B B B B A 15
for the end of each A A A A A A B B B B B 20
A 25
run is stored in the A A A A A D D D D B B 30
point column C C C C D D D D D D A 36
B 40
C C C C D D D D D D
• The value for each A 45
C C C C C D D D D D D 49
cell is stored in the C C C C C D D D D D B 50
value column C C C C D D D D D D
C 54
D 60
C 64
D 70
C 75
21 X 2 = 42 bytes D 80
C 85
D 90
C 94
D 100
Quadtree compression
• A data structure that
provides a more compact
raster representation by
B
using variable‐sized grid
cells B
A B
A
• Instead of dividing an area A
into same‐sized cells, finer D B
resolution is obtained by
using finer cell subdivisions D
C D
C
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Raster file types
Images
• Bitmap (.bmp)
• Tagged image file format (.tiff)
some maps are provided as tifs – (Eg Geotiffs)
• Graphics interchange format (.gif)
• Joint Photographic Experts Group (.jpg)
• Portable Network Graphics (.png)
Grids
• Geosoft grid (.grd)
• ERMapper grid (.ers)
grid ( ers)
• Digital elevation model (.dem)
• ArcMap GRID format
• Many other formats (.BIL,. BSQ, .BIP, etc.)
Vector data
What is vector data?
• Represents geographic phenomena with points, lines, and polygons
• Vector models are useful for representing and storing discrete features such as drill
holes, sample localities, geological boundaries, coastlines etc.
• Points are made up of pairs of x,y
p p ,y coordinates
• Lines are sets of coordinates that define a shape
• Polygons are sets of coordinates defining boundaries that enclose areas
• Coordinates are most often pairs (x,y) or triplets (x,y,z, where z represents a value
such as elevation)
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Vector data
Vector data is much more efficient than raster data for
displaying discrete objects (but not good for continuous data)
Vector data
Points
• Cultural Data
Towns
Houses
Gates
• Geological Data
Sample localities
Measurements
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Vector data
Lines
• Cultural data
Roads
Fence lines
Drainage – rivers, creeks
• Geological data
Structural form lines
Faults
Spears and Bailey, 2002
Vector data
Polygons – polyregions
• Cultural Data
Town extents
Buildings
ld
Lakes
Ocean
• Geological data
Rock types
Alteration types
Alteration types
Structural zones
etc
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Vector data
Triangulated meshes
• TIN – triangulated irregular network
• Geospatial information is represented as a network of linked
triangles drawn between irregularly spaced points with x, y,
g g y p p , y,
and z values.
• Efficient way to store and analyze surfaces
• Heterogeneous surfaces that vary sharply in some areas and
less in others can be modelled more accurately than with a
raster
Many points can be placed where the surface is highly
variable, and fewer points can be placed where the
surface is less variable.
Vector data
Triangulated meshes – variable data density
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Draping
• We can drape coloured imagery onto vector surfaces to
assist with interpretation in 3D
• Draping is combining vector data with raster data
Vector data
• You will almost certainly need to use both vector and raster data during your
geological career
• Often both data types will be used at the same time (eg. Interpreting fault
boundaries on magnetic datasets)
• It will help if you can understand their strengths and weaknesses.
• Advantages of vector data
More accurate locations of points and lines
More compact storage than raster data
Can associate different kinds of data with specific geometries ‐ enables
querying analysis
• Limitations of vector data
Harder to implement inside a computer
More difficult model for some to understand
Cannot store continuous‐tone data, e.g., mag, gravity or satellite imagery
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Metadata
• Metadata is simply data about data
• Information about:
Content
Projection and coordinate system
Projection and coordinate system
Source
Quality
Condition
Other relevant characteristics of the data
• e.g. Geological data, MGA 94, from Geoscience Australia,
locations accurate to 20m, extrapolated beneath cover
l i 20 l db h
Obtaining data
• Important to know how data is acquired, not just so you can acquire it
yourself, but also so you understand the strengths and weaknesses of
any particular dataset.
• However ‐ there is a wealth of data already freely available. Its always
worth seeing what is free before contracting a company to collect it for
worth seeing what is free, before contracting a company to collect it for
you.
• Data collected by companies under the minerals and petroleum act
eventually becomes freely available (by law)
In some cases, this happens when a company relinquishes the land
they had a licence to explore in.
In other cases, data must be handed to the government after a
In other cases data must be handed to the government after a
period of time.
Whatever the reason, eventually, everyone can use the data to
understand more about the earth – (which is awesome)
• Lets look at some examples on how to obtain data….
