Fundamentals of LVM (LAB)

Christoph Doerbeck
Principal Solutions Architect, Red Hat
Jonathan Brassow
Principal Software Engineer, Red Hat

06.12.2013
 lab3
lab3

Fundamentals of LVM
Please proceed to: student
summit2013
log in to workstation
log in to virtual machine
disable screen saver
disable screen lock
06/11/13
open a root shell 3
Quick Survey
Audience Profile

System Administrators?
Programmers?
RHCSA's?
RHCE's?
RHCA's?
Quick Survey
BASH Skills Test
ls /dev/vd{a,b,c}

ls /dev/vda{1..3}

Ctrl-R
Quick Survey
BASH Skills Test
ls /dev/vd{a,b,c} ls /dev/vda /dev/vdb /dev/vdc

ls /dev/vda{1..3} ls /dev/vda1 /dev/vda2 /dev/vda3

Ctrl-R Search command line history

LAB Synopsis
The purpose of this lab is to teach the
fundamental concepts of LVM and
demonstrate the latest LVM features.
Why use Logical Volume Management?

● Agility
● Dynamically adjust storage configuration
● Grow, shrink or relocate your data/filesystems
● Aggregate or subdivide devices as needed
● Performance
● Striping across multiple devices
● Fault Tolerance (redundancy & resiliency)
● RAID 0, 1, 5, 6, 10
● Snapshots
Building Blocks of Storage Management
File-systems { Formatted LV's become filesystems

A virtual storage device that may span multiple physical

Logical Volume
(LV) { devices. Allocatable chunks (PEs) are assembled into
“Logical Extents” that form the addressable space.

Volume Group
(VG) { A collection of Physical Volumes that are divided into discrete
allocatable chunks called “physical extents” (PEs).

Physical Volume
(PV) { An LVM concept that identifies physical devices for LVM use.

Disks (IDE [hda], SCSI, SATA & SAS [sda], etc...)

Physical Device { Partitions (ex: hda1, sda1, cciss/c0d0p1, etc...)
LUNs (FCOE, SAN, etc...)
loopback
The LVM CLI Toolbox
Physical Volumes Volume Groups Logical Volumes

Core Utilities pvcreate vgcreate lvconvert

pvdisplay vgdisplay lvcreate
pvremove vgextend lvdisplay
pvs vgreduce lvextend
pvscan vgremove lvreduce
pvmove vgrename lvremove
vgs lvrename
vgscan lvresize
vgcfgbackup lvs
vgcfgrestore lvscan
Other Stuff fdisk mkfs
parted mount
partprobe
multipath
smartd
LVM Linear Volumes

● Summary:
● A Linear Volume is a virtual device of any size, possibly
composed of multiple concatenated physical devices
● Usage:
● lvcreate -n <lv_name> -L <size> <VG>
● Additional Comments:
● Many options have short & long identifiers
● '--size' and '-L' are equivalent
● Options to specify size by # of extents, % free space
Mapping Linear Logical Extents (LE)
to Physical Extents (PE)

LV1

... ... ... ...

... ... ... ...

PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Create a Filesystem

fdisk /dev/vdb
create partition vdb1 & set type “8E”
partprobe

pvcreate /dev/vdb1

vgcreate vg_summit /dev/vdb1

lvcreate ­n lab1 ­L 10M vg_summit

mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab1

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab1

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab1 /mnt/lab1
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Analyzing pvcreate

[root]# pvcreate /dev/vdb1

Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdb1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created

[root]# pvs /dev/vdb1

PV VG Fmt Attr PSize PFree
/dev/vdb1 lvm2 a-- 255.91m 255.91m
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Analyzing vgcreate

[root]# vgcreate vg_summit /dev/vdb1

Volume group "vg_summit" successfully created

[root]# vgs vg_summit

VG #PV #LV #SN Attr VSize VFree
vg_summit 1 0 0 wz--n- 252.00m 252.00m
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Analyzing lvcreate

[root]# lvcreate -n lab1 -L 10M vg_summit

Rounding up size to full physical extent 12.00 MiB
Logical volume "lab1" created

[root]# lvs vg_summit/lab1

LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert
lab1 vg_summit -wi-a- 12.00m

Default PE size causes

rounding to 12 MB
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Analyzing mkfs

