The Pole Lathe: Part One - A Complete History
The Pole Lathe: Part One - A Complete History
The Pole Lathe: Part One - A Complete History
By Evie Bee
Introduction
This document is part one of a three part series on the Pole Lathe. In this installment I will take you
through the history and development of the pole lathe in Britain as well as how it developed in other
countries. There will also be a short introduction to the pole lathe along with a bit of information on the
materials and tools that are used with the machine. Part two of the series will look at pole lathe designs
and fabrication techniques and is aimed at providing a useful guide to anyone who is planning on
constructing their own lathe. I will finish with a section on my own designs which were inspired by the
research found in these booklets. Part three will come at a later stage and will document the
construction of my own pole lathe based on these designs.
-What is a Pole Lathe and How Does it Work?-
The pole lathe utilizes the elasticity and spring in a wooden pole as the mechanism for reciprocal action
of the workpiece. The user will press down on a treadle with her foot, a cord is attached to the end of the
treadle and wrapped around the piece being turned, the cord is then fastened to the spring pole above
the workers head. When the treadle is pressed down under the user's foot, the spring pole is under
tension, when the treadle is released, the pole will spring back up. The work spins a certain number of
times depending on the distance of one treadle press as explained here by the carpenter Howard Ruttan
“The number and speed of the rotations it makes in one direction, before reversing, is generally
controlled by the travel of the treadle and the number of times the cord (which transfers the motion
from the treadle assembly to the workpiece) is wrapped around the workpiece.” The piece being turned
will only be worked on the down press of the treadle as the work will be spinning in the wrong direction
on the return stroke of the spring pole. There would also not be sufficient power in the spring pole stroke
to allow for the piece to be worked.
-Pole Lathe Turning Materials-
Leon Battista Alberti
“If they needed to produce slender forms on the lathe, the ancients
would use the beech, the mulberry, or the turpentine tree, but most
especially the box tree, which is the densest of all and extremely
suitable for turning; while for very fine pieces ebony was used."
Leon Battista Alberti was a Renaissance humanist, author, artist
and architect. The quote above is taken from “On the Art of Building
in Ten Books” which is considered the first modern treatise on the
theory and practice of architecture. The reference to the types of
wood that were used for turning is enlightening and it is also
interesting that he mentions ebony which is now one of the most
expensive woods to buy in the world. The future for this wood also
seems quite bleak. As most of the world’s supply of ebony comes
from third world countries and the demand for it is so high, the
trade of ebony is rife with corruption and far from sustainable as Bob Taylor of Taylor Guitar suggests -
“Ebony has been a wood that for two, or three, or four hundred years, we’ve gone into countries, and we’ve
used the ebony until it’s all gone.” Unfortunately this is a fact for quite a lot of hardwoods - another
reason why I want to ensure that the wood I use to build my lathe comes from sustainable and
responsible sources.
A range of woods were used by the turners of the past and
artefacts from a Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian
archaeological site in York (ca. 990-1000 A.D.) show that
maple, alder, and ash were common as well as yew,
boxwood and scots pine (Morris, p. 254). For furniture,
woods such as ash, walnut, beech, hornbeam, and
fruitwood were known to be popular. For woodenware, such
as utensils, bowls ect, sycamore and maple were used
often as they would not affect the food’s flavour. Some
artefacts made of ash and yew have also been discovered.
An extract from the paper “Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and
Anglo-Scandinavian lathe-turning” on woods used by the
Saxons for tuning can be seen below as well as an illustration of one of the bowls found at the
archaeological site at York.
The picture opposite is of a bowl turned from maple.
“Good turning woods, and those
used for the majority of Saxon
and Anglo-Scandinavianvessels
as shown by the cores and the
vessels themselves, are field
maple (Acer campestre), alder
(Alnus sp.) and ash
(Fraxinus sp.), although yew
(Taxus sp.) and hoxwood (Buxus
sp.) vessels have also been found,
and one small core from York was
Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris).