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GeoVic – M&P’s web mapping application
• Main portal for Victorian geoscience data
• Online access to Victoria’s minerals & petroleum databases
• Allows industry, public to
search, display &
d l dd t
download data
• Need to register and key
in a few details (but its
free)
http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/eart
h‐resources/exploration‐and‐
mining/tools‐and‐
resources/geovic
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GeoVic – M&P’s web mapping application
• Current & expired tenements
• Land‐use
• Airborne gravity, magnetic and radiometric data
• Borehole & well data
• Seismic coverageg
• Surface geochemistry results
• Mines & mineral occurrences
• Geological maps & interpretations at 1M, 250k,
100k & 50k scales
• Historical mines
• Mineral occurrences
• Oil and gas fields
• Geothermal interpretations/images
• Land status boundaries
• Topography and aerial imagery – and much
more.
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Geoscientific Imagery layers Eg:
Imagery • Digital Elevation Model
• Airborne Magnetic
• Radiometric Ternary
Ratio
Petroleum Tenements / Fields / Pipelines
User access to information
such as detailed
tenement information
Layers include:
• Petroleum tenements.
• Acreage releases.
• Petroleum Act Land
Status.
• Oil and gas pipelines.
• Oil and gas facilities.
• Oil and gas fields.
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Geology, mine plans / exploration licence reports
Access to information
such as
• Mines
• Mineplan Images
• EL Reports
epo ts
Layers include:
• Numerous Geological
• Expired Tenements
• Mines and Mineral
Occurrences
Airborne magnetic surveys in Victoria
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New uses ‐ Geothermal
User access to data
related to new
geothermal potential
in Victoria
Layers include:
• Depth to reach 150
degrees Centigrade.
• Geothermal Acreage
Release.
• Geological Basins.
• Structural Zones.
GeoVic statistics
• 300 layers of information
• 3000 visits & 60,000 hits per month
• 200 layer downloads per month
• 300 mine searches per month
• Available to internal staff & external stakeholders
(industry, academia, licensees, public)
• Available 24x7x365
• Web based
Web based – globally available
globally available
GeoVic demo…
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Obtaining data ‐ GADDS
GADDS http://www.geoscience.gov.au/gadds
• Mostly potential field data (grav and mag), and elevation data Australia wide
• Need to register and key in a few details (but its free)
GADDS
demo…
Magnetic data – continuing to acquire…
• In 2010, Geoscience Australia released its
fifth edition full‐colour Magnetic
Anomaly Map of Australia at a scale of
1:5 million.
• The gridded datasets are
available free‐of‐charge in
ERMapper format from
the Australian
governments' Geophysical
Archive Data Delivery
y (
System (GADDS). )
• ~27 million line‐kilometres of survey data were acquired to
produce this new edition ‐ eight million line‐kilometres more
than were acquired for the previous edition released in 2004.
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Magnetic data – continuing to acquire…
• Most of the new survey data have been acquired by the state and Northern Territory
geological surveys.
• The gridded datasets are available free‐
of‐charge in ERMapper format from the
Australian governments' Geophysical
Archive Data Delivery System (GADDS)
Archive Data Delivery System (GADDS).
• Most of the new survey
data have been acquired by
the state and Northern
Territory geological
surveys.
• Very long flight lines give an accurate coverage of the
intermediate wavelengths (150 kilometres to 400 kilometres)
of the Earth's crustal magnetic anomaly field.
• This provided an important control when merging nearly 800 separate
airborne magnetic survey grids together to produce the new national dataset.
Obtaining data ‐ Petroleum hyperlinks
• Hyperlinks http://er‐info.dpi.vic.gov.au/energy/
• Mostly a petroleum database for Victoria (but depends what you’re looking for)
• Contains well data, surveys (mostly seismic but also offshore grav, mag and
other stuff)
• Also has details on access to maps, archived tapes, reports,
exploration/production/retention licences etc
exploration/production/retention licences etc
Hyperlinks
Demo…
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Obtaining data – seismic coverage
• 2D seismic lines in the on, and off shore Otway and Gippland basins
• Billions of dollars worth of data, and its free to download
Obtaining data – Wells
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SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission)
• SRTM obtained elevation data on a near‐global scale to generate the
most complete high‐resolution digital topographic database of Earth
• Specially modified radar system that flew onboard the Space Shuttle
Endeavour during an 11 day mission in February 2000
• Data resolution 1 arc‐second (~30 m)
available to purchase from GA
• Resolution for rest of world is 3 arc‐seconds
(~90 m)
• Vertical accuracy 10‐20 m
• Supplied as tiles covering 1° latitude x 1°
longitude
• Covers world from 56° S to 60° N
http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ‐ SRTM data
• SRTM data provides
excellent elevation data
which is sufficient for
most geophysical
purposes (sensitivity of
purposes (sensitivity of
gravity gradient data
requires higher resolution
provided by lidar data).
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SRTM data comparison
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