[root]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab1

mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=1024 (log=0)
Fragment size=1024 (log=0) optional filesystem label
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
3072 inodes, 12288 blocks
614 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=1
Maximum filesystem blocks=12582912 5% could be a lot
2 block groups
8192 blocks per group, 8192 fragments per group
1536 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
8193 fsck every 37 mounts or
180 days
Writing inode tables: done
Creating journal (1024 blocks): done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 37 mounts or

180 days, whichever comes first. Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.
Lab 1 : Part 1 – Analyzing mount

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab1

use -p to create entire path
[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab1 /mnt/lab1

[root]# df -h
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_desktop-lv_root
9.2G 2.1G 6.7G 24% /
tmpfs 499M 272K 499M 1% /dev/shm
/dev/vda1 485M 33M 428M 7% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab1
12M 1.2M 10M 11% /mnt/lab1

/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab1
vs
/dev/vg_summit/lab1
Lab 1 : Part 1 – additional options & output

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab1

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab1 12.00m -wi-a- linear /dev/vdb1(0)
specific fields of interest

[root]# lvs -o +devices vg_summit/lab1

LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap% Move Log Copy% Convert Devices
lab1 vg_summit -wi-a- 12.00m /dev/vdb1(0)

default + additional fields

[root]# lvs -o +devices --noheadings vg_summit/lab1

lab1 vg_summit -wi-a- 12.00m /dev/vdb1(0)

–-noheadings for easy parsing

Lab 1 : Part 2 – Resize a Filesystem

fdisk /dev/vdc
partprobe create partition vdc1 & set type “8E”

vgextend /dev/vg_summit /dev/vdc1

lvresize ­L 20M /dev/vg_summit/lab1

resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab1
Lab 1 : Part 2 – Analyzing vgextend

[root]# vgextend /dev/vg_summit /dev/vdc1

No physical volume label read from /dev/vdc1
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdc1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdc1" successfully created
Volume group "vg_summit" successfully extended

Note that we did NOT run pvcreate.

vgextend took care of it for us
Lab 1 : Part 2 – Analyzing lvresize

[root]# lvresize -L 20M /dev/vg_summit/lab1

Extending logical volume lab1 to 20.00 MiB
Logical volume lab1 successfully resized

Specify absolute new size as 20MB

Lab 1 : Part 2 – Analyzing resize2fs

[root]# resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab1

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/vg_summit/lab1 is mounted on /mnt/lab1; on-line resizing
required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg_summit/lab1 to 20480 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg_summit/lab1 is now 20480 blocks long.

Size is now 20MB

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab1
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab1
20M 1.2M 18M 6% /mnt/lab1

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab1

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab1 20.00m -wi-ao linear /dev/vdb1(0)
vdb1 still had space, so
resize did not use vdc1
Lab 1 : Part 3 – Resize a Filesystem again

lvresize ­L +10M /dev/vg_summit/lab1 /dev/vdc1

resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab1
Lab 1 : Part 3 – Analyzing lvresize a second time

[root]# lvresize -L +10M /dev/vg_summit/lab1 /dev/vdc1

Rounding up size to full physical extent 12.00 MiB
Extending logical volume lab1 to 32.00 MiB Device specification
Logical volume lab1 successfully resized

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab1

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab1 32.00m -wi-ao linear /dev/vdb1(0)
Specify relative increase
lab1 32.00m -wi-ao linear /dev/vdc1(0) in size +10MB

[root]# lvs --segments -o +devices vg_summit/lab1

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize Devices LV lab1 now extends
lab1 vg_summit -wi-ao 1 linear 20.00m /dev/vdb1(0) in to vdc1
lab1 vg_summit -wi-ao 1 linear 12.00m /dev/vdc1(0)

Note the different size

of each segment
Lab 1 : Part 3 – Analyzing resize2fs a second time

[root]# resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab1

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/vg_summit/lab1 is mounted on /mnt/lab1; on-line resizing
required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg_summit/lab1 to 32768 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg_summit/lab1 is now 32768 blocks long.