Although yew is an excellent
turning wood and was used
extensively in Early Christian
Ireland for making both turned
and stave built vessels, it is
surprising that the two Saxon, yew, turned vessels are drinking cups, one from York (Graham-Campbell
19BO, pl. 452), and one from Winchester (Winchester Studies forthcoming fig. 126, 3390). Only the leaves
and berries of the yew tree are poisonous to man, buta liquid drunk from a yew vessel would be likely to
have an altered, if not unpleasant taste.” - C.A.Morris
-Modern Day Turning Materials-
Robin Wood, who is the most well known pole lathe
user and bowl turner in the UK uses mostly
sycamore, beech and alder for turning his bowls
though he states that “Many other species have
been used in bowl making including box, willow,
horse chestnut, poplar, oak, ash, cherry, hornbeam
and apple.” George Lailey who is known for being one
of the last professional and traditional bowl turners
in the UK used only elm to create his bowls. Birch
and Beech are very popular woods for general
turning. For smaller items, such as spoons, Adrian
Leaman, a well known woodsman and traditional
craftsperson suggests cherry, birch and sycamore.
Most of the time green wood (wood that has not
been seasoned) is used with a pole lathe. Greenwood
is much easier to turn than seasoned wood. It is an absolute delight to work and an experienced turner
can remove material in beautiful long and continuous ribbons that peel away from the wood like butter.
Also, as the wood still contains a lot of moisture, very little (to no) dust is created when it is being
worked. A painting of Lailey turning a bowl can be seen opposite.
Below are some examples of various wooden objects turned on a pole lathe.
Sycamore
Right: A fine wine glass made by Stuart King.
Below: A nest of bowls made by Robin Wood.
Beech
On the right: is a Spalted Beech plate from
Germany. Below: A spalted beech bowl from
Owen Thomas.
Alder
On the Right: A honey dipper made by Wye Valley Woodcraft.
Below: A locking lid pot made by Yoav Elkayam.
Birch
On the Right: A before and after picture of a mug
turned by Tom Bartlett. Below: A spalted birch
bowl also turned by Tom Bartlett.
Ash
Far right: A bowl turned by
Jack Baumgartner.
Opposite: A spoon made by
Spoonscape.
-Pole Lathe Tools-
The cutting tools used with a pole lathe differ from those that are used on a power lathe. The angle of
the cutting edge on pole lathe tools are similar to those of carpenters’ chisels. They are also usually
made from standard high carbon steel, rather than the high speed steel of power lathe tools (the speed
at which power lathe turns creates a lot of heat which is why tools intended for this machine are made
from high speed steel). Pole lathe tools should not be used on a power lathe.
The illustration opposite is from Joseph
Moxon’s “Mechanick Exercises or the
Doctrine of Handyworks” written in 1677. The
book is an important (and rare)
documentation of skilled trades and is
referenced regularly in academic writing on
traditional crafts. The picture opposite is of
turning tools that would have been used at
the time, the most amazing thing is that
they have not changed much since! The
tools are listed as below:
C - Flat Chisels
D - Hook
E - Grooving Hook
-The History of the Pole Lathe-
-Introduction-
“The combination of mechanical simplicity, versatility, and decorative appeal has made turning a
steadily practiced trade throughout European culture.” - Tom Rettie
In one form or another, the humble lathe has been around for many centuries. Its continued use can be
attributed to quite a few factors, not least because it produces items that are impossible to produce on
any other machine. One of its major
strengths is the amount of objects it can
produce for such a wide range of
purposes and uses. From spindles for
chair backs and legs for tables to parts
for machines. Even in the kitchen the
lathe has its use, producing bowls,
plates and mugs. Beyond its primary
purpose of creating practical items
however, I believe that the lathe's
continued popularity can be attributed
to something more - Its ability to create
beautiful objects. “The symmetrical
beauty” (Holtzapffel, 2013) and cylindrical, flowing shapes of the turned object have fascinated us since
the inception of the machine, driving us to go beyond creating mere practical items to creating works of
functional art.
