Conversion from Digital to Analog
DAC
Digital ↔ Analog Conversion
Sampled at a fixed time, Dt
Digital ↔ Analog Conversion
Digital in voltage and in time
fs = 1/Dt
Signal has frequencies 0 to ½ fs
1
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
Binary Weighted DAC
One resistor for each bit of output
Resistor values in powers of 2
R1 = 10 kΩ
2 bit DAC
R0= 20 kΩ
R2 = 10 kΩ
3 bit DAC R1= 20 kΩ
R0= 40 kΩ
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
n D2 D1 D0 kohm equation Vout (V)
0 0 0 0 0.000
3.3*(R1||R2)/(R0+R1||R
1 0 0 3.3 R2||R1 6.67 2) 0.471
3.3*(R2||R0)/(R1+R2||R
2 0 3.3 0 R2||R0 8.00 0) 0.943
3 0 3.3 3.3 R1||R0 13.33 3.3*R2/(R2+R1||R0) 1.414
3.3*(R1||R0)/(R2+R1||R
4 3.3 0 0 R1||R0 13.33 0) 1.886
5 3.3 0 3.3 R2||R0 8.00 3.3*R1/(R1+R2||R0) 2.357
6 3.3 3.3 0 R2||R1 6.67 3.3*R0/(R0+R2||R1) 2.829
7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.300
3.3V 40k 6.7k DAC output
n=1 Vout 3,500
3.3V 20k V 8k 3,000
n=2 out
2,500
3.3V 13.3k 10k
n=3 Vout 2,000
DAC output
3.3V 10k 13.3k 1,500
n=4 Vout
1,000
3.3V 8k V 20k
n=5 out 0,500
3.3V 6.7k 40k 0,000
n=6 Vout 0 2 4 6 8 5
Resistor Network for 4-bit DAC
Range
0 to 3.3V
Resolution
3.3V/15 = 0.22V
Precision
4 bits
16 alternative 3,5 4-bit DAC
Measured Analog Output (V)
Speed 3,0
2,5
Monotonic
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0,0
0 5 10 15
Digital Input
6
2
R-2R Ladder DAC
Digital Inputs VOUT Expression VOUT
R-2R DAC (8*VD + 4*VC + 2*VB +
D C B A in Volts
1*VA)/24
0 0 0 0 (0*5 + 0*5 + 0*5 + 0*5)/16 0
0 0 0 1 (0*5 + 0*5 + 0*5 + 1*5)/16 0.3125
0 0 1 0 (0*5 + 0*5 + 2*5 + 0*5)/16 0.6250
0 0 1 1 (0*5 + 0*5 + 2*5 + 1*5)/16 0.9375
0 1 0 0 (0*5 + 4*5 + 0*5 + 0*5)/16 1.2500
0 1 0 1 (0*5 + 4*5 + 0*5 + 1*5)/16 1.5625
0 1 1 0 (0*5 + 4*5 + 2*5 + 0*5)/16 1.8750
0 1 1 1 (0*5 + 4*5 + 2*5 + 1*5)/16 2.1875
1 0 0 0 (8*5 + 0*5 + 0*5 + 0*5)/16 2.5000
1 0 0 1 (8*5 + 0*5 + 0*5 + 1*5)/16 2.8125
1 0 1 0 (8*5 + 0*5 + 2*5 + 0*5)/16 3.1250
1 0 1 1 (8*5 + 0*5 + 2*5 + 1*5)/16 3.4375
1 1 0 0 (8*5 + 4*5 + 0*5 + 0*5)/16 3.7500
1 1 0 1 (8*5 + 4*5 + 0*5 + 1*5)/16 4.0625
1 1 1 0 (8*5 + 4*5 + 2*5 + 0*5)/16 4.3750
1 1 1 1 (8*5 + 4*5 + 2*5 + 1*5)/16 4.6875 7
Conversion from Analog to Digital
ADC
Analog to Digital Converter (ADC)
32
28
24
20
16
Discrete digital signal
12
8 Continuous analog signal
4
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time (s)
3
Analog to Digital Methods
• Flash ADC Converter
10
10
Successive approximation ADC block diagram
11
Successive approximation register ADC converter
12
4
Sample-And-Hold Circuit
Analog Input (AI) is sampled when the switch is closed
and its value is held on the capacitor where it becomes
the Analog Output (AO)
13
ADC on MSP432
Sampling Range/Resolution
2.5V internal reference voltage
0x000 at 0 V input
0x3FFF at 2.5 V
resolution = range/precision
= 2.5V/16384 alternatives < 1mV
Actual resolution dominated by noise
Improve signal to noise ratio (SNR)
Slow down ADC (take longer to sample)
Analog filtering, ground shield
Digital filtering (average multiple samples)
14
ADC on MSP432
22 analog input channels
Single-ended and differential-input configurations
Sample rate up to one million samples/second 40 Hz
Internal temperature sensor
Flexible, configurable analog-to-digital conversion
32 programmable sample conversion sequences
Flexible trigger control
Controller (software)
Timers
We will use software
initiated trigger
15
5
ADC on MSP432
Analog in
Software
initiated
Digital
16
ADC14 | Overview +
14-bit Accuracy
INL <= +/- 2 LSB;