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab1
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab1
32M 1.2M 29M 4% /mnt/lab1

Size is now 32MB

Lab 1 : Part 4 – Removal & Cleanup

umount /mnt/lab1
Mount
Optional : zero out data

Filesystem dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/vg_summit/lab1

Logical Volume lvremove ­f vg_summit/lab1

vgremove ­f vg_summit
Volume Group

pvremove ­f /dev/vd{b,c}1
Physical Volume

Device/Partition
Logical Volume Management
Striping and mirroring
LVM Stripes

● Summary:
● Striping (RAID0) aggregates storage devices, increases
performance BUT provides no redundancy.
● Usage:
● lvcreate -i <stripe_count> -n <lv_name> -L <size> <vg>
● Additional Comments:
● '-i' and '--stripes' are equivalent
● Set the stripe size: '-I/--stripesize <StripeSize>'
Lab 2 : Part 1 – Create a Striped LV

vgcreate vg_summit /dev/vd{b,c,d}1  

lvcreate ­i 3 ­n lab2 ­L 100M vg_summit

mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab2

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab2

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab2 /mnt/lab2
Lab 2 : Part 1 – Analyzing vgcreate

[root]# vgcreate vg_summit /dev/vd{b,c,d}1

No physical volume label read from /dev/vdb1 Note that we did NOT run pvcreate.
No physical volume label read from /dev/vdc1 vgcreate took care of it for us
No physical volume label read from /dev/vdd1
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdb1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdb1" successfully created
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdc1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdc1" successfully created
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdd1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdd1" successfully created
Volume group "vg_summit" successfully created
Lab 2 : Part 1 – Analyzing lvcreate

[root]# lvcreate -i 3 -n lab2 -L 100M vg_summit

We didn't specify -I
thus default stripesize
Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB
Rounding size (25 extents) up to stripe boundary size (27 extents)
Logical volume "lab2" created

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab2

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab2 108.00m -wi-a- striped /dev/vdb1(0),/dev/vdc1(0),/dev/vdd1(0)

lab2 now stripes

across vdb1, vdc1,vdd1

lab2 is striped
Lab 2 : Part 1 – Analyzing mount

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab2

[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab2 /mnt/lab2

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab2
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab2
105M 5.6M 94M 6% /mnt/lab2

/mnt/lab2 is ~100M
Lab 2 : Part 2 – Resize a Striped LV

vgextend vg_summit /dev/vd{e,f}1

lvresize ­i 2 ­L +100M vg_summit/lab2 /dev/vd{e,f}1

resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab2
Lab 2 : Part 2 – Analyzing vgcreate

[root]# vgextend vg_summit /dev/vd{e,f}1

No physical volume label read from /dev/vde1
No physical volume label read from /dev/vdf1
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vde1"
Physical volume "/dev/vde1" successfully created
Writing physical volume data to disk "/dev/vdf1"
Physical volume "/dev/vdf1" successfully created
Volume group "vg_summit" successfully extended

Note that we did NOT run pvcreate.

vgextend took care of it for us
Lab 2 : Part 2 – Analyzing lvresize

[root]# lvresize -i 2 -L +100M vg_summit/lab2 /dev/vd{e,f}1

Using stripesize of last segment 64.00 KiB
Rounding size (52 extents) down to stripe boundary size for segment (53 extents)
Extending logical volume lab2 to 212.00 MiB
Logical volume lab2 successfully resized

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab2

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab2 212.00m -wi-ao striped /dev/vdb1(0),/dev/vdc1(0),/dev/vdd1(0)
lab2 212.00m -wi-ao striped /dev/vde1(0),/dev/vdf1(0)

[root]# lvs --segments -o +devices vg_summit

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize Devices
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao 3 striped 108.00m /dev/vdb1(0),/dev/vdc1(0),/dev/vdd1(0)
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao 2 striped 104.00m /dev/vde1(0),/dev/vdf1(0)

lab2 segement 1 has 3 stripes

lab2 segment 2 has 2 stripes

Lab 2 : Part 2 – Analyzing resize2fs

[root]# resize2fs /dev/vg_summit/lab2

resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/vg_summit/lab2 is mounted on /mnt/lab2; on-line resizing
required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 1
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/vg_summit/lab2 to 208896 (1k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/vg_summit/lab2 is now 208896 blocks long.