-Early History-
The lathe has been used throughout the centuries and has been documented in illustrations, books and
archaeological artifacts which show it was most certainly used by the peoples of the Assyria, Greek and
Byzantine Empires." (Gloag 1966). The earliest known record of a lathe in history comes from a Ptolemaic
tomb painting, see illustration below. (Hodges 1994).
As mentioned in the section above on lathe materials, the
archaeological finds at York were extremely useful in
uncovering information about Britain's history with the
machine and in fact these finds constitute our earliest
known records of its use in the UK (Morris, 1982). Accurate
historical illustrations of how the lathe actually functioned
are rare and it is quite common for the ones that do exist to
neglect to illustrate the lathe mechanism in full. In the
illustration opposite however, which can be found in the
“Mendel Housebook” from around 1425 the spring pole
mechanism is fully illustrated. One of the first written
records of the pole lathe can be found in “Schedula
diversarum artium” or "List of various arts” which offers
detailed insights into the techniques and practices used in
the applied arts in the Middle Ages. The book itself was
probably written by a monk called Roger of Helmarshausen. There are two types of lathes mentioned in
the book, the first is a hand-cranked lathe for turning heavy bell cores while the other is a pewterer's
lathe which he states is "set up in the same way as the one on which platters and other wooden vessels
are turned” A page from this manuscript can be seen on the below.
-Where it all Began-
-The Drill Bow-
The drill bow is seen as the earliest
precursor to the pole lathe, as well as
other hand powered machines. The
mechanism that powers the drill bow is
extremely simple yet very effective at
converting the back and forth action of
the user's arm to reciprocal rotational
motion. This mechanism was in fact
used first to power the “fire drill” which
dates back to prehistoric times.
The Egyptians and the Drill Bow
The illustration opposite is of an
Egyptian worker using a drill bow and is
taken from “The Monuments of Egypt
and Nubia” a title written by the 19th
century Egyptologist, Ippolito Rosellini.
The drawing clearly shows a worker
using a bow to power a drill device. The
cap of the drill which the worker holds
in his hands has a spherical shape
which may suggest that the object has
been turned. It is unfortunate however
that despite “all the sculptured records
of the trades and occupations, which so
vividly represent the customs and habits of the ancient Egyptians, no example of the lathe has hitherto
been met with.” (Holtzapffel, 2013). However, though we lack empirical evidence we can be quite
confident that the lathe was in fact used by the ancient egyptians through the “numerous works that
have been found among Egyptian antiquities, at Thebes and other cities; very many of which exhibit
indubitable signs that the material while in revolution, was subjected to the action of a tool held at rest”
(Holtzapffel, 2013).
India
The Indian lathe is known to be one of the earliest. The design is quite primitive and was improved by
the Persians quite soon after. This lathe was made to be portable as the turner in this instance would
not generally have a workshop and
would rather bring the machine to
where he might be needed. The lathe
has two support posts that the turner
would set in the ground. Once these
were secured, some kind of metal
spike/nail would be driven through the
posts to create the centers of the lathe.
A cross member would be fastened to
the support posts, securing the posts in
place while also doubling as a tool rest
for the turner. The power for this lathe
would come from an additional worker
pulling back and forth on a rope.
Persia
The later Persian lathe design was a bit more sophisticated than its earlier Indian relation. In this
design, the lathe centres pass through holes that have been made in the ends of a long box. The edge of
the box serves as the tool rest. There
are multiple holes drilled in a vertical
line to allow for various diameters of
material to be worked. For smaller
pieces of work, the turner would
power the lathe by himself using a
bow attached to the workpiece. If
larger pieces were being tuned, an
assistant would be called in to help.
The Lathe in China
In ancient china they also had their own version of the bow drill, though this type is certainly more
sophisticated. The mechanism uses the momentum of a downward push by the user on the cross
section of the instrument, relying on the momentum of the wound string to rotate the drill. See
Illustration below.