DNL <= +/- 1 LSB
ENOB 13-bit I/
REF Voltage Select
32-input channels P
M
Single-ended & differential Inputs u
l
Sample / Hold
t
2 Window comparators i A/D
High interrupt p Clock
l
Converter
Low interrupt
e
In [Between] interrupt x
e
r
Separate internal channels for
AVcc and TempSensor ADC14 Memory Registers
Ultra Low current consumption
Single ended 210uA @ 1.8V, 1Msps
Differential 260uA @ 1.8V, 1Msps
17
ADC14 | New Features
Internal = New Feature
Channel = Enhanced
Mapping Feature
external Reference
0
internal 1
32-input channels
external
0 Differential 14-bit ADC Enhanced
internal 1 Measurement Core Clock
external
0
internal 1
...
Enhanced 14-bit
Interrupt
ADC Window
Memory Comparator
18
6
ADC14 | Differential Measurement
• Combine input channels to create differential input channels
• ADC will measure the difference between two channels and
store this value in the ADC14MEMx register
VREF+
A1 A1 voltage
ADC14MEMx
∆ Difference
A2 A2 voltage Register
VREF-
If configured for differential mode, ADC14 reports a value of:
NADC = 214 . ((VIN+ - VIN- ) / (VR+ - VR- )) + 8192:
19
Internal
Channel
Mapping
0 • A26-31 can map to either an External Input
1 or Internal ADC input
0
1 • Internal inputs include the temperature
sensor and battery monitor
0
1
• See the device datasheet to see what
internal inputs are available on what
...
channels – varies by device
20
ADC on MSP432
Initialization
Step 1. We configure the reference for 2.5V
Step 2. We disable the ADC by clearing the ENC bit.
Step 3. We wait for BUSY to be zero, in case there is a conversion
in progress.
Step 4. We set the ADC mode to single sample, SMCLK, divide by
1, 32 clocks for SHM
Step 5. We set the conversion address, 14-bit mode and turn on
the reference.
Step 6. We set the 2.5V reference and select channel 6 (P4.7).
Step 7. We disable interrupts on the ADC.
Step 8. We set the SEL0 and SEL1 bits to specify analog input.
Step 9. Lastly, we set the ENC bit to enable the ADC.
21
7
ADC on MSP432
Analog to digital conversion ADC_In
Busy-Wait to be free
BUSY to be zero Busy
Poll until not busy Status
Set software trigger Idle
Write to ADC14CTL0 bit 0 Start
ADC
Busy-Wait
ADC14IFG0
Busy
Poll until sample complete Status
Read sample Complete
Read from ADC14MEM0
Read data
return(data)
22
ADC on MSP42
//------------ADC0_In------------
ADC_In
// Busy-wait analog to digital conversion.
// 0 to 2.5V
Busy
// Input: none, Status
// Output: 14-bit result, 0 to 16383 Idle
uint32_t ADC_In(void){ Start
while(ADC14CTL0&0x00010000){}; ADC
ADC14CTL0 |= 0x00000001;
while(ADC14IFGR0&0x01)==0){}; Busy
Status
return ADC14MEM0;
} Complete
Read data
return(data)
23
PROGRAMMING THE MSP432 ADC14 SYSTEM
ENERGIA PROGRAMMING
The Energia library contains several functions to support analog conversions
including ADC and DAC-related functions
analogRead(): voltage is converted : 0 -> 0VDC and 1023 -> 3.3 VDC.
analogReference(): The different settings include:
DEFAULT: sets ADC high reference level to VCC 3.3 V.
INTERNAL1V5: sets ADC high reference level to internal 1.5 VDC reference.
INTERNAL2V5: sets ADC high reference level to internal 2.5 VDC reference.
EXTERNAL: sets ADC high reference level to the VREF pin value.
analogWrite: The analogWrite function generates a pseudo analog output
signal using a pulse width modulated signal. The analogWrite function
generates a 490 Hz signal on the specified pin with a duty cycle specified from
0–255.
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