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab2
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab2
206M 5.8M 190M 3% /mnt/lab2

/mnt/lab2 is ~200M
LVM Mirrors

● Summary:
● LVM mirrors can maintain redundant copies of you data for
device fault tolerance.
● Usage:
● lvcreate -m <extra_copy_count> -n <lv_name> -L <size> <vg>
● Additional Comments:
● Prevent initial synchronization: '--nosync'
● Specify the log type: '--mirrorlog <core|disk>'
Lab 3 : Part 1 – Create a Mirrored LV

lvcreate ­m 1 ­n lab3  ­L 20M vg_summit

mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab3

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab3

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab3 /mnt/lab3
Lab 3 : Part 1 – Analyzing lvcreate

[root]# lvcreate -m 1 -n lab3 -L 20M vg_summit lab3 with 1 additional

Logical volume "lab3" created copy (mirror)

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab3

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab3 20.00m mwi-ao mirror lab3_mimage_0(0),lab3_mimage_1(0)

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab2 212.00m -wi-ao striped /dev/vdb1(0),/dev/vdc1(0),/dev/vdd1(0)
lab2 212.00m -wi-ao striped /dev/vde1(0),/dev/vdf1(0)
lab3 20.00m mwi-ao mirror lab3_mimage_0(0),lab3_mimage_1(0)
[lab3_mimage_0] 20.00m iwi-ao linear /dev/vdb1(9)
[lab3_mimage_1] 20.00m iwi-ao linear /dev/vdc1(9)
[lab3_mlog] 4.00m lwi-ao linear /dev/vdf1(12) segment is a mirror

'm' attribute indicates mirror

'i' attribute indicates image
'l' attribute indicates log

Subordinate devices in '[ ]'

display as a result of '-a'
Lab 3 : Part 1 – Analyzing the filesystem

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab3
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3
20M 1.2M 18M 7% /mnt/lab3
Lab 3 : Part 3 – Upconvert a Mirrored LV (add another leg)

Put some data in the

lab3 filesystem

lvconvert ­m +1  vg_summit/lab3

cp ­vr /etc/sysconfig /mnt/lab3
Lab 3 : Part 2 – Analyzing lvconvert

add 1 additional
[root]# lvconvert -m +1 vg_summit/lab3
copy (mirror) to lab3
vg_summit/lab3: Converted: 40.0%
vg_summit/lab3: Converted: 100.0%
Logical volume lab3 converted.

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab3

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab3 20.00m mwi-ao mirror lab3_mimage_0(0),lab3_mimage_1(0),lab3_mimage_2(0)

There are 3 copies of the data

segment is a mirror

'm' attribute also indicates mirror

LVM Procedure - Mirror Split

● Summary:
● Splitting an image from a mirror gives point-in-time copy of a
mirrored LV.
● Usage:
● lvconvert --splitmirror 1 -n <new_lv_name> <vg>/<lv>
● Additional Comments:
● Split Mirror requires a name argument
● Mirror must have completed synchronization
● Be sure to 'sync' before splitting a mirror
Lab 3 : Part 3 – Split a Mirrored LV

sync

lvconvert ­­splitmirrors 1 ­n lab3_split vg_summit/lab3

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab3_split

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab3_split /mnt/lab3_split
Lab 3 : Part 3 – Analyzing lvconvert

[root]# lvconvert --splitmirrors 1 -n lab3_split vg_summit/lab3

Logical volume lab3 converted.

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab3

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab3 20.00m mwi-ao mirror lab3_mimage_0(0),lab3_mimage_1(0)

[root]# lvs -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab3_split

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab3_split 20.00m -wi-ao linear /dev/vdd1(9)

lab3 has 2 images again

[root]# lvs --segments vg_summit
LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize
lab3_split
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao 3 striped 108.00m
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao 2 striped 104.00m
lab3 vg_summit mwi-ao 2 mirror 20.00m
lab3_split vg_summit -wi-ao 1 linear 20.00m
Lab 3 : Part 3 – Analyzing the filesystems

[root]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_desktop-lv_root
9555048 2134780 6934892 24% /
tmpfs 510404 272 510132 1% /dev/shm
/dev/vda1 495844 32891 437353 7% /boot
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab2
210350 5902 193807 3% /mnt/lab2
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3
19827 1422 17381 8% /mnt/lab3
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3_split
19827 1422 17381 8% /mnt/lab3_split
Logical Volume Management
RAID
 Kernel Space User Space