Ancient Chinese lathes were also quite sophisticated and rather than using a bow to power the machine,
a treadle mechanism was employed. In the picture opposite the worker is depicted turning a pipe stem
which protrudes out of the collars of the lathe.
Note the unique turning position of the worker as
well as the way it is powered without the use of a
pole, just the back and forth motion of the
workers feet on the pedals.
Development of the European Lathe
“THE WOOD TURNER. A turner I : — with unremitting skill, I turn from yellow box, whatever you will: Boxes of
shapes unnumbered we produce And who can tell our boxes' varied use; There may'st thou store, secure
from stranger's view, Thy noble treasures of the brightest hue. There too the ball is made, which —
wondrous sight! Struck by the wand, rebounds in varied flight. Here to the top, that warms the schoolboy's
force, and whirls on level ground its well urged force”
The above wood cut print and verse is taken from "Panoplia Omnium," by Hartman Schopper - a volume
which contains some 150 other engravings of different trades with each accompanied by descriptive
Latin verse. It is one of the earliest known representations we have of a European turner at work.
Surprisingly, little is actually known about the development of the pole lathe in Europe and we have to
rely on the few appearances it makes in historical literature for reference.
One of the best technical records we have
of an early european lathe is from Joseph
Moxon’s book “Mechanick Exercises or the
Doctrine of Handyworks”. Not only does
this book contain many detailed
illustrations of the pole lathe but the
accompanying text describes how each
part functions. The picture opposite shows
the first page of the chapter in the book in
which he describes the parts of the lathe.
Though the book was published in 1703,
most of the components listed remain the
same today - a testament to the success of
the design!
Below is the diagram of the lathe to which the list of parts relate (above). The drawing is extremely clear
and along with the extensive description of the component parts supplied in the book, one could most
certainly recreate this lathe without much problem.
Moxon’s Description of the Lathe Components
Though I shall not translate all of moxons words
into modern English, below is a short
interpretation of Moxon’s explanation of part A
(the legs) of the lathe. Part A: Here he talks about
how the legs need to be as sturdy as possible as if
the lathe were to move at all during operation “you
will not be able to make true and neat work”
Later Designs - The Bow
In later designs of the pole lathe, the bow often
replaced the spring pole as the means for power.
The alteration of the bow in the newer designs
meant it was easier for the lathe to be used inside
and set up in the workshop more permanently.
An example of the bow lathe can be found in Plumier's. L'Art
du Tourner (1706). This lathe can be powered with either
the bow or the wheel (more on wheel powered lathes in a
moment).
L.-E. Bergeron in "Manuel du Tourneur," (1792) also provides
a wonderful illustration of the bow powered lathe (see
below). The bow here is quite rigid and made of steel. A
sheath is at the center of the bow around which the cord of
the lathe is wound. When the treadle is pushed down, the
stubborn elasticity of the steel of the bow will bring the
treadle back up ready for the next downstroke.
Development of the Continuous Rotation Lathe
During the middle ages, the spring pole lathe
would have certainly been the most
common. However the newest in lathe design
technology - the Continuous Rotation Lathe
or Treadle Lathe was beginning to become
much more widespread, especially amongst
the trades that benefited from the extra
power it could offer such as Pewters and bell
makers. Rather than the reciprocal motion of
the pole lathe, the treadle lathe allowed for
continuous rotation. Turning on this
machine was much quicker, as well as
enabling the worker to turn much longer and
heavier objects.
How does the Treadle Lathe Work?
See here an explanation of how the treadle lathe works from master craftsman Howard Ruttan:
“ In a treadle lathe, force is imparted only when the operator's foot is moving down. No force, other than
the momentum of the weighted flywheel acts on the upstroke. Since the flywheel, once spinning, only
moves in one direction, the workpiece only moves in one direction. In addition, the cord or belt driving the
flywheel and workpiece never actually contacts the workpiece. Rather, it is suspended between the
flywheel and a drive pulley on the headstock. A shaft, or mandrel as it is called, runs through the drive
pulley and has a chuck or spur center on the end which provides the connection between the drive system
and the workpiece. This method is more complicated than that of the bow lathe or the spring pole lathe
and requires more attention and engineering.”