RAID0

RAID1

RAID4
mdadm

RAID5

MD core module
RAID6

RAID10
Architectural Overview (Before)

dm-linear

dm-striped

dm-mirror
LVM

dm-snap
libdevmapper

DM core module
 Kernel Space User Space

RAID0

RAID1

RAID4
mdadm

RAID5

MD core module
RAID6

RAID10
dm-raid
Architectural Overview (Current)

dm-linear

dm-striped

dm-mirror
LVM

dm-snap
libdevmapper

DM core module
LVM RAID 1, 4, 5, 6 & 10

● Summary:
● RAID logical volumes provide device fault tolerance and
differing I/O patterns based on the type of RAID used.
● Usage:
● lvcreate --type raid[456] -i <stripe_count> -n <lv_name> -L <size> <vg>
● lvcreate --type raid1 -m <copy_count> -n <lv_name> -L <size> <vg>
● lvcreate --type raid10 -m 1 -i <#stripes> -n <lv_name> -L <size> <vg>
● Additional Comments:
● '--mirrorlog' is not available for RAID logical volumes
● RAID10 only supports 2-way mirrors (ie: -m 1)
Lab 4 – Create a RAID5 LV

lvcreate ­­type raid5 ­i 2 ­n lab4 ­L 20M vg_summit

mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab4

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab4

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab4 /mnt/lab4
Lab 4 – Analysis

[root]# lvcreate --type raid5 -i 2 -n lab4 -L 20M vg_summit

Using default stripesize 64.00 KiB
Rounding size (5 extents) up to stripe boundary size (6 extents)
Logical volume "lab4" created

[root@bp-01 ~]# lvs --segments vg_summit/lab4

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize
lab4 vg_summit rwi-a-r- 3 raid5 24.00m

'-i 2' and the implicit parity

device make 3 total devices.

'r' attribute signifies a RAID

segment type.
LVM RAID 1 – Converting a Mirror to RAID1

● Summary:
● 'lvconvert' can be used to change the segment type from
“mirror” to “raid1”
● Usage:
● lvconvert --type raid1 <vg>/<mirror-lv>
● Additional Comments:
● “raid1” provides better support for snapshots
● “raid1” supports transient failures
● This operation is not reversible, except via 'vgcfgrestore'
Lab 5 – Convert a Mirror to RAID1

lvconvert ­­type raid1 vg_summit/lab3
Lab 5 – Analyzing lvconvert

[root@bp-01 ~]# lvs --segments -a /dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3*

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize
lab3 vg_summit mwi-a-m- 2 mirror 20.00m
“mirror” changes to “raid1”
[lab3_mimage_0] vg_summit iwi-aom- 1 linear 20.00m
[lab3_mimage_1] vg_summit iwi-aom- 1 linear 20.00m
[lab3_mlog] vg_summit lwi-aom- 1 linear 4.00m

[root@bp-01 ~]# lvconvert --type raid1 vg_summit/lab3

[root@bp-01 ~]# lvs --segments -a /dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3*

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize
lab3 vg_summit rwi-a-m- 2 raid1 20.00m
[lab3_rimage_0] vg_summit iwi-aor- 1 linear 20.00m
[lab3_rimage_1] vg_summit iwi-aor- 1 linear 20.00m
[lab3_rmeta_0] vg_summit ewi-aor- 1 linear 4.00m
[lab3_rmeta_1] vg_summit ewi-aor- 1 linear 4.00m

Mirror log converts to

RAID metadata areas.
Lab 5 – BONUS * Rename a Logical Volume

lvrename vg_summit/lab3 vg_summit/lab5

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab5

umount /mnt/lab3

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab5 /mnt/lab5 
Lab 5 - BONUS * Analyzing the renaming of Lab3 to Lab5

[root]# lvrename vg_summit/lab3 vg_summit/lab5

Renamed "lab3" to "lab5" in volume group "vg_summit"

[root]# lvs --segments vg_summit/lab5

LV VG Attr #Str Type SSize
lab5 vg_summit rwi-aom- 2 raid1 20.00m
unmount & mount to
[root]# df -h /mnt/lab3 account for name change.
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab3
20M 1.5M 18M 8% /mnt/lab3

[root]# umount /mnt/lab3

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab5
[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab5 /mnt/lab5

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab5 device & mount are updated

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab5
20M 1.5M 18M 8% /mnt/lab5
Logical Volume Management
Snapshots
LVM Snapshot

● Summary:
● Quick point-in-time copy of a filesystem without requiring
complete duplication of physical storage capacity.
● Usage:
● lvcreate -s -L <size> -n <name> <origin-vg>/<origin-lv>
● Additional Comments:
● '-s' and '--snapshot' are equivalent
● '-c/--chunksize <Size>' sets the COW copy size
(Default=4kiB)
Lab 6 – Create a Snapshot for general use

lvcreate ­s ­L 100m ­n lab6 vg_summit/lab3_split

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab6

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab6 /mnt/lab6
Lab 6 – Analyzing lvcreate

[root]# lvcreate -s -L 100m -n lab6 vg_summit/lab3_split

Logical volume "lab6" created

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,segtype,devices vg_summit/lab6

LV LSize Attr Type Devices
lab6 100.00m swi-ao linear /dev/vdb1(14)

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,origin,snap_percent vg_summit/lab6

LV LSize Attr Origin Snap%
lab6 100.00m swi-ao lab3_split 0.01

% of exeception store used

origin is LV lab3_split

's' indicates snapshot

Lab 6 : Remove some content from origin volume

ls ­god /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*
rm ­f /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*
ls ­god /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*
ls ­god /mnt/lab6/sysconfig/iptables*
Lab 6 – Analyzing the filesystems

[root]# ls -god /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*

-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables
-rw-------. 1 1740 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables-config
-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables.old

[root]# rm -f /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*

[root]# ls -god /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*

ls: cannot access /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*: No such file or directory

[root]# ls -god /mnt/lab6/sysconfig/iptables*

-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab6/sysconfig/iptables
-rw-------. 1 1740 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab6/sysconfig/iptables-config
-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab6/sysconfig/iptables.old

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,origin,snap_percent vg_summit/lab6

LV LSize Attr Origin Snap%
lab6 100.00m swi-ao lab3 0.06

Files still available in snapshot

Notice some space is now used

LVM Snapshot / Merge

● Summary:
● Merging a snapshot back to it's origin provides a convenient
method to return a filesystem to it's previous state.
● Usage:
● lvconvert --merge <vg>/<snap-lv>
● Additional Comments:
● Merging requires LV deactivation & reactivation
● Merging the root filesystem requires a reboot
Lab 7 : Merge LV to Previous State

umount /dev/vg_summit/{lab3_split,lab6}

lvconvert ­­merge vg_summit/lab6

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab3_split /mnt/lab3_split
Lab 7 – Analyzing Merge

[root]# umount /dev/vg_summit/{lab3_split,lab6}

[root]# lvconvert --merge vg_summit/lab6 unmount any filesystems using

Merging of volume lab6 started. origin and/or & snapshot volumes
lab3_split: Merged: 100.0%

Merge of snapshot into logical volume lab3_split has finished.

Logical volume "lab6" successfully removed

snapshot volume is removed

Lab 7 – Analyzing the filesystems

[root]# ls -god /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables*

-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables
-rw-------. 1 1740 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables-config
-rw-------. 1 476 Jun 23 23:02 /mnt/lab3_split/sysconfig/iptables.old

Filesystem restored
LVM Sparse Volumes

● Summary:
● Snapshots can be used as read/write volumes and can be created
without an origin. This provides a way to create large devices
without the need for the full physical space.
● Usage:
● lvcreate -s -V <virtual_size> -L <real_size> <VG>
● Additional Comments:
● A virtual 'zero' device is used as the origin for spare volumes
● When the real space is used-up, the volume is dead.

** WARNING ** 100% capacity = 100% data loss

Lab 8 – Create a sparse logical volume

lvcreate ­s ­V 1G ­L 100M ­n lab8 vg_summit

mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab8

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab8

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab8 /mnt/lab8
Lab 7 – Analyzing creation of a sparse logical volume

[root]# lvcreate -s -V 1G -L100M -n lab8 vg_summit

Logical volume “lab8” created.