The First Treadle Lathe
It is not entirely known when the Treadle Lathe was first
invented or came into use, but the first known drawings of
the lathe appear in the sketchbooks of Leonardo da Vinci
from 1480. Da Vinci's drawing clearly shows the main
components needed for foot powered continuous rotation
(an important discovery for many other machines); that of
the flywheel, crank and treadle. The crank, attached to the
treadle allows the machine to spin in a constant direction,
whilst the momentum of the flywheel keeps the machine
spinning when the worker's foot is not engaged on the
upstroke. It is thought that De Vinci did not design this
machine himself, but rather sketched and improved upon
the designs and machines he observed around him at the
time.
The Great Wheel Lathe
Records of the great wheel lathe also date back to a similar time as Da Vinci's sketches of the treadle
lathe. The great wheel lathe was used by metal workers and carpenters who were turning large diameter
materials. Though it was a later design, the mechanism is probably more simple than the pole lathe. A
worker would be employed to turn a crank which powers a huge wheel that is attached to the lathe
spindle via a drive belt. A woodcut appears of this kind of lathe in the ‘Book of Trades’ (1568) by Jost
Amman.
Bibliography
Books
● Hodges, Henry. “Technology in the Ancient World” Barnes and Noble, 1992. - A useful reference for
the early history of the pole lathe.
● Morris, Carole. “Aspects of Anglo-Saxon and Anglo-Scandinavian Lathe-Turning” - A good
reference for early british pole lathes.
● Theophilus. “Schedula diversarum artium” or “On Divers Arts” Hawthorne, John G. and Smith,
Cyril Stanley, translators. Dover Publications, New York, 1979. - Offers detailed insights into the
techniques and practices used in the applied arts in the Middle Ages.
● Alberti, Leon Battista (Rykwert, Joseph; Leach, Neil; and Tavernor, Robert, translators). “On the Art
of Building in Ten Books” The MIT Press, Cambridge, 1996. - A great chapter on the use of the pole
lathe and the types of wood used for turning.
● Holtzapffel, John “Hand Or Simple Turning Principles and Practice” - One of the most
comprehensive works I have found on the history of the lathe, from ancient times to modern day
machines.
● Moxon, Joseph “Hand Or Simple Turning Principles and Practice” - A great reference for learning
about the technical aspects of medieval lathes.
● Gloag, John. “A Social History of Furniture Design, from B.C. 1300 to A.D.” 1960. Bonanza Books,
New York, 1966. - A book about the history of furniture. Contains a few pages about the use of the
pole lathe.
● "Panoplia Omnium," by Hartman Schopper - Contains one of the earliest references to the
European lathe.
● Plumier, Charles. L'Art de Tourner. 1749 - Early European Bow Lathe Illustration
● L.-E. Bergeron, P. Hamelin-Bergeron “Manuel du tourneur” - A wonderful reference full of detailed
illustrations of early mechanical inventions and tools.
Websites
● Blood and Sawdust - A comprehensive history of the pole and treadle lathes, with many useful
rence listed at the end of each article.
● In the Woodshop. “The Treadle Lathe FAQ” - Written by experienced woodworker, the site
provides well researched information on both the treadle and pole lathe.
● “Wooden Bowl Making: The last pole lathe turner in England” - A great resource for learning about
bowl lathe turning from Robin Wood as well as the materials/techniques he uses.
● Robin Wood “The Craft” - A great article from Wood’s website in which he talks about George
Lailey “the last person in England to make a living turning wooden bowls on a foot powered pole
lathe”
● “Turning Green Wood” By Howard Lewin - A long article about the virtues of greenwood.
● “Pole-lathe Tools” by Bodger John - A great page to look at for learning about pole lathe tools.