[root]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab8 > /dev/null

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab8

[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab8 /mnt/lab8

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab8
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab8 1008M 34M 924M 4% /mnt/lab8

[root]# lvs -o name,vg_name,attr,size,origin,snap_percent vg_summit/lab8

LV VG Attr LSize Origin Snap%
lab8 vg_summit swi-aos-- 100.00m [lab7_vorigin] 48.59
Logical Volume Management
Thin Provisioning
Architectural Overview
Classic Snapshot Thin Snaps

Disk write Disk write

Exception
Store Thin Pool

Origin Exception
Store

Exception
Store
Logical Volume Logical Volume
LVM Thin Logical Volumes and Snapshots

● Summary:
● Thin logical volumes provide the means to reserve capacity
upfront & consume necessary physical space on demand.
● Usage:
● lvcreate -T <vg>/<pool_name> -L <size> -V <size> -n <lv_name>
● lvcreate -s <vg>/<origin_lv> -n <thin_snap_name>
● Additional Comments:
● No size specification for thin snapshots
● Thin snaps share a common storage pool which makes it
very efficient for large numbers of snapshots
Lab 9: Part 1 – Create a Thin Logical Volume

lvcreate ­T vg_summit/lab9_pool ­L 100M ­V 1G ­n lab9

mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab9

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab9

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab9 /mnt/lab9
Lab 9: Part 1 – Analyzing creation of a thin logical volume

[root]# lvcreate -T vg_summit/lab9_pool -L 100M -V 1G -n lab9

Logical volume "lab9" created

[root]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/vg_summit/lab9 > /dev/null

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab9

[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab9 /mnt/lab9

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab9
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab9 1008M 34M 924M 4% /mnt/lab8

[root]# lvs -o name,vg_name,attr,size,pool_lv,data_percent vg_summit

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Data%
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao--- 40.00m
lab3_split vg_summit -wi-ao--- 20.00m
lab4 vg_summit rwi-aor-- 24.00m
lab5 vg_summit rwi-aor-- 20.00m
lab8 vg_summit swi-aos-- 100.00m 48.59
lab9 vg_summit Vwi-aotz- 1.00g lab9_pool 4.76
lab9_pool vg_summit twi-a-tz- 100.00m 48.75
Lab 9: Part 2 – Create a Thin Snapshot

lvcreate ­s vg_summit/lab9 ­n lab9_snap

mkdir ­p /mnt/lab9_snap

mount /dev/vg_summit/lab9_snap /mnt/lab9_snap
Lab 9: Part 2 – Analyzing creation of a thin logical volume

[root]# lvcreate -s vg_summit/lab9 -n lab9_snap

Logical volume “lab9_snap” created.

[root]# mkdir -p /mnt/lab9_snap

[root]# mount /dev/vg_summit/lab9_snap /mnt/lab9_snap

[root]# df -h /mnt/lab9_snap
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/mapper/vg_summit-lab9_snap 1008M 34M 924M 4% /mnt/lab9_snap

[root]# lvs -o name,vg_name,attr,size,pool_lv,origin,data_percent vg_summit

LV VG Attr LSize Pool Origin Data%
lab2 vg_summit -wi-ao--- 40.00m
lab3_split vg_summit -wi-ao--- 20.00m
lab4 vg_summit rwi-aor-- 24.00m
lab5 vg_summit rwi-aor-- 20.00m
lab8 vg_summit swi-aos-- 100.00m [lab8_vorigin] 48.59
lab9 vg_summit Vwi-aotz- 1.00g lab9_pool 4.76
lab9_pool vg_summit twi-a-tz- 100.00m 48.81
lab9_snap vg_summit Vwi-aotz- 1.00g lab9_pool lab9 4.76
Logical Volume Management
Wrap Up
What we DID NOT talk about

● Failed device recovery procedures

● vgcfgbackup & vgcfgrestore
● HA LVM
● Cluster LVM
 Documentation

● Online User Guides

● http://docs.redhat.com/docs/en-US/index.html
● Logical_Volume_Manager_Administration
● Storage_Administration_Guide

● Customer Portal
● https://access.redhat.com/home
Additional Self Help

● Man & Info Pages

man <topic>
man -k topic
man -s <section> <topic>
info <topic>
● Installed Docs
/usr/share/doc/*
Be sure to install kernel-doc rpm package
RPMs include docs, man pages, etc...
rpm -qil <package-name> | more
 Please Fill Out Your Survey
&
Thank You!

06/11/13 83
 Additional Exercises #1
Using snapshot & merge to roll-
back system updates

06/11/13 84
AdLab 1 : Part 1 – Cleanup all previous labs

umount /mnt/*
vgremove ­f vg_summit
AdLab 1 : Part 2 – Prepare for OS volume snapshot

vgextend vg_desktop /dev/vd{b,c,d,e,f}1

Add the PVs to vg_desktop

NOT vg_summit !!!
lvcreate ­L 100M ­n adlab1_arc vg_desktop
mkfs ­t ext4 /dev/vg_desktop/adlab1_arc A volume for a filesystem

mkdir ­p /mnt/adlab1_arc
mount /dev/vg_desktop/adlab1_backup /mnt/adlab1_arc
AdLab 1 : Part 3 – Backup /boot

umount /boot 
dd if=/dev/vda1 | gzip ­c9 ­ > /mnt/adlab1_arc/boot.dd.gz

mount /boot  Back up /boot

lvcreate ­s ­L 500M ­n adlab1_snap vg_desktop/lv_root

Create snapshot of root volume

AdLab 1 : Part 3 – Analyzing the system

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,origin,snap_percent vg_desktop

LV LSize Attr Origin Snap%
adlab1_arc 100.00m -wi-ao--
adlab1_snap 500.00m swi-a-s- lv_root 0.03
lv_root 9.26g owi-aos-
lv_swap 256.00m -wi-ao--
snapshot of lv_root volume
[root]# ls -god /usr/share/doc/yum*
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:44 /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:44 /usr/share/doc/yum-metadata-parser-1.1.2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:47 /usr/share/doc/yum-plugin-security-1.1.30
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:45 /usr/share/doc/yum-rhn-plugin-0.9.1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:47 /usr/share/doc/yum-utils-1.1.30

[root]# tail -1 /boot/grub/grub.conf

initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64.img

[root]# cat /etc/redhat-release

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.3 (Santiago)
AdLab 1 : Part 4 – Apply some changes / updates

echo “##LAB7 COMMENT##” >> /boot/grub/grub.conf
echo “##LAB7 COMMENT##” > /etc/redhat­release

rm ­rf /usr/share/doc/yum*
AdLab 1 : Part 4 – Analyzing the system after updates

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,origin,snap_percent vg_desktop

LV LSize Attr Origin Snap%
lab7_backup 100.00m -wi-ao--
lab7_snap 500.00m swi-a-s- lv_root 0.08
lv_root 9.26g owi-aos-
lv_swap 256.00m -wi-ao--
snap size has increased
[root]# ls -god /usr/share/doc/yum*
ls: cannot access /usr/share/doc/yum*: No such file or directory

[root]# tail -1 /boot/grub/grub.conf

“##LAB7 COMMENT##” files deleted

[root]# cat /etc/redhat-release

“##LAB7 COMMENT##” file in /boot modified

file in / modified
AdLab 1 : Part 5 – Merge snapshot to origin

umount /boot
gzip ­dc /mnt/lab7_arc/boot.dd.gz | dd of=/dev/vda1
fsck /dev/vda1
mount /boot
lvconvert ­­merge vg_desktop/adlab1_snap
reboot
AdLab 1 : Part 5 – Analyzing the system post reboot

[root]# lvs -a -o lv_name,lv_size,lv_attr,origin,snap_percent vg_desktop

LV LSize Attr Origin Snap%
adlab1_arc 100.00m -wi-a--- lab7_snap snapshot is gone
lv_root 9.26g -wi-ao--
lv_swap 256.00m -wi-ao--
files returned

[root]# ls -god /usr/share/doc/yum*

drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 25 00:35 /usr/share/doc/yum-3.2.29
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 19 22:44 /usr/share/doc/yum-metadata-parser-1.1.2
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 25 00:41 /usr/share/doc/yum-plugin-security-1.1.30
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 25 00:36 /usr/share/doc/yum-rhn-plugin-0.9.1
drwxr-xr-x. 2 4096 Jun 25 00:41 /usr/share/doc/yum-utils-1.1.30

[root]# tail -1 /boot/grub/grub.conf /boot restored

initrd /initramfs-2.6.32-220.el6.x86_64.img

[root]# cat /etc/redhat-release

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.4 (Santiago)